This document provides information about solid waste management. It defines solid waste and its various sources. It discusses the importance of solid waste management and the objectives and elements of a solid waste management system. It describes different types of solid wastes including garbage, trash, and hazardous waste. It also discusses various treatment and disposal methods for solid waste like reduce, reuse, recycle, composting, incineration, and landfills. It explains the concepts, advantages and disadvantages of each method.

2. Solid Environment
GROUP IV (1A BSECE-
LEP)
• LILANG, Jerish Roy
• RAMIREZ, Czarina
• ROQUE, Jose
Miguel
• VENDIOLA, Angela
• VIÑAS, Noel
Engr. Jefferson Rey
Arroyo

3. Solid Environment
 What is Solid Waste?
 What is Solid Waste Management and its Importance?
 Hazardous Materials & Who Produces It
 Associated Risks
 Treatment & Disposal
• Reduce
• Reuse
• Recycle
• Composting
• Incineration
• Emissions
• Land Fills & Dumps

4. Solid waste is the unwanted or useless solid
materials generated from combined residential,
industrial and commercial activities in a given area.
Solid Waste
Sources of SW:
It may be categorized by:
• According to its origin
(Domestic, Industrial, Commercial, Construction or
Institutional)
• According to its contents
(Organic material, Glass, Metal, Plastic,Paper)
• According to hazard potential
(Toxic, Non-toxin, Flammable, Radioactive, Infectious)

5. • 1st
objective: To remove discarded materials from inhabited
places in a timely manner to prevent the spread of disease.
• 2nd objective: To dispose the discarded materials in a
manner that is environmentally acceptable.
Solid Waste Management
Elements of Solid
Waste Management
System:
Solid Waste
Generation
Solid waste handling and
storage on site
Solid waste
collection
Transfer to central
storage facility
Processing facility
Disposal
Product utilization

6. Types of Solid Wastes:
The variety of materials referred to as solid waste or
refuse is broken into several categories:
• Garbage strictly refers to animal or vegetable wastes,
particularly by-products of food preparation.
Garbage decomposes rapidly if exposed to the
elements and creates offensive odors.
• Trash refers to solid waste that does
not decompose (e.g., packaging,
bottles, cans, building materials).

7. The Basics of Solid Waste Management
The variety of materials referred to as solid waste or refuse is
broken into several categories:
• Hazardous waste refers to waste that is
ignitable, corrosive, or reactive (explosive) or
that contains certain concentrations of toxic
chemicals specified by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA). In addition, the EPA
maintains a list of about 500 other specific waste
types also considered hazardous.

8. Solid Waste may contain:
• Human Pathogens- Diapers, handkerchiefs,
contaminated food and surgical dressings
• Animal Pathogens- Waste from pets
• Soil Pathogens- Garden Waste
 These pathogens include viruses, bacteria, protozoa
and helminths.
 These can spread diseases as they attract animals and
insects.

9. For person to be at risk from solid waste
pathogens, suitable conditions must exist:
• An infectious dose of the pathogen must be
present.
• There must be a transmission route of the
pathogens to the person (aerosol, faecal-oral
route, hand to mouth).
• The person must have no immunity to the
pathogen.
Solid Waste may contain:

13. “AN ACT PROVIDING FOR AN
ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM,
CREATING THE NECESSARY
INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND
INCENTIVES, DECLARING CERTAIN
ACTS PROHIBITED AND PROVIDING
PENALTIES, APPROPRIATING
FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES”

14. Importance of Solid Waste Management:
Solid waste management is
extremely important in your community
mainly because it will prevent your
household from experiencing the
hazardous outcomes of solid waste
material. By getting rid of most of these
waste matter properly, you can actually
protect your loved ones along with the
environment.

15. Hazardous Materials

16. Hazardous Materials
Is waste that is dangerous or potentially harmful to
our health or environment?
It can be liquids, solids, gases, or sludges.
They can be discarded commercial products , like
cleaning fluids or pesticides, or by-products of
manufacturing processes.

17. Classifications of Hazardous Materials
• Flammable/Combustible
ignites easily and burns rapidly.
Ex. Butane, Propane, hydrogen gas, acetone, gasoline,
isopropyl alcohol, magnesium alloys, kerosene,
diesel, varnish etc.

18. Classifications of Hazardous Materials
• Explosive/ Reactive
Explosive chemicals produce a sudden, almost instantaneous
release of pressure, gas, and heat when subjected to
abrupt shock, high temperature, or an ignition source;
reactive chemicals vigorously undergo a chemical change
under conditions of shock, pressure, or temperature.
Ex. Black Powder, flash powder, ammonium nitrate

19. Classifications of Hazardous Materials
• Sensitizer
on first exposure causes little or no reaction in humans or test
animals; but on repeated exposure may cause a marked
response not necessarily limited to the contact site. Skin
sensitization is the most common form; respiratory sensitization
to a few chemicals also occurs.
Ex. Isocyanates, Nickel salts, Beryllium Compounds,
Formaldehyde, Diazomethane etc.

20. Classifications of Hazardous Materials
• Corrosive
causes visible destruction of or irreversible alterations in living
tissue by chemical action at the site of contact.
Ex. Bleach, Ammonia , vinegar (acetic acid)

21. Classifications of Hazardous Materials
• Irritant
noncorrosive chemical that causes a reversible inflammatory
effect on living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact
as a function of concentration or duration of exposure.
Ex. Solvents, weak acids etc.

22. Classifications of Hazardous Materials
• Carcinogen
either causes cancer in humans, or, because it causes cancer
in animals, is considered capable of causing cancer in
humans.
Ex. Tobacco etc.

23. Classifications of Hazardous Materials
• Toxic
poisonous to living organisms when they are ingested,
inhaled,
or absorbed through the skin.
Ex. Mercury, arsenic, petroleum etc.

24. Associatead Risks
By law, hazardous products
must bear labels that explain the
hazards associated with them and
how to prevent injury or damage.
The following signal words
determined by law express the
relative risk associated with a
product.

25. Associatead Risks
• No signal word—nonhazardous
• Caution or Warning—generally mildly to
moderately hazardous or toxic; can cause
temporary adverse health effects, such as
skin irritation or vomiting
• Danger—more severely hazardous or toxic;
can cause permanent serious health
effects, such as skin burns or stomach
ulcers.
• Poison—highly toxic; can be fatal if
ingested

26. Who Produces Hazardous Waste?
Although industrial sources comprise the
primary producers, users, and disposers of
hazardous substances, hazardous products are
found in almost every household. Regardless of
source, any hazardous substance improperly
used or disposed of can be released into the
environment, sometimes with serious
consequences.

27. Treatment & Disposal

28. Waste Management Hierarchy

29. The waste hierarchy refers to the 3 (or
4) R’s of reduce, reuse, recycle, (recovery)
which classify waste management strategies
according to their desirability.
The aim of the waste hierarchy is to
extract the maximum practical benefits from
products and to generate the minimum
amount of waste.
Waste Management 3R Concept

31. Reduce

32. Source reduction involves efforts to
reduce hazardous waste and other
materials by modifying industrial production.
Source reduction methods involve
changes in manufacturing technology, raw
material inputs, and product formulation.
Reduce

33. Waste minimization is the process
and the policy of reducing the amount of
waste produced by a person or a society.
Waste minimization usually requires
knowledge of the production process,
cradle-to-grave (now cradle-to-cradle)
analysis.
Reduce

34. • Resource Optimization - Minimizing the amount
of waste produced by organizations or individuals
goes hand-in-hand with optimizing their use of raw
materials.
• Reuse of Scrap Materials - Scraps can be
immediately re-incorporated at the beginning of the
manufacturing line so that they do not become a
waste product.
• Improved Quality Control and Process
Monitoring - Steps can be taken to ensure
that the number of reject batches is kept to
a minimum. This is achieved by increasing
the frequency of inspection and the number
of points of inspection.
Reduce

35. • Waste Exchange - This is where the waste product of one
process becomes the raw material for a second
process. Waste exchanges represent another way of
reducing waste disposal volumes for waste that cannot
be eliminated.
• Ship to Point of Use - This involves making deliveries of
incoming raw materials or components direct to the
point where they are assembled or used in the
manufacturing process to minimize handling and the
use of protective wrappings or enclosures.
Reduce

36. • Less rubbish in the dump
• Less waste
• Cleaner environment
• Save electricity
• Save money
• Less pollution from your car
• Fresher air
• More landfill space and less money spent on
landfill
• Save water
Reduce:(Advantages)

37. • Little kids don't understand
• Less convenient
• Takes time
• You could still be wasting
• You might still be dirty after a short shower
• Reducing the brightness of the reading light can
hurt your eyes
• You might forget
• Could be more washing up
• Some things are still bad for the environment
• Using both sides of your art paper can spoil your
work
• It can cost more
Reduce:(Disadvantages)

39. Reuse

40. • Is the action or practice of using something
again, whether for its original purpose
(conventional reuse) or to fulfill a different
function (creative reuse or repurposing).
• To reuse is to use an item more than once.
Reuse

41. • Conventional Reuse
– Where the item is used
again for the same
function.
Reuse
• New-Life Reuse/
Repurpose
– Where the item is use
for different function.

42. • Less waste
• You're not wasting as much
• If you hand clothes and toys to other people it will
save them money
• People don't have to make as much
• If we use green bags we don't need plastic bags
which can be bad for the environment
Reuse:(Advantages)

43. • Reuse often requires cleaning or transport, which
have environmental costs.
• Some items, such as Freon appliances, infant auto
seats, older tube TVs and secondhand
automobiles could be hazardous or less energy
efficient as they continue to be used.
• Reusable products need to be more durable than
single-use products, and hence require more
material per item. This is particularly significant if
only a small proportion of the reusable products
are in fact reused.
• Sorting and preparing items for reuse takes time,
which is inconvenient for consumers and costs
money for businesses.
Reuse:(Disadvantages)

44. • Special skills are required to tweak the functional
throughput of items when devoting them to new
uses outside of their original purpose.
• Knowing the standards that legacy products
conform to is required for knowing what adapters
to buy for newer products to be compatible with
them, even though the cost of adapters for such
applications is a minor disadvantage.
• Being a rather minor disadvantage, metal that is
repurposed later on can sometimes contain rust,
seeing as it sometimes ages before reuse.
Reuse:(Disadvantages)

45. Other Examples of
Reuse…
Reuse

47. • It is the process of
converting waste materials into new
materials and objects. It is an alternative
to "conventional" waste disposal that can
save material and help lower
greenhouse emissions.
• Recycling can prevent the waste of
potentially useful materials
Recycling

48. Materials currently recycled in
substantial quantities include office paper,
magazines, plastic soft-drink bottles, milk
jugs, glass containers, corrugated cardboard
boxes, construction, demolition debris, wood,
aluminum and other nonferrous metals, iron
and steel, Leaves, grass clippings, branches,
animal wastes are composted on a large
scale. Most Commonly Recycled Items are
paper, metals, and plastics.
What’s Recyclable?

49. • Recycling minimizes
pollution
• Protects the environment
• Recycling minimizes global
warming
• Conserve natural resources
• Reduce energy
consumption
Advantages of Recycling

50. • High upfront capital lost
• Recycling sites are unhygienic, unsafe and
unsightly
• Products from recycled waste may not be
durable
• Recycling might not be inexpensive
Disadvantages of Recycling

51. Composting

52. •Composting is the controlled
biological process of turning organic
waste into a soil conditioner.
•Composting produces a nutrient-rich
soil additive called compost.
•Compost can be used as an additive
to soil, or other matrices such
as coir and peat, as a tilth improver,
supplying humus and nutrients.
Composting

53. •Yard trimmings
•Food wastes
•Leaves
•Manure (cow, horse, sheep, poultry)
•Mushroom compost
•Vermicomposting
Types of Composting

54. •Save money
•Save Resources
•Improve your soil
•Reduce your impact
Why Compost?

55. Incineration

56. In addition to recycling and
composting, some resources can be
recovered from the MSW stream through
incineration. One of the purposes of
incineration is to increase the useful life of
available landfills and minimize odor and
sanitation problems. An efficient mass-burn
incinerator can reduce the solid waste going
into a landfill by as much as 80–90% in
volume and 65–75% in mass.

57. The most common type of incineration,
mass burn, is designed to burn virtually all the
waste brought to it, with no separation or
processing of materials prior to burning. Most
mass-burn facilities operating today include
an energy recovery system that converts heat
from the combustion process into steam or
electricity that can be used by the surrounding
community.
The Mass-Burn Process

58. 1. Transportation—MSW is collected and delivered
to the mass-burn facility.
2. Storage—Waste is transferred to a storage pit or
tipping floor.
3. Combustion—A conveyor or crane transfers the
waste to the hopper, which feeds the waste into
the furnace. Secondary combustion
chambers aid a more complete combustion.
4. Energy recovery—The heat from combustion
is transferred to water in pipes, which turns
into steam. Steam is used directly for
processes or to generate electricity.
The Mass-Burn Process

59. The Mass-Burn Process
5. Emission control- Dry and wet scrubbers
and other air-pollution-control
devices, such as electrostatic
precipitators and fabric filters, remove
some of the acid gases and particulates
from the exhaust.
6. Disposal of residue- The ash from
burning and the residue from
scrubbers and other pollution-control
devices are disposed of in a landfill.

60. Emissions

61. Most energy-recovery facilities use
sophisticated combustion-control systems
designed to optimize combustion, minimize
ash for disposal, and optimize clean burning
by reducing the formation of products of
incomplete combustion (PICs). Some of the
waste that goes through the incineration
process, however, might exit the system in
one of the following forms:

63. • Combustion gases- can exit through the
stack if they are not completely removed
by
air-pollution-control devices.
• Particulate emissions- lightweight particles
can exit the combustion chamber along
with combustion gases, if they are
small enough to get past pollution-control
devices.
• Bottom ash- uncombusted waste such as
glass and metal, generally considered
nontoxic; approximately 75% of all
Emissions

64. • Fly ash-toxic particles light enough to be
borne upward with combustion gases; a
portion of these might not be heavy enough
to fall or might not be large enough to be
captured by pollution-control devices before
exiting the stack. Comprising approximately
25% of all incinerator ash, fly ash often
contains high levels of heavy metals, acid
gas constituents, and PICs such as dioxin.
Emissions

65. Landfills & Dumps

66. • It is the most traditional method of waste disposal.
• Waste is directly dumped into disused quarries, mining
voids or borrow pits.
• Disposed waste is compacted and covered with soil.
• Gases generated by the decomposing waste materials
are often burnt to generate power.
• It is generally used for Domestic waste.
Landfills and Dumps

67. • Landfill site is a cheap waste disposal option for the
local council.
• Jobs will be created for local people.
• Lots of different types of waste can be disposed of
• The gases given off by the landfill site could be
collected and used for generating power.
Landfills & Dumps(Advantages)

68. • The site will look ugly while it is being used for landfill.
• Dangerous gases are given off from landfill sites that
cause local air pollution and contribute to global
warming.
• Local streams could become polluted with toxins
seeping through the ground from the landfill site.
• Once the site has been filled it might not be able to
used for redevelopment as it might be too polluted.
Landfills & Dumps(Disadvantages)

69. Landfills and Dumps