2. Noun
name of a person, place, thing or idea
Kinds of Noun:
1. Proper Nouns – begin with capital
letter
2. Common Nouns – general nouns
3. Collective Nouns – group that
contains numbers
4. Mass Nouns – cannot be counted
3. Mass Nouns (cont’d)
Nouns are countable if:
They can be preceded by a.
They can be both singular and plural
They can be counted
Nouns are uncountable if:
They are preceded by some
4. Noun (cont’d)
5. Concrete Nouns – exist in the physical
world
6. Abstract Nouns – refer to ideas and
feelings
5. Cases of Noun
Nominative – used as the subject,
predicate noun or appositive
Danica looks pretty in her red dress.
Dr. Lopez, our new professor, discusses
the lesson well.
Objective – used as direct object, indirect
object or object of the preposition
Charles sent Lourdes a love letter.
6. Cases of Noun
Possessive – shows ownership or
possession
Marie’s bag is new.
7. Pronoun
Substitute for nouns
Antecedent – the noun to which a pronoun
refers. A pronoun must agree with its
antecedent in gender, person and number.
Examples:
Ms. Joy is my teacher. She is beautiful.
The flowers grew beautifully. I gathered them
last week.
8. PRONOUN TYPE
Personal
I, you, he, she, it, they, we,
us, him, her, them, they
Possessive
Mine, yours, his, hers, ours
theirs
Reflexive
Myself, yourself, himself,
herself
Reciprocal Each other, one another
Demonstrative This, that, those, these
Interrogative
Who, whom, whose which,
what
Intensive I, myself
Relative
Who, whom, whose, which,
that
9. Pronoun
First Person – I, me, mine, my, myself
(singular)
- we, us, ours, our, ourselves
(plural)
Second Person – you, yours, your, yourself
(singular)
- you, yours, your, yourselves
(plural)
Third Person –
(singular)
10. Verb
Denotes an action or state of being
Types of Verb:
Intransitive Verbs – do not take a direct
object
Flowers bloom.
Transitive Verbs – require an object
Flowers need water and sunlight.
Ditransitive Verbs – take indirect and
direct object
Alex gave his girlfriend three red roses.
11. Types of Verb (cont’d)
Linking/Copula Verbs – where what
follows the verb relates back to the subject
(subject complement – a predicate noun or
a predicate adjective)
Roses are lovely Valentine’s Day gifts.
She is beautiful.
Complex Transitive Verbs – where what
follows the direct object relates to the object
They chose Mae, muse of the team.
12. Types of Verb (cont’d)
Prepositional Verbs – requires a
prepositional phrase to be complete
We looked at the pictures taken during our
graduation.
13. Verb Tenses
Simple Aspect – complete wholes;
unchanging
Simple Present – the present in general
He looks excited.
Simple Past – stating a definite time in the
past
We made cupcakes last week.
Simple Future – an expression of what we
think might happen or what we intend to
happen
14. Verb Tenses
Perfect Aspect – prior
Present Perfect – the past in relation to
the present
I have read the book several times.
Past Perfect – events before a
particular time in the past
By noon, students had gathered at the
quadrangle.
15. Perfect Aspect (cont’d)
Future Perfect – to refer to something
that has not happened yet, but will happen
before a particular time in the future
By the time he graduates, his parents will
already have left for New Zealand.
16. Verb Tenses
Progressive Aspect – incomplete action;
changing
Present Progressive – accent on the present
She’s spending a lot of on clothes these days.
I’m already feeling bored and hungry.
Past Progressive – accent on the past
His body was trembling; his fever was rising.
We were dancing the whole night.
Future Progressive – accent on the future
They will be coming soon.
17. Verb Tenses
Perfect-Progressive Aspect
Present Perfect Progressive – talks about
an activity that started at some time in the
past, continued, and is still happening now
The economy has been declining in many
parts of the world.
Past Perfect Progressive – continuous
activity which took place before a particular
time in the past
The old woman had been living alone in that
house.
18. Verb Tenses
Future Perfect Progressive –
emphasizes the duration to an event at a
specific time in the future
By January 2016, she will have been
serving this university for 38 years.
19. Voice
Pertains to who or what serves as the
subject in a clause.
Active Voice – the subject of a clause is
most often the agent, or doer of some action.
The lifeguard saved the child.
Passive Voice – the subject of a clause is
the receiver or undergoer of the action.
The child was saved by the lifeguard.
20. Phrasal Verbs
Verbs which consist of two or three words
A verb followed by an adverb: go up,
spill over, push through
A verb followed by a preposition: come
upon, reckon with, bank on
A verb followed by an adverb and a
preposition: break out of, look forward
to, go along with
21. Adjective
A word that describes the qualities of
something
Commonly occurs between a determiner
and a noun, or after be or other linking
verbs or immediately following the
intensifier very
The cute baby seems very hungry.
Has comparative and superlative forms
pretty prettier prettiest
22. Adjective
It modifies or complements nouns
The honest man (modifier)
The man is honest. (complement)
Has various types in terms of characteristic
positions:
Attributive – precedes nouns
The diligent students pass the tough exam.
Predicative – follows linking verbs
They are happy with their high scores.
23. Order of Adjectives in Noun
Groups
DET
Opinion
size
shape
Condition
age
color
origin
noun
many pretty small round
chippe
d
antique blue
Chines
e
vases
24. Kinds of Adjective
Indefinite Adjective – some, many, several,
few, a little
Numerals – one, two, three
Descriptive Adjective – beautiful, tall, new
Proper Adjectives – Filipino flag, American
dog
Nouns that Modify Noun – oak, paper
Phrases that modify noun –
The girl standing there is my sister.
25. Adverb
Modifies or changes the meaning of other
words such as verbs, adjectives, another
adverb, or even a whole sentence
Adverbs can be readily recognized through
certain affixes.
Suffix –ly hopefully, popularly
Prefix a- aloud, adrift, anew
Suffix –wise lengthwise,
clockwise
Suffix wards backward(s),
forward(s)
26. Kinds of Adverbs
Adverbs of Frequency – how often? (always,
never, usually, rarely)
Adverbs of Relative Time – can be used with
all tenses as meaning permits (just, still,
already, lately)
Adverbs of Manner – how? How well?
(carefully, eagerly, clearly, quickly)
Adverbs of Place – where? (here, in the city)
Adverbs of Time – when? (today, on April)
Adverbs that emphasize – only and even
28. Coordinating Conjunctions
the process of combining ideas;
compounding
Compound Sentence: The boys sang and
the girls danced last night.
Compound Subject: The teacher and her
students will join the parade.
Compound Verb: The children play and
eat during recess.
Compound Object: We boiled corn and
cassava.
29. Coordinating Conjunctions
Conjunction Meaning
for Because
and plus
nor
Conjoins two negative
sentences, both of which
are true
but Shows contrasts
or
One or the other two
alternatives is true
yet But at the same time
so therefore
30. Subordination
Putting less important ideas in less important
grammatical structures like dependent
clauses
Sentence Combining
Melissa topped the test.
Melissa was late by twenty minutes.
Although late by twenty minutes, Melissa
topped the test.
Reducing
Although late, Melissa topped the test.
31. Subordinating Conjunctions
Connects dependent clauses to independent
clauses
Type Conjunction Type Conjunction
time
When,
before, after,
since, while,
until, as
Conditional If, unless
Purpose
In order to,
so that
Reason
Because,
since, as
Result So that Concessive
Although,
though,
while,
despite
Where,
32. Prepositions
Shows the relation between a word and a
noun or pronoun that follows. It indicates:
Place and position – at, in, across
Direction and motion – in, towards,
out, about,
Time – at, before, after, during, since,
until
34. Sentence and Fragment
A sentence is a group of words containing
a subject and a predicate and expressing
a complete thought.
A fragment is a group of words that does
not have both subject and predicate and
does not express a complete thought.
36. Sentence and Fragment
Two types of fragments that are often
used and understood in speech and
written dialogue:
Interjection – word/ words that express
strong feeling
Oh, no!
Answer to a question
- Who was with you last night?
- This girl.
37. Sentence and Fragment
A beautiful creature appeared.
On April 25, 2006, the Sandovals
Swim to the center.
Rough road.
38. Kinds of Sentences
Declarative
Makes a statement;
begins with a
capital letter; ends
with a period
I find it attractive
when you let people
know I’m yours.
Interrogati
ve
Asks a question;
begins with a
capital letter; ends
with a question
mark
What can I do to
make you love me?
39. Kinds of Sentences
Exclamator
y
Expresses strong
feelings; begins
with a capital letter;
ends with an
exclamation mark
Happy birthday!
Imperative
Gives a command
or makes a polite
request; begins
with a capital letter;
ends with a period
or exclamation
mark
Give your all to me.
40. Subjects and Predicates
A sentence has a subject and a predicate.
The subject tells whom or what the
sentence is about.
The predicate tells what the subject
does, is or has.
Example:
The busy man works all day.
41. Subjects and Predicates
The complete subject in the sentence is
the busy man.
Each complete subject has one word
that is the most important, or main word.
It is a noun or a pronoun and is called
the simple subject.
42. Subjects and Predicates
The complete predicate in the sentence
is works all day.
Like the complete subject, the complete
predicate all has one word that is the
most important. It is called the simple
predicate, and it is always a verb.
43. Find the simple subject and
predicate in each sentence:
Some people maintain the rose garden.
The government policy on botanical parks
seems impressive.
Several tourists visit the park in this city.
44. Subjects and Predicates
A compound subject contains two or more
subjects that share the same verb.
Example:
Flowers and trees beautify our surroundings.
A compound predicate contains two or
more verbs that share the same subject.
Example:
The farmers spray and fertilize their plants.
45. Name the compound parts:
Some flowers and plants depend on
insects for growth.
Flowers attract and keep bees in them.
Adults or children pick flowers from the
garden.
46. Rules - Compound Subjects
A compound subject consisting of two or
more nouns, or pronouns joined by and is
plural requires a plural verb.
Richard and Lucy agree that you and I are
capable of doing the work.
(not agrees) (not am or is)
47. Rules - Compound Subjects
However, when the parts of a compound
subject refer to one person or thing, the
subject requires a singular verb – even
though the parts of the subject are joined
by and.
The president and chief executive officer
is Olivia Pope.
(not are)
48. Rules - Compound Subjects
When the parts of a compound subject are
joined by and and the subject is preceded
by each, every, or many a, the subject is
singular and requires a singular verb.
Each letter, memo, and report requires
careful proofreading.
(not require)
49. Rules - Compound Subjects
Every radio and television was on sale at
less than half the regular price.
(not were)
Many a man, woman, and child uses
public transportation everyday.
(not use)
50. Rules - Compound Subjects
When the parts of a compound subject are
joined by or or nor and each of the parts
is singular, use a singular verb that agrees
in person with the subject immediately
preceding the verb.
51. Rules - Compound Subjects
Jane or I am likely to be asked to assist
them.
(not is)
Neither the catalog nor the price list
contains an order form.
(not contain)
52. Rules - Compound Subjects
However, when a singular subject and a
plural subject are joined by or or nor, the
plural subject should immediately precede
the verb and a plural verb should be used.
Neither the defendant nor the witnesses
have testified yet.
(not the witnesses nor the defendant
has)
53. Rules - Compound Subjects
We do not know whether the owner or the
tenants are responsible.
(not the tenants or the owner is)
54. Compound Sentence
Contains two complete thoughts joined by
the conjunction and, but, for, or, nor, yet,
so.
The reforestation began in 1995, and it
still continues today.
55. Combine each pair into a
compound sentence:
The overtime play exhausts them.
They continue.
Lydia cheers for her favorite player.
She creates a loud noise.
56. Complex Sentence
Contains one independent (main clause)
and one dependent (subordinate clause)
A main clause has a subject and a
predicate and can stand alone as a
sentence.
A subordinate clause is a group of words
that has a subject and a predicate that
does not express a complete thought.
57. Complex Sentence
When the sun sets, the carabaos go to the
barn.
Joy studies hard in order to get high
grades.
If this is to end in fire, then we should all
burn together.
