Canola meal: A second protein meal for the Asian markets. The canola evolution. The benefits. Special focus on poultry nutrition - broilers and layers. Author: Dr. Rider A Perez, DSM Nutritional Products

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2. What You Need to Know about
Canola Meal
Rider A. Perez-Maldonado MSc PhD
Technical Manager Asia Pacific

3. 页 2
University of Illinois
University of Guelph
University of Saskatchewa
Canola Council Canada

4. 页
 Complement/support SBM broiler and other livestock production
 Reduce dependence: US, Brazil, Argentina. Main Asia pacific SBM suppliers
 To ease pressure on the Amazon rain forest deforestation
 Rapeseed/Canola is possible
 Increasing global production and Affordability
 Biofuel efficiency
 Livestock compatible and oil of high quality content
A new horizon for the Asia markets: a second protein meal

5. 页 4
From rapeseed to canola
• Rapeseed-mustard oil in India Winter rape oils in China prefered over
traditional edible oils. The meal normally used as animal protein
supplement, presented several problems
• The presence Erucic Acid (up to 50%) a long chain monounsaturatred FA
(22:1) is feared to cause health problems like cardiovascular lesions
(lipidosis)
• High GLS (sulphur containing glucosides) in the meal are not desired for
animal feed as cause bitter taste and can cause liver and thyroid problems
when used at high levels

6. 页
• 1968 first single rapeseed lines low of EA appear in the market
• 1974 first double-low (00) cultivars from Brassica napus (1936) and
Brassica campestris/rapa were developed. Low EA B. juncea now also
exists
• 1979 the name “canola” adopted in Canada to all 00 cultivars
• 1981 canola-quality rapeseed cultivars were developed in Europe, Canada,
US and Australia
• India (rapeseed/mustard) and China (winter rapa) still the majority of
rapeseed has high EA (up to 50%), high GSL (up to 200 µM/g)
• Oil and meal from these high EA/GSL are still accepted for human
consumption and livestock use
• Canada council data shows Japan and China are now major importers of
canola seeds
Evolution to Canola at glance

7. 页
Rapeseed/Canola Seed and high quality oil
Small/round 1-2 mm diameter black/brown/dark red/yellow
Rapeseed/Canola 42-45 oil 23-25 CP
Soybean 18-20 40-42
OILS Saturates
Omega-6
Polyunsaturates
Omega-3 Polyunsaturates
Monounsaturates
Canola 7 20 10 63
Safflower 9 77 14
Sunflower 11 66 23
Olive 14 10 76
Soybean 15 54 8 23
Peanut 19 34 2 45
Cottonseed 26 58 16
Tallow* 50 2 1 47*
Palm 51 10 39
Butter fat 64 2 1 33*
Coconut 91 2 7
Lowest on saturated FA with two essential FA – linoleic and linolenic.
EA < 2% of total FA. And ≤ 30 µmol/g of GSL (in the meal)
Categorize as 00 or double low rapeseed

8. 页
Importance of rapeseed/canola production
Canola oil is widely accepted for high quality human oil consumption
2012-13 season world’s rapeseed harvest about 63 mMT (Soybean 315 mMT)
Canada
22.5 %
India
13 %
China
21.5 %
EU
34%
Australia
3.8 %

9. 页 8
Biological effect of RSM Glucosinolates in Poultry
Effect of feeding rapeseed meal on liver and thyroid weights
Meal fed Weeks
on diet
Liver wt
g/100g bw
Thyroid
mg/100g bw
Soybean 1 19 91
9 20.1 85
High GSL
rapeseed
1 19.2 80
9 22.5 231
Low GSL rape
seed
1 17.6 89
9 19.6 116
* Macrocopic lesion 0-1, Large haematomas (4-5)
High GLS meals can have up to 200 µM/g. Low GSL meals
contain less than 20 µM/g
Depression in broiler performance due to HEARS, 5-10%
feeding. In layer hen liver haemorrhages have been reported
20-40% inclusion. At QPRDC no problems with LEARS
Martland et al. (1984); Summers, 1996

10. 页
Linear relationship between GSL content in the diet and
weight gain of broiler chickens (Zeb, 1998; Tripathi & Misha, 2007)
• Growth depression in broilers likely to occur at 4 µmol GSL/g
• Noticeable at levels above 11 µmol/g
• Great importance to measure GSL levels in the meal/diet

11. 页 10
Canola oil extraction and meal production
This process involves several steps:
• Seed handling and cleaning
• Conditioning and flaking
• Expeller extraction (plant finished meal)
• Solvent extraction
Desolventising and toasting (plant finished meal)

12. 页
Cold-pressed canola meal
• Canola seed is not pre-conditioned prior to oil extraction
• Single-pass cold-pressing not steam applied
• Temperatures up to 55-65°C generated within expeller by frictional forces
• Meal residual oil 12-15% > ME (16-18% EE) and < CP (28-41%), 5µmol GSL/g

13. 页
Receiving
Seed Cleaning
Drying to 6% moisture 35-50 °C 45-60 min
Screenings
Preconditioning, 75 - 78 °C, 30 min
Flaking rolls (0.3-0.4 mm)
Cooker 75 – 90 °C, 60 min (- myrosinase)
Expeller/screw <105 °C
Desolventization/toasting 45 min
100-110 °C + direct steam, 20 min
Hexane
Canola oil
Gums
Canola meal
Drying/cooler 60 min (10-12% moisture)
Process flow in Solvent canola oil
Extraction and CM production
Adapted from Classen, Newkirk and Maenz, 2004; WP 2007
Solvent extraction 50 - 60 °C 90 min,
hexane, <1% oil, mark

14. 页
Oil content of canola seed during process and finished meal
(From Spragg and Mailer, 2007)

15. 页 14
Oil extraction method affects the amount of GSL found in CM
• Heat processing, either through expeller or solvent extraction results in
substantial GSL reduction. Thus not an issue for animal nutrition
• SE using D/T procedures reduced GSL by around 40, 65 and 80% for
Canadian, European and Australian processing conditions respectively
• In Australia expeller extraction process also reduced GSL by 50%.

16. 页
Canola meal nutrient composition
Nutrient (%)
Solvent
Canada
Solvent
Australia
Review**
Expeller
Australia
Soybean
Moisture 12 10.7 10 7.1 10
Crude Protein 36-38 37.3 36.5 36.3 45-48
Crude fat 3.5 3.4 3.6 11.1 1.3-2
Linoleic acid 0.6 0.87 2.40
Ash 6.1 7.3 6.8 6.3 6.4
Crude fibre 12-14 9.9 11.6 10.6 5.4
NDF 20.7 24.1 26 24.1 12-14
ADF 16.8 16.4 18.2 16.9 7.5-9
Choline (mg/kg) 6500 2860
Total tannins 1.5 4.26 3.77
Sinapine 1.0 0.79 1.0 9.7 NA
Glucosinolates* 7.2 1.73 5.5 5.26 NA
* (µmol/g), ** Khajali
Slominski, 2012
Influenced: Environmental, harvest, cultivar and processing of the seed and meal

17. 页
Nutrient (%)
Solvent
Canada
Solvent
Australia
Review** SBM**
Moisture 12 10.7 10 10
Calcium 0.62 0.56 0.67 0.33
Phosphorous 1.06 1.02 1.02 0.66
Phytate P (%) 0.66 0.83 0.64 0.38
Available P(%) 0.40 0.19 0.38 0.28
Sodium 0.10 0.08 0.01
Chloride 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.05
Potassium 1.20 1.26 1.17 2.0
Sulphur 0.83 0.62 0.65 0.44
Magnesium 0.53 0.47 0.56 0.28
Copper (mg/kg) 5.7 3.9
Iron (mg/kg) 162 138
Manganese (mg/kg) 51 52
Zinc (mg/kg) 57 45
Mineral content of canola meal

18. 页 17
High Ca X Sulphur interaction reduce feed intake thus < weight gain
Protein Sulphur Ca (%) Mean
weight (g)
Feed
intake (g)
Canola 0.46 0.37 424 636
0.72 0.37 371 561
0.46 1.32 560 852
0.72 1.32 481 723
The Anion-Cation balance was responsible in part, for the weight gain
response due to excessive level of sulphur
CM has less potassium than SBM (1.25 vs. 2% SBM), thus Dietary electrolyte
balance DEB is much lower in CM compared with SBM
Broiler weight gain increased linearly when DEB increased from 50 to 150
MEq/kg, Summers (1995)
Best value for DEB of 250 mEq/kg of diet maximum growth.

19. 页
Total P
(mg/g)
Phytate-P
IP6 (mg/g)
Phytate-P
IP5 (mg/g)
Phytate-P
IP6 + IP5
(mg/g)
Proportion of
phytate-P in
total P (%)
Solvent 10.2 7.9 0.83 0.82 86.6
Expeller 9.6 7.6 0.86 0.84 88.2
Cold press 8.4 7.0 0.2 7.22 86.1

20. 页
Degradation (%) of ’IP6+IP5’ (incubation: pH 4, 40°C, 30 min.)
SD: ~ 1-2
Brejnholt et al 2011
Phytate source HiPhos Recombinant wheat
phytase (expr. in
yeast)
Isolated wheat
bran phytase
Wheat 78 25 1
Corn 75 63 0
Barley 89 30 8
Soybean meal 52 38 10
Rapeseed meal 79 70 7
Wheat based diet 79 35 2
SBM/corn based
diet
83 27 12
RONOZYME HiPhos activity towards different feed raw materials
Degradation (%) of ’IP6+IP5’ (incubation: pH 4, 40°C, 30 min.)

21. 页
Canola meal Gross energy and metabolisable energy
Evaluation
(Kcal/kg)
Solvent
Canada
Solvent
Australia
Solvent
Review**
Expeller
Australia
Solvent
Soybean**
Broilers AME 2000 1973-2048 2000 2371 2230-2557
Broilers AMEn 2040 1766-1841 2242
Layers AME 2346 2393
Layers AMEn 2231 2350 2458
Protein Crops Gross energy
(Kcal/kg)
Apparent ME
(Kcal/kg)
“unreleased
energy”
Soybean meal 4508 2544 (56%) 44%
Rape seed (se) 4383 1970-2110 (48%) 52%

22. 页
Ingredient Hemicellulose Cellulose Pectin Total
Corn 5.4 3.1 1.6 9.5
Canola meal 10.0 14.2 8.9 32.0
SBM 10 8.0 7.0 25.0
Fibre and Cell wall NSP %
energy
Cell wall
Oil bodies
Protein bodies
The primary cell wall consists of cellulose microfibrills embedded in a
matrix which is made from pectins and hemicelluloses.

23. 页 22
Percent digestibility of NSP in hens fed diets with CM
(40%) With and without a carbohydrase enzyme
Treatment Polysaccharides
Total Cellulose NCP
Canola meal 2.3 0.1 3.2
Canola meal + E (1%) 36.6 13.0 40.5
Work by Campbell (1990), showed and increase of NSP digestibility to
37% Using enzyme supplementation
Enzyme (Pectinase) addition on Canola meal improvement
in 230 Kcal, about 10%

24. 页 23
Solvent
Australia
Solvent
Canada
Rapeseed
meal Evonic
SBM
Brazil
SBM
North America
Amino acid 37.3% CP 36 % CP 35.3% CP 46.13% CP 47.8 % CP
Methionine 0.72 0.74 0.68 0.61 0.70
Cystine 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.69 0.71
Met+Cys 1.62 1.60 1.51 1.30 1.32
Lysine 2.04 2.0 1.81 2.83 2.86
Threonine 1.58 1.58 1.48 1.81 1.74
Tryptophan 0.51 0.48 0.46 0.64 0.64
Arginine 2.23 2.08 2.12 3.38 3.60
Isoleucine 1.44 1.56 1.36 2.14 2.60
Valine 1.88 1.97 1.75 2.24 2.70
Canola meal amino acid content

25. 页
van Barneveld (1998): Both expeller and solvent methods reduce total
lysine in the protein of CM by 16-17%
Newkirk et al (2003): heat through desolventising and toasting resulted
in a 10% decline in lysine content and digestibility

26. 页 25
• Hexane loaded marc enters top and passes
over heated trays
• Hexane evaporates and is drawn through to
Top of DT
• Live steam is injected into the two bottom trays
• Improves hexane evaporation
• Toast meal
Meal exits bottom of DT
Desolventiser-toaster (DT)
From Classen, 2004

27. 页 26

28. 页
Solvent
Australia
Solvent
Canada
Rapeseed
Evonik
Expeller
Extracted
Layer hen
Germany
SBM
Brazil
SBM
North America
Methionine 0.87 0.79 0.84 0.91 0.87 0.92 0.91
Cystine 0.67 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.73 0.76 0.82
Met+Cys 0.77 0.76 0.80 0.85 0.80 0.88 0.87
Lysine 0.73 0.78 0.80 0.76 0.74 0.92 0.90
Threonine 0.66 0.69 0.73 0.64 0.75 0.88 0.85
Tryptophan 0.80 0.78 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.91 0.89
Arginine 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.85 0.88 0.95 0.93
Isoleucine 0.73 0.72 0.79 0.73 0.82 0.91 0.89
Valine 0.713 0.76 0.79 0.72 0.76 0.89 0.88
MEAN 0.755 0.764 0.799 0.783 0.796 0.891 0.882
Canola meal digestibility coefficient of amino acid (poultry)
0.78 0.79 0.83 0.81 0.82Improvement

29. 页 Page 28
Apparent ileal digestibility (AID, %) of amino acids in canola
meal with and without mono-component protease
Source: Gomez et al., 2011

30. 页 Page 29
Improvement (%) of the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in
canola meal supplemented with and a mono-component protease
Source: Gomez et al., 2011
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Lys Met Cys Trp Thr Arg Ile Val Leu His Phe Tyr
%Improvement
CM + Protease

31. 页 30
Sinapine
Sinapine is a choline ester of sinapic acid found in CM
at 10-15 g/kg

32. 页
Test g CM/kg Strain As fresh Stored (2 wks) Stored (5 wks)
Control (0) ISA brown 0 b
0 0 b
100 ISA brown 0 b
8 8 ab
150 ISA brown 17 ab
8 0 b
200 ISA brown 42 a
33 30 a
LSD (P=0.05) 27 26 23
Test g CM/kg Strain As fresh Stored (2 wks) Stored (5 wks)
Control (0) White ST 8 0 0
100 White ST 0 0 0
150 White ST 0 0 0
200 White ST 0 0 0
LSD (P=0.05) NA NA NA
Odour % of eggs obtained from Isabrown and White Supertint
layers fed on 100, 150, and 200 g CM/kg

33. 页 32
Factors involved in the production of trimethylamine (TMA) taint in
eggs

34. 页
Averagesensoryscoreperegg
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 % CM
trace sinapine
choline:
1082 mg/kg
6 % CM:
sinapine:
730 mg/kg
choline:
1236 mg/kg
9 % CM
sinapine:
100 mg/kg
choline:
1355 mg/kg
12 % CM
sinapine:
1146 mg/kg
choline:
1490 mg/kg
15 % CM
sinapine:
1830 mg/kg
choline:
1595 mg/kg
15 % CM
fed to non-
responders
layer hens
Figure 5. Severity of fishy taint in eggs from responders
hens fed varying levels of CM
1. Choline and sinapine (endogenous or supplemental) can generate a “fishy” taint in eggs
2. Taint levels increase at sinapine levels above 1.2g/kg and choline levels of 1.5 g/kg
3. As Australian CM has sinapine levels between 10-15 g/kg, an inclusion level of 10-12%
(equivalent to 1.5 g sinapine/kg) should no lead to any increase in taint above control
levels.
Perez-Maldonado and Treloar, 2005

35. 页 34
Further Recommendations from the study included
Layer breeding companies including Lohmann, ISA and Hy-Line
have developed a new layer brown egg strains
The defective gene that causes eggs with fishy odour has been
eliminated
This should allow poultry producers and feed manufacturers to
incorporate CM at much higher level in poultry diets
This year study in Australia (Dr Bob Swick) should demonstrate
higher CM inclusion in brown strain layer hen

36. 页 35
1280 Dekalb SCWL Laying hens performance over 5 months feeding
CM + SBM 0 + 20 10 + 6 20 + 0 10 + 8 20 + 3
Intake g/h/d 102.2a 100.7ab 99.2b 99.9b 99.8b
Eggs (%) 90.1 89.4 90.5 90.7 89.4
FE 1.95 1.91 1.87 1.88 1.89
Not evidence of liver haemorrhage. Not thyroid weight changes. Plasma T3 and T4 similar
to control
Campbell et al 1999

37. 页 36
Ingredients (g/kg) of layer diets with 120 and 200 g/kg of canola meal from
Numurkah, and Pinjarra (Hy-line Brown)
Sorghum 450 480 450 319
Wheat 188 129 169 297
Meat& bone meal 50 50 50 50
Soybean meal 29 - - -
Full fat Soybean meal 47 17 44.8 3
Sunflower meal 30 30 82 46
CM Numurkah (SE) 120 200 - -
CM Pinjarra (EE) - - 120 200

38. 页
Canola meal FI
(g/d)
Eggs
%
Egg wt
(g)
Egg mass
(g/d)
FCR
(g FI/g egg
mass)
Speci
gravity
Hen
weight
(g/b)
Liver Pancre
as
Control 113.8 bc 89.3 64.6 57.6 1.981 1.085 2160 1.98 0.162
Numurkah120 g/kg 115.4 abc 84.4 64.4 54.3 2.138 1.084 2086 1.95 0.186
Numurkah200 g/kg 118.5 a 87.4 64.1 56.0 2.128 1.085 2150 1.76 0.168
Pinjarra 120 g/kg 117.1 ab 89.3 64.0 57.1 2.064 1.082 2115 1.81 0.182
Pinjarra 200 g/kg 110.3 c 86.3 63.2 54.4 2.047 1.083 2026 1.89 0.174
LSD (P=0.05) 4.6 4.3 2.3 2.9 0.113 0.0031 116 0.33 0.033
main effects: (1)
CM source
Numurkah 116.9 a 85.9b 64.2 55.1 2.133 1.084 2118 1.85 0.177
Pinjarra 113.7 ab 87.8ab 63.6 55.7 2.055 1.082 2071 1.85 0.178
LSD (P=0.05) 3.2 3.0 1.6 2.0 0.080 0.0022 82 0.23 0.023
Inclusion levels
120 g/kg 114.0 88.4 63.4 56.0 2.048 1.084 2134 1.91 0.176
200 g/kg 114.2 87.6 63.5 55.6 2.066 1.084 2081 1.84 0.176
LSD (P=0.05) 2.3 2.1 1.2 1.4 0.057 0.0016 58 0.16 0.017
Hy-line Brown hens fed on diets with 120, and 200 g/kg of
canola meal from Numurkah (SE), and Pinjarra (EE) over 16
weeks period

39. 页
Ingredients Control Canola meal
Sorghum 483 433
Wheat 193 100
Meat & bone meal 70 70
Poultry offal meal 21 40
Soybean meal 204 112
CM Numurkah - 200
Ingredients Control Canola meal
Sorghum 522 450
Wheat 259 100
Meat & bone meal 60 54
Poultry offal meal 3 50
Soybean meal 130 -
CM Numurkah - 300
Broilers Starter and finisher diets (Cobb 500) 0-43 days

40. 页
BW0 BFI 0-43 LWG 21 LWG 0-43 FCR 0-43
Control 41.4 4533 a 825 2395 1.893 b
Canola 41.6 4393 b 829 2367 1.856 c
LSD
(P=0.05)
0.4 129 19 80 0.023
Cf
variation
1% 4% 3% 4% 2%
Results summary

41. 页

42. 页
A$ Ingredients Control A$ Cost CM A$ Cost Save
350 Sorghum 522 182.7 450 157.5
400 Wheat 259 103.6 100 40
700 Meat & bone meal 60 42 54 37.8
500 Poultry offal meal 3 1.5 50 25
650 Soybean meal 130 84.5 0 0
345 CM Numurkah 0 0 300 103.5
1000 Soybean oil 0 0 30.7 30.7
Cost/mt 414.3 394.5 19.8
Comparative formula cost when using CM vs SBM
CM higher phytate P, higher SAA, low dig in Aas, higher
choline. With further potential for savings in formulation

43. 页 42
Control SBM; Cottonseed meal and Canola meal

44. 页
Conclusions
The APAC highly depends on SBM imports as the main protein meal in broiler diets
Evolution of rapeseed to canola was partially due to human health concerns as
high EA and GSL in rapeseed oil and meal can result in heart disease and GSL can
be detrimental to animals
Canola is the meal in APAC due to its increasing global production, affordability,
biofuel efficiency, livestock compatible and oil of high quality content
Methods for oil extraction and variations between processing plants results in
slightly different characteristics in the meal affecting residual oil, GSL content,
energy value and amino acid quality
The most commonly known ANF found in CM include fibre, condensed tannins,
sinapine, and phytic acid which affect nutrient availability
The understanding of CM energy value, amino acid content and digestibility
characteristics and how to improve on most common ANF will result in a useful
raw material for least-cost poultry diets