It is a sport in which participants compete as individuals or single match.

1. ATHLETICS, ARNIS AND
CHESS

2. WHAT IS ATHLETICS?
• It is an exclusive collection of sporting events
that involve competitive running, jumping,
throwing, and walking.
• Most common types of athletics competitions
are track and field, road running, cross country
running and race walking.

3. BACKGROUND
HISTORY

4. TYPES OF EVENTS
TRACK EVENTS – a variety of running events are held on the track which fall into three
broad distance categories: sprints, middle-distance, and long-distance track events.
 Sprints - running over a short distance in a
limited period of time. There are three sprinting
events which are currently held at the summer
Olympics and outdoor world championships: the
100 meters, 200 meters and 400 meters.
 Middle-distance – events are track races
longer than sprints, up to 3000 meters. The
standard middle distances are the 800 meters,
1500 meters and mile run, although the 3000
meters may also be classified as a middle-
distance event.
 Long-distance running – a form of
continuous running over distances of at least
three kilometers. Physiologically it is largely
aerobic in nature and requires stamina as well as
mental strength.

5.  Relay race – a track and field event in
which athletes run a pre set distance
carrying a baton before passing it onto the
next runner. Often, a relay team is a team
of four sprinters.
 Hurdling – the act of running and
jumping over an obstacle at speed. In these
events, a series of barriers known as
hurdles are set at precisely measured
heights and distances which each athlete
must pass by running over.
FIELD EVENTS – the field events come in two types – jumping and throwing competitions.
Throwing Events
 Shot put - a track and field event
involving “throwing” / ”putting” a heavy
spherical object – the shot – as far as
possible.
 Discus throw – a track and field event
in which an athlete throws a heavy disc –
called a discus – in a attempt to mark a
farther distance than their competitors.
Shot put Discus throw

6.  Javelin throw – a track and field event
where the javelin, a spear about 2.5 meters
in length, is thrown.
 Hammer throw – one of the four
throwing events in regular track and field
competitions, along with the discus throw,
shot put and javelin. The hammer consists
of a metal ball attached by a steel wire to a
grip.
Jumping Events
 Pole vault – a track and field event in
which a person uses a long, flexible pole
(which today is usually made either of
fiberglass or carbon fiber) as an aid to jump
over a bar.
 Long jump – a track and field event in
which athletes combine speed, strength and
agility in an attempt to leap as far as
possible from a take off point.
 Triple jump – sometimes referred to as
the hop, step and jump or the hop, skip and
jump, is a track and field event, similar to
the long jump. The competitor runs down
the track and performs a hop, a bound and
then a jump into the sand pit.

7. COMBINED EVENTS – which include the decathlon and heptathlon, are competitions where
athletes complete in a number of different track and fields events, with each performance going
toward a final points tally.
 Decathlon – it consists of four track and six field events,
a total of 10 events. Competition include 100-meter sprint,
110-meter hurdles, 400-meter event, 1500-meter event,
long jump, high jump, shot put, discus throw, javelin throw
and pole vault.
• Heptathlon – a track and field combined events contest
made up of seven events. A competitor in a heptathlon is
referred to as a heptathlete.

8. ARNIS

9. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• One of the oldest systematic martial arts the Filipino created.
• Rajahs and maharlikas were the first people who were experts in arnis.
• Some writers claim that the game was only patterned to a bladed weapon
which originated in Malay known as “kali” which means a large bladed
weapon and the art was derived from “tjakalele” (pronounced as yukalele”) a
nature fencing of Indonesia.
• The warm acceptance of the Filipinos on this martial arts made this game
interesting then. Filipinos studies and even discovered styles and techniques
patterned after arnis. In fact, many weapons were discovered, movements
were refined and objectives and guidelines of the were polished.
• The popularity of arnis brought a tremendous hit to every region in the
country. Inter-region contact brought about by trade and travel linked the
Muslims’ fighting art with the bladed weapon in the South with the Kalis, the
progenitor of arnis of the Tagalogs in the North, from where the arts of stick
fighting developed.

10. • As the stick becomes the extension of the hand, the fighting art becomes
unknown as “Arnis de Mano” Arnis grows and forms three play. They are
the “ Espada y Daga” (sword and dagger) in which a long wooden sword
and a short dagger is used; the “Solo Baston” (Single stick) in which a
single long mutton in baston is used, and the “Sinawali” wherein the
intricate movements of the two mutton resemble the wave of this sinawali
(criss-cross fashion). The popularity of arnis was clearly observed through
dialects in different regions: panandata (for the Tagalogs); kaliringan (for
the Pangansinense); daja or kabaraon (for Ilocanos); pagkali-kali( for the
Ibanags); sinawali (for the Pampangenos); kaliradman of pagaradman (for
the Visayans). Eskrima, khali, estoque, talikada are other names of arnis.
• The growth and development of arnis was somehow slowed down with
this arrival if the Americans in the Philippines. Physical activities,
particularly sports and games, were introduced and it led to the
temporary downfall of arnis. The emerging of different ball games shifted
the interest of Filipinos. Before the original Filipino-discovered game can
be washed out, though, it was saved by the Oriental people abroad. In a
sudden turn of the resurgence of the art of arnis.
• Today modern arnis attached many people. Thanks to the grandmaster
Ernesto Presas, who made anis an interesting and most applouded martial
arts of all times.

11. FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS IN ARNIS
It is very important to know that the stick is the principal weapon in learning the arnis. No
such rules are set with regard to the size, weight, and length but the normally prescribed material
is a rattan stick approximately 28-30 inches long and a diameter of around 1 inch. But still,
comfortability, height, weight and body built of the practitioner is considered.
Different Ways of Holding a Stick (Grip) – Paghawak
2 inches from the line
No extension downward
6 inches from the base or butt
Middle grip
4-6 inches from the tip or “susi” or “daga” or knife.
Mechanics in the correct way of gripping the weapons (Paghawak)
Hold your cane stick with your two hands holding it at the ends.
Bring the cane upward in front of you
Release your right hand and transfer it to the left side of your hand holding the cane.
Palm facing towards you, roll your fingers and press thumb on first and middle fingers, holding
it firmly but not too tight.
When the wrist becomes flexible it adds speed and power then follow and try to strike your stick.

12. QUALITIESOF A GOODARNIS
PLAYER
TECHNIQUES
ALERTNESS AND AWARENESS
COORDINATION AND CONCENTRATION
SPEED (BILIS)
POWER (LAKAS)
TIMING (TIEMPO)
PROPER DELIVERY OF STRIKES
ENDURANCE AND STAMINA
DETERMINATION
CONFIDENCE
YELLING

13. STANCEAND POSTURE

14. THE 12 VITAL STRIKING
POINTS OF THE BODY
1. LEFT EAR. The purpose is to disturb and destroy the opponent’s
concentration by smashing the left side of his head. This area is fatal and
can cause death or permanent injury to the brain.
2. RIGHT KNEE. To paralyze the opponent, to prevent him from plunging
an attack towards you. This is if you want to paralyze him.
3. LEFT KNEE. This striking point usually happens when you are in uncock
position with your stick. Uncock position usually happens when you carry
stick in natural way at your right side with the tip pointing towards the
ground, you can hit your opponent from the left knee going up. Hitting the
knee can paralyze your opponent.
4. RIGHT EAR. Going down with the same effect of the number one strike.
5. THRUST. Going upward hitting the torso. It is fatal.
6. RIGHT ELBOW. Horizontal strike to the right and left elbow.
7. LEFT ELBOW. Raised upwards, the strikes are for the right and left ribs.
It is paralyzing and can cause death or permanent injury.
8. THRUST (Solar Flexus). It is also a fatal.
9. RIGHT COLLAR BONE OR RIGHT CLAVICLE.
10. HEART
11. LEFT COLLAR BONE OR LEFT CLAVICLE. It is fatal. The principle
is like this: “in every thrust, there must be a slash.”
12. CROWN OR HEAD. It is fatal and can cause death or permanent injury.

15. ARNIS
ARMOR

17. BRIEF HISTORY
Chess is a game that has been
played for centuries and was
thought to have originated in India
in the 15th century.
Long ago, it was considered a
game reserved only for kings and
members of the upper classes.
Nowadays, chess is played by
common people even at an early
age.
Recently, Russia dominates the
game of chess. This results from
the establishments of government
schools for talented chess players
after the communist revolution of
1917. Since 1927, many of the top
world chess players have been
citizens of the former Union of
Soviet Socialist Republic.
Howard
Staunton
Adolf
Anderssen
Paul Morphy Wilhelm
Steinitz

18. BENEFITS FROM PLAYING
CHESS
1. Chess increases the mathematical and scientific skills of the students. It also
enhances the problem solving skills, concentration ability, and as logical thinking
ability of the students.
2. It develops a sense of confidence and self-worth of a student.
3. It also improves communication skills.
4. It gives a lesson on hard work and commitment.
5. Chess provides entertainment and relaxation. This game is free and can provide
entertainment even for the observers.
6. Chess also has health benefits. It considered as a form of recreational therapy. It
keeps the mind healthy, thus, results to a healthy body. It is used by therapists to
help people suffering from anxiety and depression.
7. Chess as a form of indoor recreational activity can strengthen family relationship.
Members of the family can play with each other while at home. In a way, the chess
pieces represent the family members. Each member of the family has a role to play
just like in chess where each piece has specific functions to perform to win the
game.

19. THE BASIC MOVES OF EACH
CHESS PIECE

20. THE KING
The king is the most important chess
piece; however it is also considered one of the
weakest. The king only moves one square in any
direction – up, down, to the sides, and
diagonally. The king may never move himself
into a check where he could be captured.
THE QUEEN
The queen is the most powerful piece. It
moves in any one straight direction – forward,
backward, sideways, or diagonal. As all the other
pieces, except the knight, it cannot move over
any intervening piece.
THE ROOK
The rook may move to any square as far
as it wants, but only forward, backward, and to
the sides. The rooks are particularly powerful
pieces when they are protecting each other and
working together.

21. THE BISHOP
The bishop may move as far as it wants,
but only diagonally. Each bishop starts on one
color (light or dark) and must always stay on that
color. Bishops work well together because they
cover up each other’s weaknesses.
THE KNIGHT
The knight moves by going two squares in
one direction, and then one more move just like
an “L” shape. Knights are the only pieces that
can move over other pieces.
THE PAWN
Pawn moves forward, but captures
diagonally. It can never move backwards. On its
first move, pawn can advance two squares at a
time. Succeeding moves will be one square at a
time.