This presentation i have prepared for my transport study"Traffic at Urban Rpad Junctions"

1. Traffic Demand
Management at
Junctions
P.G.Dasun Ransiri
BscC-550/09-03/0021
CINEC Maritime Campus

2. Traffic Demand Management…
Transportation demand management, traffic demand management
or travel demand management (all TDM) is the application of
strategies and policies to reduce travel demand (specifically that of
single-occupancy private vehicles), or to redistribute this demand in
space or in time

3. Junction……….
 A junction, when discussed in the
context of transport, is a location where
traffic can change between different
routes, directions, or sometimes modes,
of travel.

4. Why Management of Traffic
Demand at JUNCTIONS is
Important….???
 Both Traffic Demand Management &
Junction are two separate broad areas
which need expertise knowledge & skill
to handle according to their definitions
previously discussed…..
 But Traffic Demand Management @
Junction ……?????????

5. Negative Impacts of Failure to
Manage Traffic Demand at Junctions
 Very high rate of accidents and fatalities
 Environmental Pollution
 Wasting Money and Time
 Health Problems
 Lack of public and safe transport
 The environmentally friendly ways of
travelling are exposed to higher risks
than the environmentally malign ones

6. Methods which can be employed
for Traffic Demand Management at
Junctions….
1) Traffic Surveys & Information Gathering
2) Educate and Inform Public
3) Enforcement of traffic laws and regulations
4) Junction Improvement
v. Road Signs
vi. Flyover
vii. Traffic lights
viii.Pedestrian Crossing
ix. Bicycle-friendly traveling
10) Pricing
11)Active traffic Management (ATM)
12)Integrated Demand Management (IDM)

7. • Traffic Surveys & Information
Gathering
 Information gathering is essential element
in traffic studies.
 Modern technology & specialized
equipment can be used.
 Gathered information should be properly
analyzed
 Survey Reports should be presented to
relevant authorities & public

8.  Extracting Traffic Parameters at Intersections
Through Computer Vision
By K.D. Peiris and D.U.J. Sonnadara Department of
Physics, University of Colombo
 Automation of Traffic Flow Measurement Using
Video Images By G. C. de Silva Department of
Computer Science and Engineering University of
Moratuwa Sri Lanka

9. 1) Educate and Inform Public
•Public should be properly educate & informed
•Use of Modern technology, expertise skills
•Feedback & Suggestions should be efficiently gathered
I.Use of ICT (Social Network)

10. • Travel plan- [green travel plan]
A travel plan is a package of actions designed by a
workplace, school or other organization to
encourage safe, healthy and sustainable travel
options. By reducing car travel, Travel Plans can
improve health and wellbeing, free up car parking
space, and make a positive contribution to the
community and the environment. Every Travel Plan
is different, but most successful plans have followed
a structured process in their development.
These travel Plans should be properly
communicated to pubic.

11. • Enforcement of traffic laws and
regulations
 The enforcement of traffic laws and
regulations can achieve significant traffic
flow improvements.
 Improved safety is often an important
outcome of enforcement.
 Proper enforcement is best implemented
when the traffic code is clear and traffic
management measures support desirable
driving behavior.

12. • Junction Improvement
i. Road Signs
Traffic signs or road signs are signs erected at the
side of roads to provide information to road users.
With traffic volumes increasing over the last eight
decades, many countries have adopted pictorial signs or
otherwise simplified and standardized their signs to
facilitate international travel where language differences
would create barriers, and in general to help enhance
traffic safety. Such pictorial signs use symbols (often
silhouettes) in place of words and are usually based on
international protocols.

13. • Flyovers (Overpass)
 An overpass /flyover is a bridge, road,
railway or similar structure that crosses
over another road or railway. An overpass
and underpass together form a grade
separation.

14. i. Traffic lights
 Traffic lights, which may also be known as
stoplights, traffic lamps, traffic signals, stop-and-
go lights, are signaling devices positioned at
road intersections, pedestrian crossings and
other locations to control competing flows of
traffic.

15. Queue Interactions …….
Queue Interactions look at how queues can reduce
capacity through spillback, starvation, and storage
blocking between lane groups.
Spillback
 Spillback is caused when a queue from a downstream
intersection uses up all the space on a link and prevents
vehicles from entering the upstream intersection on
green.

16. Starvation
 Starvation occurs when a downstream signal is green,
but the signal can not service at full capacity efficiency
because the upstream signals is red

17. Storage Blocking
 Storage Blocking occurs when queues extend past the
opening of the storage bay. Through traffic can block
access to the left or right storage bay, or turning traffic
can use up the bay space and block through traffic.
Figure illustrates storage blocking of left traffic by
through traffic.
The left turning vehicle is blocked from the left storage bay by through
traffic. The signal shows a green left arrow, but no left traffic can
reach the stop bar. Storage blocking is a combination of spillback
and starvation. In this case the through traffic is causing spillback.
The left movement is experiencing starvation because of the
spillback.

18. Mobile Traffic Lights

19. • Pedestrian Crossing
 A pedestrian crossing or crosswalk is a designated
point on a road at which some means are employed to
assist pedestrians wishing to cross. They are designed
to keep pedestrians together where they can be seen
by motorists, and where they can cross most safely
across the flow of vehicular traffic. Pedestrian crossings
are often found at intersections, but may also be at
other points on busy roads that would otherwise be
too unsafe to cross without assistance due to vehicle
numbers, speed or road widths.

20. • Bicycle-friendly traveling
 "Bicycle-friendly" describes policies and practices
which may help some people feel more comfortable
about traveling by bicycle with other traffic. The level of
bicycle-friendliness of an environment can be influenced
by many factors resulting from town planning and cycling
infrastructure decisions.

21. • Pricing
 Congestion pricing or congestion charges is a system
of surcharging users of a transport network in periods of
peak demand to reduce traffic congestion. Examples include
some toll-like road pricing fees, and higher peak charges for
utilities, public transport and slots in canals and airports. This
variable pricing strategy regulates demand, making it possible
to manage congestion without increasing supply.
 Delay-based road pricing is the policy of charging drivers
based upon the amount of time they spend queuing. Delay-
based pricing, whatever its other effects, is an extremely
efficient way of causing drivers to avoid congested routes.
 Too much delay-based pricing leads the drivers onto
inefficient routes since they are travelling a large extra
distance to avoid the delays.

22. Reference
 Congestion management and electronic
road pricing in Singapore
 This paper details the experience of
Singapore and the effort made to curb
vehicular increase on the roads using a
state-of-the-art regulated Electronic Road
Pricing (ERP) scheme.
 By Faculty of Business Administration,
National University of Singapore, 15 Law
Link, Singapore 117591, Singapore

23. • Active traffic Management (ATM)
 scheme combines a number of new
technologies and existing motorway
features to provide:
• Reliable journey times
• Reduced congestion
• Enhanced information to drivers
• Quicker response times to incidents

24. How will Active Traffic Management be
different?
 Driver information signs
 Speed limit signals
 Emergency refuge areas
 New emergency roadside telephones
 Hard shoulder running between junctions if
necessary
 New congestion and incident management
systems

25. • Integrated Demand Management
(IDM)
•seeking to address congestion problems, there is
a need to make better use of existing capacity.
•Better manage both the strategic road network
and local road network, with the ultimate aim of
having a network that operates in balance
IDM seeks to manage both road networks
together to improve the end to end journey
experience for the road user, irrespective of
which network they are using
Aiming to manage both road networks as one,
the concept of IDM focuses on using existing
technology and traffic measures on both networks.

26. So what is IDM in reality?

27. Case Study- MUSIC (Management of
traffic Using Control)
 In three cities, network models have been used to create
fixed-time signal settings, which attempt to meet the traffic
demand management goals of the city authorities.
 Urban Traffic Control (UTC) can have a significant effect
on driver route choice but practical applications for this
have been limited.
 MUSIC project aims to demonstrate a range of possibilities
for traffic demand management (TDM) measures which
can be implemented using a cities’ existing UTC system.
 The project uses a specially developed software model
known as STEER (Signals/Traffic Emulation with
Event-based Responsiveness) to produce fixed-time
signal timing plans

28. The MUSIC method is a combination of
 Smith’s policy- signals can attempt to
route vehicles onto roads which have
greater capacity by giving more green
time to routes with greater capacity
 Virtual delay-based road pricing- policy of
charging drivers based upon the amount
of time they spend queuing.

29.  The ideas of P0, a policy which favors high saturation flow
routes, and delay-based pricing which forces drivers onto
more efficient routes leads to the MUSIC method:
1. Impose a delay-based pricing on the simulated network with
a small price p. This should force drivers onto optimal or
nearly optimal routes.
2. Adjust signals according to P0. The signals are now weighted
to give greater green to these nearly optimal routes.
3. Freeze the signals and remove the pricing. Allow the vehicles
to return to an un-priced user equilibrium. This will provide
an assessment of the signal timing plan created in step 2.
4. Increase price p and go to step 1. Repeat until an optimal
pricing level p has been located by examination of the total
travel time on the network at the end of step 3.

30. Practical application in Sri Lankan
scenario….
T
 raffic demand management schemes
should be designed to deal with
countries' unique traffic flow
characteristics.
 Low cost and quickly implemented
schemes catering to the specific
needs of each vehicle type, including
NMVs and pedestrians, are needed.

31. C o n c l u s i o n ….
In urban road networks, the junctions are the
determinants of road network capacity. Grade
junctions also play an important role in
providing safe pedestrian road crossing.
Traffic delays at junctions contribute greatly to
air pollution because the emission rates (for
almost all pollutants) of idling vehicles are
much higher than at free flow. Well-designed
junctions that support modern traffic signal
control systems can minimize delays and
traffic stoppages and so, r e d u c e
e mis s io n s .

32. Thank
You….
Q & A……