4. PLANTS
Green plants obtain most of their energy
from sunlight via photosynthesis by
primary chloroplasts that are derived from end
symbiosis with cyan bacteria. Their chloroplasts
contain chlorophylls a and b, which gives them
their green color. Some plants
are parasitic or amyotrophic and may lose the
ability to produce normal amounts of chlorophyll
or to photosynthesize. Plants are characterized
by sexual reproduction and alternation of
generations, although asexual reproduction is
also common.
5. AUTOTROPHIC NUTRTION
Autotrophic nutrition A type of nutrition in which
organisms synthesize the organic materials they
require from inorganic sources. Chief sources of
carbon and nitrogen are carbon dioxide and nitrates,
respectively. All green plants are autotrophic and use
light as a source of energy for the synthesis, i.e. they
are photoautotrophic (see photosynthesis). Some
bacteria are also photoautotrophic; others
are chemoautotrophic, using energy derived from
chemical processes (see chemosynthesis).
Compare heterotrophic nutrition.
6. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy
into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy
transformation). This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars,
which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from
the pHs, "light", & synthesis, "putting together".[1][2][3] In most cases, oxygen is also released as
a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyan bacteria perform photosynthesis; such
organisms are called photoautotroph's. Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing
and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth's atmosphere, and supplies all of the organic
compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.[4]
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants in which energy from sunlight is used to convert
carbon dioxide and water into molecules needed for growth. These molecules include sugars,
enzymes and chlorophyll. Light energy is absorbed by the green chemical chlorophyll.
7. CHLOROPHYLL
Chlorophyll, any member of the most important class of pigments involved
in photosynthesis, the process by which light energy is converted to chemical
energy through the synthesis of organic compounds. Chlorophyll is found in
virtually all photosynthetic organisms, including green plants,
prokaryotic blue-green algae (cyan bacteria), and eukaryotic algae. It absorbs
energy from light; this energy is then used to convert carbon dioxide to
carbohydrates.
Chlorophyll occurs in several distinct forms: chlorophylls a and b are the
major types found in higher plants and green algae; chlorophylls c and d are
found, often with a, in different algae; chlorophyll e is a rare type found in
some golden algae; and bacteria-chlorophyll occurs in certain bacteria. In
green plants chlorophyll occurs in membranous dislike units (thylakoids) in
organelles called chloroplasts. The chlorophyll molecule consists of a
central magnesium atom surrounded by a nitrogen-containing structure
called a porphyry ring; attached to the ring is a long carbon–hydrogen side
chain, known as a python chain. Variations are due to minor modifications of
certain side groups. Chlorophyll is remarkably similar in structure to
hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying pigment found in the red blood cells of
mammals and other vertebrates.
8. HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION
Heterotrophic nutrition is nutrition obtained by digesting
organic compounds prepared by other plants or animal
tissues. All animals and non-green plants cannot make
their own food; hence they depend on others directly or
indirectly for their food supply.
HETEROT-
-ROPHIC
NUTRITI-
-ON
9. INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS
Insectivorous plants are plants that derive
some of their nutrients from trapping and
consuming animals or protozoan.
... Insectivorous plants include the Venus
flytrap, several types of pitcher plants,
butterwort, sundews, bladderworts, the
waterwheel plant, brocchinia and many
members of the Bromeliaceous.
10. HETEROTROPICHIC PLANT
Chlorophyll plants make their own food by
photosynthesis, from water and minerals
drawn from the soil. They are autotrophic. In
contrast, heterotrophic plants are incapable of
feeding themselves. They draw all or part of
their nutrition from other living beings. There
are different types of heterotrophic plants,
depending on their relationship with their
host. In symbiosis, the heterotrophic plant and
its host both benefit from their association.
Parasitic plants, on the other hand, use their
host’s resources for themselves alone.
11. SAPROPHYTIC PLANT
A saprophytic or saprotroph is an organism which gets its energy
from dead and decaying organic matter. This may be decaying pieces
of plants or animals. This means that saprophytes are heterotrophy.
They are consumers in the food chain.
This is the typical life-style of fungi. Some fungi are parasites on
living organisms, but most are saprophytes.
Many bacteria and protozoa are also saprophytes. To put it simply,
most dead organic matter is eventually broken down and used by
bacteria and fungi. Lastly, slime moulds are also saprophytes, as well
as consuming bacteria.
Other terms, such as 'saprotroph' or 'saprobe' may be used instead of
saprophyte. Strictly speaking, -Phyfe means 'plant'. The problem is
that no embryophytes (land plants) are true saprotrophs, and
bacteria and fungi are no longer considered plants. Nevertheless,
saprophyte is such a well-known term that most writers continue to
use it.
12. BIOLOGICAL FIXATION OF NITROGEN
Nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen in the Earth's
atmosphere is converted into ammonia (NH3) or other molecules
available to living organisms.[1]Atmospheric nitrogen or molecular
nitrogen (N2) is relatively inert: it does not easily react with other
chemicals to form new compounds.
Nitrogen fixation is essential for some forms of life because inorganic
nitrogen compounds are required for the biosynthesis of the basic
building blocks of plants, animals and other life forms,
e.g., nucleotides for DNA and RNA, the coenzyme nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide for its role in metabolism (transferring electrons
between molecules), and amino acids for proteins. Therefore, as part
of the nitrogen cycle, it is essential for agriculture and the
manufacture of fertilizer. It is also, indirectly, relevant to the
manufacture of all chemical compounds that contain nitrogen, which
includes explosives, most pharmaceuticals, and dyes. Nitrogen
fixation is carried out naturally in the soil by a wide range of nitrogen
fixing Bacteria and Archie, including Azotobacter. Some nitrogen-
fixing bacteria have symbiotic relationships with some plant groups,
especially legumes.
13. Certain plants establish a symbiotic relationship with bacteria, enabling
them to produce nodules that facilitate the conversion of atmospheric
nitrogen to ammonia. In this connection, cytokines have been found to
play a role in the development of root fixing nodules.[3] It appears that
not only must the plant have a need for nitrogen fixing bacteria, but
they must also be able to synthesize cytokines which promote the
production of root nodules, required for nitrogen fixation.
Symbiotic bacteria are able to live in or on plant or animal tissue. In
digestive systems, symbiotic bacteria help break down foods that
contain fiber. They also help produce vitamins. Symbiotic bacteria can
live near hydrothermal vents. They usually have a mutual relationship
with other bacteria. Some live in tube worms.
A lichen is a composite organism that emerges from algae or cyan
bacteria living among the filaments (hyphen) of two fungi in a mutually
beneficial symbiotic relationship. The fungi benefit from the
carbohydrates produced by the algae or cyan bacteria via
photosynthesis.
SYMBIOTIC PLANT
14. RULEOFNUTRIENT&EFFECTOFDEFICIENCYINPLANT
NUTRIENT FUNCTION EFFECT OF DEFICIENCY
NITROGEN Important component
of protein, chlorophyll &
cytoplasm .
Retarded/stunted growth ,
yellowing of leaves .
PHOSPHORUS Conversion of light
energy into chemical
energy .
Early leaf-fall, late flowering,
slow grow
POTASSIUM Necessary for metabolic
activities .
Weak steam, wilting of leaves,
failure to produce carbohydrate .
MAGNESIUM Production of chlorophyll
.
Slow/retarded growth ,
yellowing of leaves .
IRON Production of chlorophyll
.
Yellowing of leaves .
MAGANESE Production of main plant
hormones
Retarded growth , spotted
leaves
ZINC Production of hormones
&
their intermediates
Retarded growth , yellowing of
leaves .
15. ANIMALS
What is mean by animals
Animals are multicellular eukar
yotic organisms that form
the biological kingdom Animal.
With few exceptions,
animals consume organic
material, breathe oxygen,
are able to move, reproduce
sexually, and grow from a
hollow sphere of cells,
the blastula, during embryonic
development. Over 1.5
million living animal species ha
ve been described—of which
around 1 million are insects—
but it has been estimated there
are over 7 million animal species
in total. Animals range in length
from 8.5 millionths of a meter to
33.6 meters (110 ft) and
have complex interactions with
each other and their
environments, forming
intricate food webs. The study
of animals is called zoology.
Step of nutrition
Ingestion: The process of
taking food into the body is
called ingestion.
Digestion: the process in
which the food containing
large, insoluble molecules is
broken down into small,
water soluble molecules is
called digestion.
Absorption: The process in
which the digested food
passes through the intestinal
wall into blood stream is
called absorption.
Assimilation: The process
in which the absorbed food
is taken in by the body cells
and used for energy, growth
and repair is called
assimilation.
Egestion: The process in
which the undigested food is
removed from the body is
17. A herbivore is an animal that gets its energy from
eating plants, and only plants. Omnivores can also eat
parts of plants, but generally only the fruits and
vegetables produced by fruit-bearing plants. Many
herbivores have special digestive systems that let them
digest all kinds of plants, including grasses.
Some herbivores are selective and only consume part of
the plant, such as the fruit, leaves, nectar, seeds, sap,
roots, or bark. Other herbivores are less selective and
consume multiple plant components. Commonly
recognized herbivores include deer, rabbits, cows,
sheep, goats, elephants, giraffes, horses, and pandas.
18. A carnivore is an animal which eats
mostly meat. [1] Predators commonly hunt and
kill their own prey. Scavengers are carnivores
which eat animals they did not kill themselves.
Carnivores which eat mainly or only insects are
called insectivores. Carnivores which eat
mainly or only fish are called piscivores.
The word "carnivore" describes more than just
the scientific order Carnivore. However, almost
all animals in the Carnivore do eat meat,
though a few do not.[2]
19. An omnivore is a kind of animal that eats either other
animals or plants. Some omnivores will hunt and eat their
food, like carnivores, eating herbivores and other omnivores.
Some others are scavengers and will eat dead matter. Many
will eat eggs from other animals.
Omnivores eat plants, but not all kinds of plants.
Unlike herbivores, omnivores can't digest some of the
substances in grains or other plants that do not produce
fruit. They can eat fruits and vegetables, though. Some of the
insect omnivores in this simulation are pollinators, which are
very important to the life cycle of some kinds
Some common mammalian omnivores include raccoons,
opossums, skunks, pigs, rats, badgers, and most bear species.
There are also several omnivorous birds, including chickens,
crows, and robins.
20. A scavenger is an organism that mostly consumes decaying
biomass, such as meat or rotting plant material. Many
scavengers are a type of carnivore, which is an organism that
eats meat. While most carnivores hunt and kill their prey,
scavengers usually consume animals that have either died of
natural causes or been killed by another carnivore.
Scavengers are a part of the food web, a description of which
organisms eat which other organisms in the wild. Organisms
in the food web are grouped into tropic, or nutritional,
levels. There are three tropic levels. Autotrophy, organisms
that produce their own food, are the first tropic level. These
include plants and algae. Herbivores, or organisms that
consume plants and other autotrophy, are the second tropic
level. Scavengers, other carnivores, and omnivores,
organisms that consume both plants and animals, are the
third tropic level.
22. HOLOZOIC NUTRITION
Holozoic nutrition is a type of heterotrophic nutrition that
is characterized by the internalization (ingestion) and
internal processing of gaseous, liquids or solid food
particles.[1] Protozoa, such as amoebas, and most of the free
living animals, such as animals, exhibit this type of nutrition.
In Holozoic nutrition the energy and organic building blocks
are obtained by ingesting and then digesting other
organisms or pieces of other organisms, including blood and
decaying organic matter. This contrasts with halophytic
nutrition, in which energy and organic building blocks are
obtained through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and
with saprozoic nutrition, in which digestive enzymes are
released externally and the resulting monomers (small
organic molecules) are absorbed directly from the
environment.
23. SAPROZOIC NUTRITION
Saprotrophic nutrition or dystrophic nutrition is
a process of chemo heterotrophic extracellular
digestion involved in the processing of decayed (dead
or waste) organic matter. It occurs
in saprotrophs and heterotrophy, and is most often
associated with fungi (for example ants) and
soil bacteria. Saprotrophic microscopic fungi are
sometimes called saprobes; saprotrophic plants
or bacterial flora are called saprophytes , though it is
now believed that all plants previously thought to be
saprotrophic are in fact parasites of microscopic
fungi or other plants. The process is most often
facilitated through the active transport of such
materials through endocytosis within the internal
mycelium and its constituent hyphen.[2]
24. PARSITIC NUTRITION
Parasitic nutrition is a mode of heterotrophic nutrition where
a parasitic organism lives on the body surface or inside the body of
another type of organism (a host) and gets nutrition directly from the
body of the host. Since these parasites derive nourishment from their
host, this symbiotic interaction is often harmful to the host. Parasites
depend on their host for survival, since the host provides nutrition
and protection. As a result of this dependence, parasites have
considerable modifications to optimize parasitic nutrition and
therefore their survival.
Parasites are divided into two
groups: endoparasites and ectoparasites. Endoparasites are parasites
that live inside the body of the host, whereas ectoparasites are
parasites that live on the outer surface of the host and generally
attach themselves during feeding.[1] Due to the different strategies of
endoparasites and ectoparasites, they require different adaptations to
derive nutrients from their host.
