27 september 2010- 2 copernicus institute

Copernicus Institute
Research Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Jatropha Frame of Reference and
Gaps
Ir. Janske van Eijck
27th
September 2010, Moshi Tanzania

Content
• Project partners
• Goal of the report
• Agronomic aspects
• Ecological aspects
• Social aspects
• Economic aspects
• Questions/discussion

Report
Jatropha Assessment
Agronomic, Social, Economic and Technical aspects
Facts from literature
Ir. Janske van Eijck
Dr. Edward Smeets
Dr. Ir. Raymond
Jongschaap
Dr. Henny Romijn
Dr. Ir. Annelies Balkema
Commissioned by Agentschap NL in the framework of the
Netherlands Program Sustainable Biomass

Goal & Method
• To check current literature on facts, including
background details on data sources, thereby
identifying knowledge gaps.
Reviewed:
• 128 studies on Socio-Economic and Ecologic aspects
• around 200 studies on agronomy aspects
Scored studies on data source [scientific artile, NGO
report, research institute, thesis etc.], region and
aspects

Nature of publication Social issues Ecological Economic
Study Year Region Country
reportGovernmentissued
Journal
ThesisMSc
ThesisPhD
reportFAO,EU,ICRAF(Research)
reportNGO
Industry
Agronomy
(local)Foodsecurity
Localprosperity(ruralandsocialdevelopment
Labour/workingconditions(human/labourrights)
Landownership,landrights
Gender
GHG,LCA
Landuseandcarbonstock
Energybalance
Biodiversity
Economicfeasibility
Marketprospects
businessmodels
Legalaspects
Policyissues
Technicalissues
Smallholder
Largescaleplantation
1 IFAD/FAO 2010 2010 SSA ? ? ?
2 (Schut et al. 2010b) 2010 SSA Mozambique ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
3 (Bos et al. 2010) 2010 SSA Mozambique ? ? ? ? ?
4 (Schut et al. 2010a) 2010 SSA Mozambique ? ? ? ? ? ?
5 (Habib-Mintz 2010) 2010 SSA Tanzania ? ? ? ? ? ?
6 (Moers 2010) 2010 LA Honduras ? ? ? ?
7 (FAO 2010) 2010 SSA Tanzania ? ?
8 (Behera et al. 2010) 2010 A India ? ?
9 (Prueksakorn et al. 2010) 2010 A Thailand ? ?
10 (Arvidsson et al. 2010) 2010 A India, Germany ? ?
11 (Gmünder et al. 2010) 2010 A India ? ? ?
12 (Wiskerke et al. 2010) 2010 SSA Tanzania ? ?
13 (Sheng Goh and Teong Lee 2010) 2010 A South East Asia ? ?
14 (Achten et al. 2010b) 2010 all ? ? ? ?
15 (Ariza-Montobbio and Lele 2010) 2010 A India ? ? ? ? ?
16 (Achten et al. 2010a) 2010 all ? ?
17 (Froger et al. 2010) 2010 SSA Mozambique ? ? ?
18 (van Eijck et al. 2010) 2010 SSA EA ? ?
19 (Finco and Doppler 2010) 2010 LA Brazil ? ? ? ?
20 (Salfrais 2010) 2010 SSA Mali ? ? ? ?
21 (Hooijkaas 2010) 2010 SSA Tanzania ? ? ?
22 (Nygaard 2010) MFP 2010 SSA Mali ? ? ?
23 (Trabucco et al. 2010) 2010 LA, EA ? ?
24 (Li et al. 2010a) 2010 all ?
25 (Wahl et al. 2009) 2009 SSA Tanzania ? ? ? ?
26 (Estrin 2009) 2009 A India ? ? ? ?
27 (Mulugetta 2009) 2009 SSA ? ?
28 (Rossi 2009) 2009 SSA Tanzania ? ?
29 (FACT foundation 2009) 2009 all ? ? ?
30 (Janssen 2009) 2009 n.a. ? ?
31 (Mujeyi 2009) 2009/7 SSA Zimbabwe ? ? ?
32 (Nielsen and de Jongh 2009) 2009 SSA Mozambique ? ? ? ? ? ?
33 (Ariza-Montobbio 2009) 2009 A India ? ? ?
34 (Ribeiro and Matavel 2009) 2009 SSA Mozambique ? ? ? ? ?
35 (Jatropha Alliance 2009) 2009 SSA Mozambique ? ? ? ?
36 (van Eijck 2009) 2009 SSA Tanzania ? ? ? ? ?
37 (Practical Action Consulting 2009) 2009 all Cambodia, India, Guatemala, Thailand? ? ?
38 (Arndt et al. 2009) 2009 SSA Mozambique ? ? ? ?
39 (Bijman et al. 2009) 2009 SSA Mozambique ? ? ?
40 (Peters 2009) 2009 SSA Mozambique ? ? ? ? ? ?
41 (GTZ 2009) 2009 SSA Kenya ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
42 (Puente-Rodríguez 2009) 2009 LA Honduras ? ? ? ?
43 (Bindraban et al. 2009) 2009 all ? ? ?
44 (Moraa et al. 2009) 2009 SSA Kenya ? ? ?

Results
Socio-economic and ecological aspects
• Data source
– 59 journal articles
– 31 research institute reports (FAO, ICRAF,..)
– 20 MSc./PhD theses
• Regional focus
– 61 Sub Saharan Africa
– 27 Asia
– 4 Latin America

Agronomy
• …there still is little experience with jatropha in
more intensive oil seed production systems
• …still is a wild species, with no registered
varieties for selected traits that are optimized for
specific growth conditions and production systems
• …is a pan-tropical species occurring in many
different environments
• …is a perennial species, so that agronomy
measures do not directly provide results in the
short term and effects on the long term are not
known at all
Agronomy – Social – Ecologic – Economic - Gaps

Yield
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Altitude (m)
Reportedproductivity(gtree-1
)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Reportedproductivity(kgha-1
)
Jongschaap 2009, South Africa
•1,286 kg/ha (4.5x3 m, 741 trees/ha)
•489 liter/ha

Agronomy
• Use local seeds, or test seeds from foreign origin
before using them at production system scale
• Use seeds from mature (yellow) fruits that are
stored as shortly as possible
• Select germination and seedling period carefully
to assure transplanting in the wet season
• In poor soil media, supplements and rhizobacteria
increase germination rate and seedling vigour
Tips: Germination

Agronomy
Tips: Direct seeding, transplanting seedlings and
cuttings
• Preferred system for nurseries of 2-3 months
• Seedlings should be raised in spacious (>2 L)
containers to prevent reduction in root
development
• Direct seeding only under good soil moisture and
high temperature conditions; use 2-4 seeds per
planting hole, and thin to 1 tree per hole after
establishment

Plant spacing
Jatropha single trees in South
Africa and in Indonesia
Jatropha intercropping with
onions and a jatropha nursery
Jatropha hedges in Guatemala
and Mali
Jatropha monoculture in
Guatemala and in China

pruning
Tips for pruning
• Formative Pruning (FP) can be carried out when
transplanted seedlings reach 30-60 cm height to induce
branching
• Additional FP can be carried out at the end of the 1st
growing season and later seasons to arrive at a desired 30-
35 branches at 1.20 meter height
• Maintenance Pruning should be performed when the trees
shed leaves and enter the dormancy period at the end of the
growing season. MP should prune back maximally to the
desired height of 1.20 m observed at the start of the
growing season

Socio-economic aspects

Food security
Availability of food relates to agricultural
production of food crops.
Access to food primarily refers people’s
ability to afford and overcome barriers such
as remoteness and social marginalization.
Food prices and income level are the main
factors related to access.
Stability of food refers to events that may
lead to populations losing access to food such
as conflict, loss of resources, market failure,
environmental degradation and disasters.
Utilization of food refers to people’s
ability to absorb the nutrients within the
food.
•Plantation model
•Smallholder model

Food security
Study Positive Neutral Negative Source of data
(FAO 2010) X Country data Tz
(Practical Action Consulting 2009) X 15 case studies
(Puente-Rodríguez 2009) X Honduras
(Gordon-Maclean et al. 2008) X Tanzania
(van Eijck 2009) X
(Mitchell 2008) X 74 Jatropha farmers Tz
(Loos 2008) X 248 households in Tz
(Ariza-Montobbio 2009) (Ariza-
Montobbio and Lele 2010)
X 49 plots, India
(Altenburg et al. 2009) X X 13 case studies India
(Finco and Doppler 2010) X 17 Jatropha farmers in Brazil
Study Positive Neutral Negative Source of data
(Gordon-Maclean et al.
2008)
X
(Schut et al. 2010b) X
(Peters 2009) X
•Plantation
•Smallholder

Food security
Tips: To increase food security
 Don’t convert (or promote to convert) food crops into Jatropha
 Promote agricultural knowledge, by e.g. supporting a school vegetable garden
or other extension services
 Promote to plant Jatropha as an additional crop for farmers
 Focus on land abundant regions, and marginal and degraded lands
 Create favourable working hours to enable workers to keep working on their
fields
 Increase the income of the local population by paying sufficient high wages

Local prosperity
• Poverty (purchasing power)
• Local employment
• Local economy
• Skills
• Attitude
(Domestic) use of
Jatropha products
Production of Jatropha
seeds and oil

Tips: To increase local prosperity
Outgrower
Avoid large shares of profits paid to middlemen by transparency
and/or fixed prices
The performance of small farmers can be improved by:
compensating good performing farmers for assisting other farmers
in their area
offer the sowing of intercrops between the Jatropha rows
allow technical advisors to give more time to small farmers
(reduced amount of land)
increase coordination with other institutions that also give technical
assistance or credit

Local prosperity
Tips: To increase local prosperity
Plantation
•Pay higher wages than minimum wage
Try to minimize import, purchase equipment and materials as
much local or in the country as possible
Contribute to infrastructure developments
Provide training and education to employees to improve
capacity building, higher skilled jobs for local population create
more local prosperity.
Think of an exit strategy in advance, to avoid problems with
trust of the local population

Labour conditions
Tips: To improve working and labour conditions
Do not make a distinction between permanent staff and casual
labourers.
Avoid direct contact with Jatropha oil until research has
excluded harmful skin impacts
Monitor management plans, incl recordkeeping of accidents,
supply of sufficient amount of safety gear etc.

Land issues
Tips: To minimize impacts on land availability and land access
Be aware of customary land laws and informal processes
Be very transparent in land acquisitions processes, use an
external mediator to guide the process
Involve communities in the decision making process
Make promises tangible in written letters, with signatures of
leaders and other witnesses, this helps to reduce
miscommunications
Look at alternative business models where the community is a
business partner and land rights do not have to be transferred.

Gender issues
Tips: To address gender related issues
Create middle and high skilled jobs for women (not only low
skilled)
Create suitable working hours (e.g. until 15:00) so women can
tend their plots after working hours
The availability of Jatropha oil for energy services (cooking,
lighting, milling etc.) reduces women’s household tasks (also
see Section )
Consult vulnerable groups to determine their access to land.
Involve women’s associations in Jatropha cultivation

GHG
Tips for practitioners:
Be aware of land use changes and the initial carbon debt
created, this can be a serious threat to the CO2 balance of
your project!
Be aware of the trade-off for fertiliser use (improved yield
but also increase in environmental impacts)
Be aware of the energy content of the by-products and the
large energy use in transesterfication, consider local use of
by products and the use pure plant oil instead of biodiesel
use overseas.
Please note that none of the data referred to in this
sections is UNFCC approved.

Biodiversity
Tips: To minimize impacts on biodiversity
Perform a baseline study and/or EIA (Environmental
Impact Analysis)
Do not convert high biodiversity areas to Jatropha

Economic feasibility
Suggestions/tips for practitioners:
•For the time being, Jatropha cultivation is best undertaken as a
hedge crop in reasonably fertile conditions, where it will not
compete substantially with alternative uses of required
resources.
•Currently, Jatropha should be promoted as a supplementary
income opportunity, not as an alternative cash crop.
•Investors in large monoplantations and intercropping schemes
should be aware of high failure risks on account of low
profitability (depending on e.g. land prizes).

Economic feasibility
Suggestions/tips for practitioners:
•From the profitability point of view, projects should emphasize
SVO applications rather than the production of biodiesel
•Projects should attempt to develop productive uses for
Jatropha by-products.

Knowledge gaps
Aspect Literature Smallholder Plantation
Agronomy
Yields √ √
Germination √
Propagation √
Food security √
Food availability √ √
Food access √ √ √
Food stability
Food utilization
Local prosperity √
Local usage √
Local employment √
Local economy √
Skills √ √
Attitude √ √ √

Knowledge gaps
Labour working conditions √ √ √
Wages and other benefits √ √
Child labour √
Discrimination
Safety √
Freedom of trade union org.
Education √
Land rights √
land availability √ √
Land access √ √ √
Gender √
Employment √ √ √
Access to energy √ √
Land availability √ √

Knowledge gaps
LCA √
Energy content √
Land use changes √
Use of byproducts (energy b) √
Transesterification √ √
Transport √ √
Biodiversity √
Previous land use √ √
Intensity of production
Economic feasibility √
Labour requirement √ √
yield √ √
Use of seedcake as fuel or fer. √
Market prospects √
Organisational √
Business models √ √ √
Policy √

End
• Questions / discussion
J.A.J.vanEijck@uu.nl

27 september 2010- 2 copernicus institute

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