CHAPTER 3 , CLASS 10TH DEMOCRACY AND DIVERSITY

1.  FA 2
 ACTIVITY
 MADE BY : - VISHVJEET YADAV
 CLASS :- 10TH
 SECTION :- B
 ROLL NO. :- 24
 SUBJECT :- S.ST.
 TEACHER :- MRS. SUMAN MAM

4.  Democracy is "a system of government in
which all the people of a state or polity ...
are involved in making decisions about
its affairs, typically by voting to elect
representatives to a parliament or similar
assembly .Democracy is further defined as
(a:) "government by the people; especially :
rule of the majority (b:) " a government in
which the supreme power is vested in the
people and exercised by them directly or
indirectly through a system of
representation usually involving
periodically held free elections……

5.  According to political scientist LARRY
Diamond, it consists of four key
elements: "1. A political system for
choosing and replacing the
government through free and fair
elections. 2. The active participation
of the people, as citizens, in politics
and civic life. 3. Protection of the
human rights of all citizens. 4. A rule
of law, in which the laws and
procedures apply equally to all
citizens”.

6.  The term originates from the Greek
δημοκρατία (dēmokratía) "rule of the people
“ which was found from δῆμος (dêmos)
"people" and κράτος (krátos) "power" or
"rule", in the 5th century BC to denote
the political system then existing in Greek
city-states, notably Athens; the term is an
antonym to ἀριστοκρατία (aristokratía) "rule
of an elite". While theoretically these
definitions are in opposition, in practice
the distinction has been blurred
historically . The political system of
Classical Athens, for example, granted
democratic citizenship to an elite class of
free men and excluded slaves and women
from political participation.

7.  Democracy contrasts with forms of
government where power is either held by
an individual, as in an absolute
monarchy, or where power is held by a
small number of individuals, as in
an oligarchy. Nevertheless, these
oppositions, inherited from Greek
philosophy are now ambiguous because
contemporary governments have mixed
democratic, oligarchic, and monarchic
elements. Karl Popper defined democracy
in contrast to dictatorship or tyranny,
thus focusing on opportunities for the
people to control their leaders and to oust
them without the need for a revolution.

8.  No consensus exists on how to define
democracy, but legal equality, political
freedom and rule of law have been identified
as important characteristics . These principles
are reflected in all eligible citizens
being equal before the law and having equal
access to legislative processes. For example, in
a representative democracy, every vote has
equal weight, no unreasonable restrictions
can apply to anyone seeking to become a
representative[according to whom?], and the
freedom of its eligible citizens is secured by
legitimised rights and liberties which are
typically protected by a constitution

9.  One theory holds that democracy requires three
fundamental principles: 1) upward control, i.e.
sovereignty residing at the lowest levels of
authority, 2) political equality, and 3) social
norms by which individuals and institutions only
consider acceptable acts that reflect the first two
principles of upward control and political
equality.
 The term "democracy" is sometimes used as
shorthand for liberal democracy, which is a
variant of representative democracy that may
include elements such as political pluralism;
equality before the law; the right to
petition elected officials for redress of
grievances; due process; civil liberties; human
rights; and elements of civil society outside the
government.[citation needed] Roger Scruto argues that
democracy alone cannot provide personal and
political freedom unless the institutions of civil
society are also present.

10.  In some countries, notably in the United
Kingdom which originated
the Westminster system, the dominant
principle is that ofparliamentary
sovereignty, while maintaining judicial
independence . In the United
States, separation of powers is often cited
as a central attribute.
In India parliamentary sovereignty is
subject to a constitution which
includes judicial review.Other uses of
"democracy" include that of direct
democracy. Though the term "democracy"
is typically used in the context of
a political state, the principles also are
applicable to private organisations.

12.  In 1968, Olympics held at Mexico city, in the
medal ceremony of 200m race, where gold
and bronze medals were won by the AFRICAN
–AMERICANS & the silver was bagged by the
white.
In the ceremony Tommie Smith & John Carlos
(African- Americans)stood on the dice with
clenched fists upraised & heads bowed while
the American anthem was played. They
received their medals wearing black socks &
no shoes to represent ‘BLACK POVERTY.’ The
silver medalist, white Australian athelete,
Peter Norman, wore human rights badge on
his shirt to show his support to the two
Americans.

24.  The combination of politics & social
divisions is very explosive and dangerous.
a) democracy involves competition among
various political parties. Their
competitions tend to divide society.
b) if they start competing in terms of some
existing social divisions , they can make
social divisions into political divisions
and lead to conflict , violence or even
disintegration of a country.
c)social divisions affect voting in most
countries, people from one community
tend to prefer one party more than others.
d)in many countries there are parties
which focus only on one community.
--yet all this does not always lead to
disintegration.

30.  Social division:- Division of the society on the basis of
language, region, caste, colour or race and sex. It
signifies linguistic and regional diversity. Social
differences:- Social differences are the situations where
the people are discriminated against on the basis of
social, economic and racial inequality. It gives way to
social diversity which is different from society to society.
The black power: It was a movement started by black
people in 1966 against racialism and the practice of
apartheid. It was a militant movement advocating
even violence if necessary to end racism in the US.
Overlapping differences: Social differences which
overlap other differences are known as overlapping
differences e.g., difference between the blacks and
whites became a social division in US because the
Blacks tend to be poor homeless and discriminated
against.

31.  Cross-Cutting Differences: If social differences
cross cut one another, it is known as cross
cutting differences. In another way in this
situation groups that share a common
interest on one issue are likely to be in
different sides on a different issue.

Homogenous Society:- Homogenous society
signifies absence of significant ethnic
differences. It is a society that has similar
kinds of people or inhabitants. Migrants:
Anybody who shifts from one region or
country to another region within a country
or to another country for the purpose of work
or other economic opportunities. Minority: It
refers to community who are less than half of
the total population of the country. The idea
of minority at national level is totally
different from what it is at state level.

32.  THE BLACK POWER :- movement
emerged in 1966 and lasted till 1975 ,
which was a more militant anti racist
movement advocating even violence in
necessary to end racism in the US…
 HOMOGENEOUS SOCIETY :- A society
that has similar kind of people
especially where there are no
significant ethnic differences….