The Dominican Republic is interested to promote the utilization of Renewable Energy, on the other hand they are planning to invest into two new coal fired power plants, a clear contradiction. The rest of the world is on its way to decarbonization. The presentation shows technologies which are helping to reach 100%.
4. • In general HYBRID is a technical system where two technologies
are combined and the new system has new properties
• EXAMPLES for Hybrid Technologies are:
cars (combination of combustion engine and electrical motor)
PV-Diesel Power Plants (combination of gensets with solar PV)
Definition
22.11.17| Seite 4
5. Application of Hybrid Technologies
22.11.17| Seite 5
Utilities / IPP in off-grid / weak-grid regions
Remote electrification (islands) e.g. Caribbean
Rural electrification in off-grid / weak-grid regions
Real Estate e.g. offices / warehouses
Military e.g. off-camps, training facilities, military base
power plants
Tourism (islands) e.g. hotels, resorts
Heavy industry e.g. mining, oil & gas
Big agriculture e.g. irrigation systems, farms
Remote hospitals in off-grid / weak-grid regions
Telecom industry / data centers in off-grid / weak-grid regions
Auxiliary power in critical
situations
7. Why Hybrid Technologies ?
22.11.17| Seite 7
Hybrid System
Diesel ?
+
1. Reduction of variable cost
substantial reduction of fuel consumption
2. Reduction of CO2 emissions
trade with certificates
3. scalability
renewable power fraction can be scaled up
4. Energy independence
renewable energy resource always available
5. Planning security
low dependence on fuel price variations
6. Social aspects
‘green’ projects are to accepted more easily
Cost
reduction
Risk
reduction
13. Seite 2RWE AG, Dr. Jens Kanacher 08.10.2014
Energiespeicherung ist eine von vier prinzipiellen
Optionen zum Ausgleich von Erzeugung und Nachfrage
Stromerzeugung Stromverbrauch
230 V 50 Hz
Ausbau der Stromnetze21Flexible Stromerzeugung
mögliche technische Maßnahmen
Speicherung von Energie4
„Smarte“ Technologien
für Netz und Verbrauch
3
Energy Storage is one of four principal
options to balance production and demand
22.11.17| Seite 13
Power production Power consumption
Possible technical measures
Flexible power
production
‘smart’ technologies for
grid and consumption
Extension of the grid
Energy storage
14. Transmission lines shift power
regionally, storage on a time scale
22.11.17| Seite 14
timeline
shortageshortage
surplus
surplus
15. Storage technologies
22.11.17| Seite 15
1. short term storage
§ Power storage (seconds to minutes)
§ high ratio of power to storage capacity
§ short term fluctuations,
§ esp. for controlling power range
§ operation a few times a day
§ esp. batteries, condensators, flywheel storage
§ Shift storage (minutes to hours)
§ Esp. for compensation during the day (PV-auto consumption)
§ One to two cycles a day
§ esp. batteries, compressed air storage, pump storage hydro power
2. Long term storage (days to weeks)
§ For long term doldrums / seasonal storage / back-up
§ Few cycles a year
§ Chemical storage (hydrogen/methane) and large hydro power plants
16. Storage technologies 1
22.11.17| Seite 16
§ Battery storage
electro-chemical reservoir, proven technology. Best known Lead-
Acid batteries, in recent years growing share of Lithium-Ion-
Batteries with overall efficiency of 85%. Still expensive for large
scale applications, substantial price reduction expected..
17. Storage technologies 2
22.11.17| Seite 17
§ Pump Storage
water is pumped to a higher reservoir in times of low demand (low
power prices) and is used to run generators in times of high
demand (high power prices. Proven technology and the only source
of power storage in Germany.
18. Storage technologies 3
22.11.17| Seite 18
§ Pressure Storage
surplus power is used to compress air and pump it into
underground caverns. In times of high demand the air is used to run
turbines. For better efficiency process heat of compression is used
(adiabatic pressure storage).
19. Decreasing PV capex makes battery
storage viable
22.11.17| Seite 19
.de heutzutage Energiespeicherung in der Größenord-
nung von mehr als 100 TWh realisiert. Beispielsweise
sind geologisch 22*109 Nm³ Gasspeicher (BGR 2012)
etabliert, gefüllt mit Methan entspricht das einer
Energie von 200 TWh. Um das fluktuierende Energie-
Abbildung 1
heroptionen
im Vergleich
difiziert nach
pecht 2011)
gespeicherte Überschusswärme wird in der Heiz-
periode bei hoher Wärmenachfrage genutzt. Die
Aquiferspeicher für Wärme und Kälte an den Parla-
mentsbauten in Berlin sind seit 2000 in Betrieb (Kranz
und Frick 2013). Im Mittel wurden 70% der einge-
Ø worries about high energy cost
Ø personal independence is a desire
Ø security of supply is (still) not an issue
Ø reservations against large utilities
Cost of PV power production
Final customer price
Costofenergy/price
wholesale price
Possible PV based
development
Time / years
Wholesale market participantAuto consumption
Biggest incertitude for local energy storage:
a) Future regulatory framework
b) Prices and properties of future local energy storage facilities
21. Storage Technologies 4
22.11.17| Seite 21
§ Power-to-Gas
Power-to-Gas plants convert water by using power to hydrogen and
methane. The advantage is that hydrogen (with some restrictions)
and methane (without restrictions) can be injected into the gas grid.
Those gases can be utilized in different locations. Still an expensive
technology with lower efficiencies.
22. Power-To-Gas concept
22.11.17| Seite 22
6
Source: GTAI
Power to Gas concept
POWER
GRID
GAS
GRID
for heat
for transport sector
wind and solar fuels
(e.g. e-gas)
Gas storage
methanation
Power to Gas plant
Electro-
lysis, H2
tank
Other
renewables
Gas power plant,
CHP
atmosphere
biomass
waste
POWER PRODUCTION
POWER STORAGE
23. Chemical storage of renewable
energy
22.11.17| Seite 23
8
Source: GTAI
Conventional
power plant
heat
power
Methane
Liquid
hydro-
carbons
hydrogen
24. Conversion of power to heat/AC
with storage
22.11.17| Seite 24
Renewable Energies > distribution > conversion > storage > utilization
PV
Wind
Power
plant
grid
electr.
heater
heat
pump
chiller
hi temp
furnace
heat
storage
cold
storage
Hi temp
heat
storage
thermal heat
Climate control
air conditioning
process heat
25. Storage option comparison
22.11.17| Seite 25
sind geologisch 22*109 Nm³ Gasspeicher (BGR 2012)
etabliert, gefüllt mit Methan entspricht das einer
Energie von 200 TWh. Um das fluktuierende Energie-
Abbildung 1
heroptionen
m Vergleich
ifiziert nach
pecht 2011)
Aquiferspeicher für Wärme und Kälte an den Parla-
mentsbauten in Berlin sind seit 2000 in Betrieb (Kranz
und Frick 2013). Im Mittel wurden 70% der einge-
Storage type:
• Batteries
• Pressure storage
• Pump storage
• Hydrogen storage
• Syngas storage
Dischargerate(h)ofdifferentstoragetypes
Storage capacity of different storage types
Storage capacity > 5 GWh
only with underground cavern
1 year
1 month
1 day
1 hour
26. The top 10 countries in energy storage
22.11.17| Seite 26
27. Germany: more auto consumption
with batteries
22.11.17| Seite 27
6
Source: GTAI
28. The cost of Li-systems decreased by
18% p.a. btw. 2013 and 2015
22.11.17| Seite 28
8
Source: GTAI
30. Ultimate energy demand in the German
industry 2011 as per application
22.11.17| Seite 30
Auf den Industriesektor entfallen rund 30 % des Endenergiebedarfs der Bundesrepu-
blik Deutschland. Rund drei Viertel davon werden zur Bereitstellung von Raumwär-
me, Warmwasser oder als Prozesswärme, z. B. zur Dampferzeugung, zur Erwärmung
von Einsatzstoffen und Materialien oder für Trocknungs- und Reinigungsprozesse
eingesetzt (Abbildung 1). Der überwiegende Teil der verwendeten Energie verlässt
die Einsatzbereiche in Form diffuser oder gebündelter Abwärme. Auch in Prozessen
und Anwendungen, in denen kein Wärmebedarf besteht und in denen eine Wärme-
entwicklung unerwünscht ist, fällt durch Reibung, Umwandlungsverluste oder ther-
modynamische Gegebenheiten vielfach Abwärme an.
Die Freisetzung teilweise erheblicher Abwärmemengen ist aus physikalischen, techni-
schen oder wirtschaftlichen Gründen oft nicht vermeidbar. Eine Möglichkeit, um von
Abwärme dennoch zu profitieren, besteht in der industriellen Abwärmenutzung.
Obwohl im Verlauf des 20. Jahrhunderts das Interesse an der Abwärmenutzung
mehrfach stark gestiegen ist (vgl. Bergmeier 2003), geht nur etwa ein Zehntel (9 %)
der deutschen Industrieunternehmen davon aus, dass sie ihre Potenziale zur Nutzung
von Bewegungs- und Prozessenergie vollständig ausschöpfen (vgl. Schröter et al.
2009).
Prozesswärme
66%
Mechanische
Energie
21%
Raumwärme &
Warmwasser
9%
Sonstige
4%
Abwärme fällt in
zahlreichen
Industrieprozessen
an.
Abbildung 1:
Endenergiebedarf
der deutschen
Industrie in 2011
nach
Anwendungen
(nach Rohde 2012
process heat
66 %
mechanical energy
21 %
space heating &
hot water
9 %
miscellaneous
4 %
31. Heat recovery (left) and waste heat
utilization (right)
22.11.17| Seite 31
2.3 Einflussfaktoren auf die Nutzbarkeit von Abwärme
Ob ein Wärmestrom letztlich sinnvoll genutzt werden kann hängt von zahlreichen
Einflussfaktoren ab. Dazu zählen (vgl. z. B. auch U.S. DOE 2008; Schaefer 1995):
Abwärmemenge: Die Abwärmemenge ist ein Maß für den Wärmeinhalt
eines Abwärmestroms. Sie beschreibt also, wieviel Wärme mit einem Wär-
ildung 2:
rmerück-
ng (links)
bwärme-
g (rechts)
hnung an
er 1994)2
ertbarkeit
Abwärme
ängt von
hlreichen
toren ab.
net energy
heat
recovery
wasteheat
heat recycle
wasteheat2
waste heat
recovery
waste heat
net energy 2
net energy 1
32. Pros:
- reduction of energy demand
- increased productivity
- reduction of environmental impact
- increased independence of energy supply
Cons:
- additional Capex
- reciprocal dependence of technological systems and additional
reserve systems
- increased maintenance and trained workforce necessary
Pros and cons
22.11.17| Seite 32
33. Technologies for heat and waste
heat utilization
22.11.17| Seite 33
3 Technologien zur Nutzung industrieller Abwärme
Abwärme kann zur Wärmebereitstellung für thermische Prozesse oder zur Bereitstel-
lung von Strom oder Kälte genutzt werden. Bei der Strom- und Kältebereitstellung
sind zwei Möglichkeiten gegeben: Entweder wird Abwärme unmittelbar umgewan-
delt oder es wird über eine Zwischenstufe zunächst mechanische Energie erzeugt, die
dann einen elektrischen Generator oder eine Kältemaschine antreibt (Abbildung 3).3
Im Folgenden werden die jeweiligen Technologien eingehender dargestellt.
3.1 Technologien zur thermischen Nutzung von Abwärme
Wesentliche Komponenten zur thermischen Nutzung von Abwärme sind Wärmetau-
scher, Wärmespeicher und Wärmepumpen.
Kälte-
bereitstellung
Strom-
bereitstellung
Wärme-
bereitstellung
Abwärme-
nutzung
Dampf
StirlingKalina
ORC
Piezoelektrik
Thermoelektrik
Wärmetauscher
Wärmepumpen
Wärmespeicher
Adsorptionskälte
Absorptionskälte
Thermomechanik
Mechanische
Umwandlung
Thermophotovoltaik
Abwärme kann
thermisch genutzt
oder in Strom oder
älte umgewandelt
werden.
Abbildung 3:
Technologien zur
Nutzung von
Abwärme
heat supply
power
supply
cooling
supply
heat exchanger
heat storage
heat pump
steam
mechanical
transformation
waste heat
utilization
35. New battery storage project for offshore wind planned for the first
floating windfarm in Scotland (Hywind pilot park – 25km offshore
Peterhead) with 1 MWh Lithium Battery (= 2 million iPhones), called
Batwind. The target is to optimize output and lower cost for offshore
wind.
Batwind, Scotland
22.11.17| Seite 35
Statoil launches Batwind: Battery
storage for offshore wind energy
March 21, 2016
By PennEnergy Editorial Staff
Source: Statoil
A new battery storage solution for offshore wind energy will be piloted in the world’s first floating wind fa
park off the coast of Peterhead in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.
Batwind will be developed in co-operation with Scottish universities and suppliers, under a new Mem
36. • moisture content 70-80%
• volatile solids, organic dry matter
• besides plant material (i.e. lignin,
hemicellulose and cellulose) it contains
sugar, wax and proteins
• dry fermentation biogas technology
• 50-70 m3 biogas per ton fresh material
Biogas from filter mud in the sugar
industry
22.11.17| Seite 36
Moisture content 70% to 80%
Ash according to practise and agriculture
Volatile solids, organic dry matter
Flocculants, lime
according to processing
Besides plant material (lignin,
hemicellulose and cellulose) it
contains sugar, wax, proteins
Limited literature available, for example
• Protein 5% to 15% DM
• Sugars 5% to 15% DM
• Fibres 12% to 20% DM
• Ash 9% to 20% DM
a
12
37. • Robben Island – a past prison
(Nelson Mandela)
• energy requirements for 100 staff,
lighthouse, desalination plant
• PV plant with 667 kW power
• batteries with 837 kWh storage and
500 kW peak power
• microgrid runs solely on sun during
the day and 7 hours with battery
backup after the sun is down
• production of 1 million kWh a year
with an estimated saving of $ 3 million
in fuel a year (cutting the use of diesel fuel in half)
• cutting boat traffic from and to the island for fuel deliveries
Historic South African Island Runs
on Solar + Storage
22.11.17| Seite 37
Historic South African Island Runs on Solar+Storage - Solar Novus Today
Nano
Micro
Quan
13.4%
Disor
New
Time
Cells
Illumi
Perm
Wash
for W
Solar
Semi
Sung
Solar
Subs
Perov
Aeros
Direc
Bismu
cells
Solar
Mono
CPV
Micro
Solar Re
Solar
w
Sola
günstig
Designing and constructing the microgrid
The Department of Tourism’s EPC partner, SOLA Future Energy, which
designed and constructed the solar and lithium ion storage microgrid using
1960 Canadian Solar (CS6U-340M) high-efficiency PV modules mounted on
fixed-tilt racking, providing a total of 666.4 kW power.
The battery bank is made up of 2420 battery cells, capable of storing 837
kWh worth of electricity and supplying 500 kW worth of peak power. The
microgrid has ABB Ability remote monitoring capability that enables the
system to be monitored and operated from Cape Town, 9 kilometers away.
The microgrid runs solely on the sun during the day, and with battery backup,
can operate for up to 7 hours after the sun goes down. The system will
produce about 1 million kWh of electricity annually, cutting the cost and use
of diesel fuel in half, saving an estimated 4 million rand (about $3 million US)
annually.
A win for the island's
inhabitants
In addition to the historic sites
on Robben Island, it is also
Historic South African Island Runs on Solar+Storage - Solar Novus Today
Nan
Mic
Qua
13.4
Dis
New
Tim
Cel
Illum
Per
Wa
for
Sol
Sem
Sun
Sol
Sub
Per
Aer
Dire
Bism
cell
Sol
Mon
CPV
Mic
Solar R
Sol
So
güns
Designing and constructing the microgrid
The Department of Tourism’s EPC partner, SOLA Future Energy, which
designed and constructed the solar and lithium ion storage microgrid using
1960 Canadian Solar (CS6U-340M) high-efficiency PV modules mounted on
fixed-tilt racking, providing a total of 666.4 kW power.
The battery bank is made up of 2420 battery cells, capable of storing 837
kWh worth of electricity and supplying 500 kW worth of peak power. The
microgrid has ABB Ability remote monitoring capability that enables the
system to be monitored and operated from Cape Town, 9 kilometers away.
The microgrid runs solely on the sun during the day, and with battery backup,
can operate for up to 7 hours after the sun goes down. The system will
produce about 1 million kWh of electricity annually, cutting the cost and use
of diesel fuel in half, saving an estimated 4 million rand (about $3 million US)
annually.
A win for the island's
inhabitants
In addition to the historic sites
on Robben Island, it is also
home to a variety of species of
birds, including the African
jackass penguin. By using the
38. Project will demonstrate local energy storage technologies to exploit the synergies
between energy storage, the smart grid and the citizens, including an energy
management system.
NETfficient will demonstrate feasibility of local small scale storage technologies covering
low voltage and medium voltage scenarios and a wide range of applications and
functionalities.
Following storage technologies will be
integrated:
• Ultracapacitors
• Li-ion Batteries
• Second Life Electric Vehicle Batteries
• Hydrogen
• and Home Hybrid Technologies as a
combination of the above
NETfficient Borkum, Germany
22.11.17| Seite 38
http://netfficient-project.eu
40. • all we do is about CO2: prevention, utilization, storage (CCS etc.) -
the cheapest is energy efficiency
• with our renewable energy law (EEG) we raised the prices for
electricity in Germany, but this extra cost was a huge gift to the
world
• the future is decentralized !
Conclusions:
22.11.17| Seite 40