2. Body temperature is a measure of the body’s ability to generate and get rid of
heat.
Normal core body temperature (the temperature within the deep tissue of the
body) is between 35.6 & 37.8 degree Celsius (97.0 & 100.4 F)
Closest to core body temperature measured is
Rectal or vaginal > Ear (tympanic) > Oral (0.5 C less than Ear) > Axillary
lower than oral)
Diurnal variation – Core temperature affected by time of the day (usually upto
C) , it is highest in the late afternoon & evening with lowest point in the early
morning.
3. THERMOMETERS
DIGITAL THERMOMETER : Reading taken from
under the tongue, rectum,under armpit
ELECTRONIC EAR THERMOMETER:
use infrared technology to get temp. reading
FOREHEAD THERMOMETER
also uses infrared technology
PLASTIC STRIP THERMOMETER : can only detect presence
fever, donot giv exact reading
PACIFIER THERMOMETER : used in babies older than 3 M
GLASS & MERCURY THERMOMETER:
5. MECHANISM OF BODILY HEAT LOSS
EVAPORATION -Sweating and panting cool by increasing heat loss
CONVECTION - Increase blood flow to body surfaces leads to heat loss
CONDUCTION - Losing heat by being in contact with a colder surface e.g.
swimming in cold water or lying in cold floor
RADIATION - Increased exposure of the body surface will lead to increase heat
loss.
6. INCREASE IN BODY TEMPERATURE
FEVER (PYREXIA) – Is an elevation of body temperature that exceeds the normal
daily variation and occurs in conjugation with an increase in hypothalamic set point
(e.g. from 37C to 39C)
HYPERPYREXIA – At temperature >41.5 C (>106.7 F) ,the hypothalamic center
can no longer function to control body temperature and fever is termed as
Hyperpyrexia , a medical emergency.
HYPERTHERMIA – An uncontrolled increase in body temperature that exceeds
the body’s ability to loose heat, It differs from a fever as it is not associated with
the change in the set point of thermoregulatory center, e.g. heatstroke, neuroleptic
malignant syndrome, malignant hyperthermia and stimulants such as
amphetamines and cocaine.
10. CAUSES OF FEVER
Infections
Non infectious inflammatory disease
Autoimmune inflammatory
Vasculitis
Malignancy
Miscl. Causes such as drug reaction
Undiagnosed
11. CAUSES OF FEVER A/W SYSTEMS
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
URTI suggested by rhinorrhea, nasal stuffiness, sneezing, sore throat,
cough & a hoarse voice
Sinusitis A/W facial pain and headache
Otitis A/W ear pain, ear discharge , with or without auditory symptoms
LRTI suggested by cough with purulent sputum, shortness of breath,
wheeze or chest pain.
Hemoptysis suggest invasion of or damage to the blood vessels of the
lung , presents in tuberculosis, invasive fungal infection or noninfectious
causes such as lung cancer or vasculitis.
12. GNITOURINARY SYSTEM
Lower urinary tract infection presents with combination of dysuria,
frequency, urgency, change in smell or
colour of urine
Upper urinary tract infection have above symptoms with additional
loin or back pain
Sexually transmitted infection & PID have same symptoms with additional
vaginal or urethral discharge, dyspareunia,
anogenital ulcer, genital warts, swelling of scrotum
& lymph glands in the groin.
Vaginal candidiasis presents with LUTI symptoms with whitish vaginal
vaginal discharge and vaginal itching
Bacterial vaginosis presents with watery , foul smeling vaginal discharge
13. GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
Gastrointestinal Infection - A/W abdominal pain & diarrhea
Hepatitis
Cholecystitis and Cholangitis – pain in RUQ A/W nausea
Intra abdominal infection – includes Bowel perforation , peritonitis
NERVOUS SYSTEM
A/W Headache, Photophobia, Vomiting, Altered consciousness, Fits,
Fainting, Muscle weakness, numbness, paralysis, tremors, change
in behavior
Meningitis – neck stiffness
Encephalitis- usually viral in etiology but can be bacterial or parasitic
Intracranial abcess
14. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Joint Infection – patient complains of arthralgia
monoarthralgia : likely septic arthritis
polyarthralgia: likely systemic disease
Bone infection (osteomyelitis)
Adult onset Still’s disease (AOSD)- triad of high spiking fever , joint pain
distinct macular or maculopapular
rash ( trunk & extremities) that peaks
with rise in temp.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Infective Endocarditis
Myocarditis
Vascular infection ( damage caused by catheter, cannula, trauma or
surgery)
15. SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE
Impetigo : localized infection starts with small pustule around nose
Cellulitis : bacterial infection of the skin involving deeper structures
Necrotising fasciitis: severe and rapidly spreading form of cellulitis
Rashes are particularly important in many infectious diseases
16.
17.
18. PYREXIA OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN
Defination : A fever > 38.3 C for 2 weeks during which time there has been atleast
three separate out patient appointments, OR
3 days in hospital
1 weeks’ worth of appropriate and thorough investigation
Causes falls in two category
a common disease presenting in an atypical way
an uncommon disease presenting typically
19.
20. DECREASE IN BODY TEMPERATURE
HYPOTHERMIA : core body temperature < 35 C
MILD (32-35 C) – Thermogenesis is still possible
Moderate (29-32 C) - progressive failure of thermogenesis
Severe (< 29 C) – Poikilothermic and increased risk of malignant
cardia arrhythmias.
21. MILD HYPOTHERMIA (32-35 C)
FEATURES
Shivering
Apathy
Ataxia
Dysarthria – slurred speech
Tachycardia
22. MODERATE HYPOTHERMIA (29-32 C)
FEATURE
Loss of shivering
Altered mental state
Muscular rigidity
Bradycardia
Hypotension
23. SEVERE HYPOTHERMIA (<29 C)
FEATURES
Almost undetectable signs of life
Coma
Fixed and dilated pupils
Areflexia
profound bradycardia and hypotension
24. TYPES OF HYPOTHERMIA
PRIMARY HYPOTHERMIA
Due to environmental exposure with no underlying medical condition
SECONDARY HYPOTHERMIA
Resulting from medical illness lowering the temperature
set-point.
25. TYPES OF COLD INJURIES
PRIMARY HYPOTHERMIA
FROSBITE : condition in which skin and
tissue just below the skin freezes
FROSTNIP : Stage before frostbite begins.
skin is pliable and there is no
permanent tissue damage.
26. TRENCH FOOT : aka Immersion foot syndrome
if feet being wet for too long
CHILBLAINS: skin sores or bumps that occur after
exposure to very cold temperature.
27. FACTORS PREDISPOSING HYPOTHERMIA
DECREASE HEAT PRODUCTION:
Age extremes
Inadequate stored fuel(hypoglycemia, malnutrition)
Endocrine or neuromuscular (low thyroid,etc)
INCREASED HEAT LOSS
Exposure(including poor preparation and acclimatization)
Skin(burns)
IMPAIRED THERMOREGULATION