Elements of civil Engineering

1. Prepared by:-
Mr. Paresh Mistry
Assistant Professor

2. Introduction
Surveying : - Surveying is the art and science of determining the relative
position of various points on the surface of the earth by measuring the
horizontal distances, angles and taking the details of these points and by
preparing a map or plan to any suitable scale.
Levelling : - Levelling is a branch of surveying which deals with the
measurements of relative heights of different points on or below the surface
of the earth.
Objective of surveying –
 To prepare map or plan to show the relative positions of objects.
 Details of different engineering features such as building, roads,
railways, dams, canals etc.

3.  The object of surveying is to prepare a map or plan to show
the relative positions of the objects on the surface of the earth.
 The map or plan is drawn to some suitable scale.
 It shows boundaries of districts, states and countries too.
 It also includes details of different engineering features such
as buildings, roads, railways, dams, canals etc.
Aims of Surveying

4. Applications of Surveying
Surveying may be used for following purposes:
1) To prepare a topographical map which shows hills,
valleys, rivers, forests, villages, towns etc.
2) To prepare a cadastral map which shows the boundaries of
field, plots, houses and other properties.
3) To prepare an engineering map which shows the positions
of engineering works such as buildings, roads, railways,
bridges, reservoirs, canals, etc.
4) To prepare a contour map to know the topography of the
area to find out the best possible site for roads, railways,
bridges, reservoirs, canals, etc.
5) Surveying is also used to prepare military map, geological
map, archeological map, etc.
6) For setting out of works and transferring details from the
map on the ground.

6. Primary Divisions of Surveying
(1) Plane surveying
 Earth surface is considered as plane.
 Line joining two point straight line.
 Use up to area less than 250 sq.km.
(2) Geodetic Surveying
 Curvature or the earth taken into
account.
 Line joining two point is curved line.
 Use when area more the 250 sq.km.

7. Fundamental Principles of Surveying
1. Always work from the whole to
the part.
2. To locate a new station by at
least two measurements from
fixed references points.

8.  Classification based on Instruments
Classifications of surveying
Classification
of Surveying
Chain
Survey
Compass
Survey
Chain &
Compass
Survey
Plane
Table
Survey
Theodolite
Survey
Tachometric
Survey
Levelling
Survey
Photogram
metric
Survey
EDM
Survey

9. 1. Land Survey
2. Hydrographic Survey
3. Astronomic survey
4. Aerial Survey
 Classification based on Methods
 Classification based on Purposes
 Classification based on Nature & Field
1. Geological Survey
2. Mine Survey
3. Archaeological Survey
4. Military Survey
1. Triangulation
2. Traversing

10. Plans and Maps
1. The graphical representation is
called a plan if the scale is large.
2. A plan is drawn on a large
scale.
3.Scale 1 cm = 10 m or < 10 m
4.On a plan, generally horizontal
distances and directions are
shown.
5.A plan is drawn for small area.
e.g. – plan of house
– plan of bridge
1.The graphical representation is
called a map if the scale is small.
2.A map is drawn on a small scale.
3. Scale 1 cm = 100 m or > 100 m
4.On a topographic map, vertical
distances (Elevations) are also
shown by contour lines.
5.A map is drawn for large area.
e.g. – map of Gujarat
– map of India
10

11.  Elements of Engineering By: Dr. R.B. Khasiya 2013-14, Mahajan
Publishing House.
 Elements of Engineering By: Rajesh k. Jain & Pradeep P Lodha.,
Tata Mc Grow-Hill’s.
References

12. Thank You