a ppt on french revolution

2. INTRODUCTION
The French Revolution was a period of far-
reaching social and political upheaval
in France and its colonies beginning in
1789. The Revolution overthrew the
monarchy, established a republic,
catalyzed violent periods of political
turmoil, and finally culminated in a
dictatorship under Napoleon who brought
many of its principles to areas he
conquered in Western Europe and beyond.
Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, the
Revolution profoundly altered the course
of modern history, triggering the global
decline of absolute monarchies while
replacing them with republics and liberal
democracies. The revolution began with
the siege of Bastille on July 14, 1789 and
continued until the rise of Napoleon
Bonaparte to power. Historians widely
regard the Revolution as one of the most
important landmarks in human history.

3. NEW WORDS OR GLOSSARY
Manor – An estate consisting of the lord’s lands and his
mansion
Negroes – A term used for the indigenous people of
Africa south of the Sahara. It is a derogatory term not
in common use any longer,
Tithes – A tax levied by the church, comprising one-
tenth of the agricultural produce
Treason – Betrayal of one’s country or government to
the state
Taille – Tax to be paid directly to the state
Convent – Building belonging to a community devoted
to a religious life

4. CAUSES OF FRENCH REVOLUTION
 SOCIAL INEQUALITY IN FRANCE DUE TO THE ESTATES SYSTEM
 TAX BURDEN ON THE THIRD ESTATE
 THE RISE OF THE BOURGEOISIE
 IDEAS PUT FORWARD BY ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHERS
 FINANCIAL CRISIS CAUSED DUE TO COSTLY WARS
 DRASTIC WEATHER AND POOR HARVESTS IN THE PRECEDING
YEARS
 THE RISE IN THE COST OF BREAD
 INEFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP OF LOUIS XV AND LOUIS XVI
 PARLEMENTS’ SUCCESSFUL OPPOSITION TO REFORMS
 THE EXTRAVAGANT LIFESTYLE OF THE FRENCH MONARCHY

5. NAME-Dhanesh
CLASS -9 D
ROLL NO.-29

6. TIME LINE OF EVENTS
• Call of the Estates Generals (May 5, 1789)
• Tennis Court Oath (June 17, 1789)
• Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789).
• Declaration of the Rights of Man (August 26, 1789)
• March on Versailles (October 5, 1789)
• Civil Constitution of the Clergy (July 12, 1790)
• Royal Family attempts to flee (June 20, 1791)
• Execution of the King (January 21, 1793)
• Reign of Terror (September 1793- July 1794)
• Execution of Robespierre (July 27 1794)

7. SOCIETY OF ESTATES
During the eighteenth century the French Society was divided
into three groups. These groups were called estates. The
three types of groups were - First estate, Second estate and
Third estate.
• First Estate: Clergy belonged to 1st estate of then French
Society. Clergy were the group of persons who were invested
with special functions in the church,e.g. fathers, and other
members of church.
• Second Estate: Nobility belonged to 2nd estate of then French
Society. Nobility was hereditary and hence a person could get
nobility by birth. However, new members were also awarded
nobility by monarchy after paying heavy taxes or outstanding
service to the monarchy, i.e. nobility could be purchased also.
• Third Estate: The 3rd estate of then French society was
further divided into three categories. Big businessmen,
merchants, court officials, lawyers, etc. belonged to the first
category of 3rd estate. Peasants and artisans belonged to the
second category. And small peasants, landless labours and
servants belonged to third category, and were considered as
the lowest class in the society. Members of the third state had
to pay all types of taxes including tithes and taille.

8. SUBSISTENCE CRISIS
Subsistence crisis means an extreme situation
where the basic means of livelihood are
endangered. During the Old Regime, subsistence
crisis frequently occurred in France. The reasons
that led to subsistence crisis are
• (i) The population of France rose from about 23
million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789 which led to
a rapid increase in the demand for food grains.
• (ii) Production of grains could not keep pace with
the increasing demand. So, the price of the
foodstuff which made from grains rose rapidly.
• (iii) Most workers were employed as labourers on
fixed wages. Their wages could not keep pace
with the rise in prices.
• (iv) Gap between the poor and the rich widened.
Poor remained poor, but the rich became richer.

9. TENNIS COURT OATH
• On 20 June 1789, the members of the French Third Estate, who had begun to call
themselves the National Assembly, took the Tennis Court Oath vowing "not to
separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the
constitution of the kingdom is established". It was a pivotal event in the French
Revolution.
• The Estates-General had been called to address the country's fiscal and
agricultural crisis, but immediately after convening in May 1789, they had
become bogged down in issues of representation—particularly, whether they
would vote by head (which would increase the power of the Third Estate, as they
outnumbered the other two estates hugely) or by order.
• On 17 June, the Third Estate, led by the Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de
Mirabeau, began to call themselves the National Assembly. On the morning of
20 June, the deputies were shocked to discover that the chamber door was
locked and guarded by soldiers. Immediately fearing the worst and anxious that
a royal attack by King Louis XVI was imminent, the deputies congregated in a
nearby indoor jeu de paume court] in the Saint-Louis district of the city
of Versailles, near the Palace of Versailles.
• There, 576 of the 577 members from the Third Estate took a collective oath "not
to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the
constitution of the kingdom is established".[The only person who did not join
was Joseph Martin-Dauch from Castelnaudary who would only execute
decisions that were made by the king.

10. REIGN OF TERROR
• The period from 1793 to 1794 is known as the Reign of Terror. Maximilian
Robespierre sentenced to death all those persons who he considered as
enemies of the republic, whether they were ex-noble, clergy, and
members of any political parties; including Jacobins. The execution were
completed after trial by revolutionary tribunal. At that time Robespierre
followed a policy of severe control and punishment.
• Guillotine, a device, named after inventor Dr. Guillotin, was used to
behead a person at that time. It consists of two poles and a blade. Guilty
persons were beheaded using guillotine.
• Government led by Robespierre issued many laws among which ceiling
maximum wages and price and rationing were main. Foods, such as meat
and bread were rationed. Peasants were forced to sell their grains on
fixed price in cities. Citizens were forced to eat equality bread, white
flour which was costlier was forbidden. Use of Citoyen and Citoyenne for
men and women citizen started instead of the traditional Sir (Monsieur)
and Madam (Madame). Churches were shut down and their buildings
were converted into offices and barracks. Practice of equality was sought
everywhere.
• Because of forcible implementation of laws, even supporters of
Robespierre started the demand for change. Finally, Robespierre arrested
and guillotined in July 1794. Reign of Terror ended with the end of
Robespierre.

14. READING POLITICAL SYSTEMS
The majority of men and women in the eighteenth century could not read or write.
So images and symbols were frequently used instead of printed words to
communicate important ideas. The painting by Le Barbier uses many such symbols
to convey the content of the Declaration of Rights.
1)The broken chain: Chains were used to fetter slaves. A broken chain stands for the act of
becoming free.
2)The bundle of rods or fasces: One rod can be easily broken, but not an entire bundle.
Strength lies in unity.
3)The eye within a triangle radiating light: The all seeing eye stands for knowledge.
The rays of the sun will drive away the clouds of ignorance.
4)Sceptre: Symbol of royal power.
5)Snake biting its tail to form a ring: Symbol of Eternity. A ring has neither beginning nor
end
6)Red Phrygian cap: Cap worn by a slave upon becoming free.
7)Blue-white-red: The national colours of France.
8)The winged woman: Personification of the law.
9)The Law Tablet: The law is the same for all, and all are equal before it.

15. TRINGULAR SLAVE TRADE
• The colonies in the Caribbean – Martinique, Guadeloupe and San
Domingo – were important suppliers of commodities such as
tobacco, indigo, sugar and coffee. But the reluctance of Europeans
to go and work in distant and unfamiliar lands meant a shortage of
labour on the plantations. So this was met by a triangular slave
trade between Europe, Africa and the Americas. The slave trade
began in the seventeenth century. French merchants sailed from
the ports of Bordeaux or Nantes to the African coast, where they
bought slaves from local chieftains. Branded and shackled, the
slaves were packed tightly into ships for the three-month long
voyage across the Atlantic to the Caribbean. There they were sold
to plantation owners. The exploitation of slave labour made it
possible to meet the growing demand in European markets for
sugar, coffee, and indigo. Port cities like Bordeaux and Nantes
owed their economic prosperity to the flourishing slave trade.
Throughout the eighteenth century there was little criticism of
slavery in France.
Slavery was abolished in France by the Constitution of 1791 but it
was not extended to all French subjects including those in the
colonies.
It was during the Jacobins reign that the Convention abolished
slavery in the French colonies in 1794. Napoleon re introduced
slavery in France. Slavery was finally abolished in French colonies
in 1848. Slavery was finally abolished in French colonies in 1848

16. WOMEN REVOLUTION
• Historians since the late 20th century have debated how women
shared in the French Revolution and what long-term impact it had
on French women. Women had no political rights in pre-
Revolutionary France; they were considered "passive" citizens,
forced to rely on men to determine what was best for them. That
changed dramatically in theory as there seemingly were great
advances in feminism. Feminism emerged in Paris as part of a
broad demand for social and political reform. The women
demanded equality to men and then moved on to a demand for
the end of male domination. Their chief vehicle for agitation were
pamphlets and women's clubs, especially the Society of
Revolutionary Republican Women. However, the Jacobin (radical)
element in power abolished all the women's clubs in October 1793
and arrested their leaders. The movement was crushed. Devance
explains the decision in terms of the emphasis on masculinity in
wartime, Marie Antoinette's bad reputation for feminine
interference in state affairs, and traditional male supremacy. A
decade later the Napoleonic Code confirmed and perpetuated
women's second-class status. Women had no political rights in pre-
Revolutionary France; they could not vote or hold any political
office. They were considered "passive" citizens; forced to rely on
men to determine what was best for them in the government. It
was the men who defined these categories, and women were
forced to accept male domination in the political sphere.

17. Things you need to take care of
• How to insert a flow chart
• Send picture of role of philosopher and
difference between estate general and
national assembly from my copy.
• Apply best background colour.
• Position of picture
• Font size of headings and content.
• How much size of thank you

18. THANK YOU