In computing, It is the description about Grid Computing.
It gives deep idea about grid, what is grid computing? , why we need it? , why it is so ? etc. History and Architecture of grid computing is also there. Advantages , disadvantages and conclusion is also included.
2. Introduction to Grid Computing
Definition in brief
History and Evaluation
Classification and Architecture
Real-time application
Advantage
Disadvantage
Conclusion
References
3. Grid Definition
a Grid is "a set of information resources
(computers, databases, networks, instruments,
etc.) that are integrated to provide users with
tools and applications that treat those resources
as components within a 'virtual' system".
Grid software solutions provide the underlying
mechanisms necessary to create such systems,
including authentication and authorization,
resource discovery, resource management,
communications, and information services, etc.
4. What is Grid Computing?
Grid computing is the collection of computer
resources from multiple locations to reach a
common goal.
Characteristics of a Grid:
No centralized control center
Heterogeneity (of resources)
Scalability
Dynamic and Adaptable
5. How do grid works?
o Grids use networks to link the computing resources
of many different computers.
o The cyber-glue that binds all of these resources
together is called “middleware.” There are many
different types of middleware, developed for many
different types of grid.
o Middleware does all the work to connect users’ jobs
to computing resources, thereby hiding the grid’s
complexity from the user.
6. 6
Why do we need Grids?
Grids allow you to combine the resources of
hundreds of computers to create a massively
powerful, fully comprehensive computing resource, all
accessible from the comfort of your own personal
computer.
This means grids can react quickly to changing
needs: a tremendous resource for crisis situations
like natural disasters or epidemics.
7. o The idea is that in the future, plugging into a
computing grid will be as simple as plugging into an
electrical grid. And, like an electrical grid, users will
simply plug in and use as much computing power as
they need, without knowing where it comes from or
how it was produced; you will simply plug in and use
as much as you need.
8. Grid application
User Resource Broker
Details of Grid resources
Grid Resources
Grid Information Service
A User sends computation
or data intensive application
to Global Grids in order to
speed up the execution of the
application.
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A Resource Broker distribute the
jobs in an application to the Grid
resources based on user’s QoS
requirements and details of available
Grid resources for further executions.
Grid Resources (Cluster, PC,
Supercomputer, database,
instruments, etc.) in the Global
Grid execute the user jobs.
Grid Information Service
system collects the details of
the available Grid resources
and passes the information
to the resource broker.
Computation result
Computational jobs
Processed jobs
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3
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9. Introduction to Grid Architecture
Grid’s protocols allow VO users and resources to
negotiate, establish, manage and exploit sharing
relationships.
Interoperability a fundamental concern
The protocols are critical to interoperability
Services are important
We need to consider APIs and SDKs
VO: Virtual Organization
10. Introduction to Grid Architecture
The components are
numerous
owned and managed by different, potentially
mutually distrustful organisations and individuals
may be potentially faulty
have different security requirements and policies
heterogeneous
connected by heterogeneous, multilevel
networks
have different resource management policies
are likely to be geographically separated
12. Application
Collective
“Coordinating multiple resources”:
ubiquitous infrastructure services,
app-specific distributed services
“Sharing single resources”: Resource
negotiating access, controlling use
“Talking to things”: communication Connectivity
(Internet protocols) & security
“Controlling things locally”: Access Fabric
to, & control of, resources
Application
Transport
Internet
Link
Internet Protocol Architecture
14. History and Evolution of Grid
Early to mid 90s: numerous research projects on
distributed computing
The term grid computing originated in the early
1990s as a metaphor for making computer
power as easy to access as an electric power
grid. The power grid metaphor for accessible
computing quickly became canonical when Ian
Foster and Carl Kesselman published their
seminal work, "The Grid: Blueprint for a new
computing infrastructure
15. History and Evolution of Grid
1995, I-Way
IEEE/ACM 1995 Super Computing (San Diego), 11 high
speed networks used to connect 17 sites to create one
super meta-computer
Foster, Nature, 12/2002
1996, Globus project started (ANL & USC)
Followed I-Way
1997, Unicore (Germany)
17. Criteria for a Grid:
Coordinates resources that are not subject to
centralized control.
Uses standard, open, general-purpose protocols
and interfaces.
Delivers nontrivial qualities of service.
Benefits:
Exploit Underutilized resources
Resource load Balancing
Virtualize resources across an enterprise
Data Grids, Compute Grids
Enable collaboration for virtual organizations
18. Applications
Computational Service
• Inherent part of ALL applications
Data Service
• Scalable storage and access to distributed datasets
Application Service
• Example: like web services
Information Service
• Example: WWW portal
Knowledge Service
• Example: data mining
19. Networking
ARPANET
Information Sharing:
WWW, HTTP, HTML
Communications
and Data Sharing:
Email, ftp, telnet, TCP/IP
Resource Sharing:
P2P, Web Services, Grids
20. It extends the notions of computational and data grids.
A Grid should provide the interfaces, libraries, utilities, and
programming APIs to support the development effort
required.
Common tools and libraries for building Grid applications
includes
High Performance C++ (HPC++)
the Message Passing Interface (MPI).
Access to any resources, for anyone, anywhere, anytime,
from any platform – portal (super) computing.
21. Can solve larger, more complex
problems in a shorter time
Easier to collaborate with other
organizations
Make better use of existing hardware
22. Grid software and standards are still evolving
Learning curve to get started
Non-interactive job submission
23. Conclusions
Characteristics of a grid relevant to middleware
Common design methodologies in grid middleware
Grid Services and open standardization
New and existing middleware systems are beginning
to adopt core grid middleware to become easily ‘grid-enhanced’
We define Grid architecture in terms of a layered collection of protocols.
Fabric layer includes the protocols and interfaces that provide access to the resources that are being shared, including computers, storage systems, datasets, programs, and networks. This layer is a logical view rather then a physical view. For example, the view of a cluster with a local resource manager is defined by the local resource manger, and not the cluster hardware. Likewise, the fabric provided by a storage system is defined by the file system that is available on that system, not the raw disk or tapes.
The connectivity layer defines core protocols required for Grid-specific network transactions. This layer includes the IP protocol stack (system level application protocols [e.g. DNS, RSVP, Routing], transport and internet layers), as well as core Grid security protocols for authentication and authorization.
Resource layer defines protocols to initiate and control sharing of (local) resources. Services defined at this level are gatekeeper, GRIS, along with some user oriented application protocols from the Internet protocol suite, such as file-transfer.
Collective layer defines protocols that provide system oriented capabilities that are expected to be wide scale in deployment and generic in function. This includes GIIS, bandwidth brokers, resource brokers,….
Application layer defines protocols and services that are parochial in nature, targeted towards a specific application domain or class of applications. These are are are … arrgh