Depot Workshop

Effects
Workshop
Part 1
Bart Provoost
Kris Claessens

1.1. ontstaansgeschiedenis van effectpedaal
1960 : the Maestro Fuzz Tone

 a device that would allow a guitar to
replicate the sounds of brass or
woodwind instruments like the
saxophone, tuba or violin.
 despite Gibson's marketing strategy,
thrill-hungry teens had other plans for
the fuzztone sound.
 throughout the 1960's, the effect was
used on a surprisingly large number of
country records, most of which came
from Nashville.

2 Het Depot - DIY Effects Part I - Bart Provoost - Kris Claessens

1.2. effectpioniers (spelers en bouwers)
the fuzztone sound was created by the
legendary Nashville session picker Grady
Martin.

 in the summer of 1960, while recording the
tune Don't Worry, a malfunctioning channel on
the mixing board caused Martin's six string
bass to be recorded with an insane amount of
distortion, a sound that would come to be
called fuzztone.
 Glen Snoddy, the session engineer, saved the
malfunctioning channel on the mixing board
and brought it out upon request.


1.3. effecten, een mondiaal overzicht
UK

Gary Hurst
 Sola Sound > Colorsound

 Vox → Jennings
 Marshall
 Carlsbro

Arbiter, Dallas → Dallas Arbiter → CBS-Arbiter

Hornby-Skewes (JHS), Roger Mayer, Dan Armstrong, Burns Selmer, WEM

Cornish, Lovetone, D*A*M


USA:
 Maestro (Gibson), Mosrite, Guild, Ampeg, Kustom, DeArmond, Univox, Fender, Sunn, Sam
Ash, Jordan, Electro-Harmonix
 Musitronics, MXR, Ross, Systech, DOD, Tycobrahe, fOXX, Electra, Chandler, Seamoon,
Sears-Roebuck
 Pro Co, Dunlop, Snarling Dogs, Tech 21, Visual Sound, VoodooLab, Way Huge, Xotic,
Fulltone, Z-Vex

Brazil:
 Giannini, Bautner, Chorus, Dynavox, Oliver, Sound (Malagoli), Vetron
 G.N.I., Onerr, Meteoro, T.Miranda, Newell

Dominicaanse Rep. : CoPilot

Canada : Halifax, IC Sound, Dr. Scientist, Diamond, Empress, MJM Guitar FX,
Oxfuzz, Retrosonic


Europa:

Germany: Schaller, Framus, Höfner, Hohner, Monacor, Lehle

Italy: JEN, Cosmosound, EKO, Elka, Farfisa, Silversound, Montarbo,…

Scandinavia: TC Electronic, Carl Martin, T-Rex, EMMA, EBS, BJF, Hughes&Kettner

France: Jacques


Oost Europa:

Rusland : Elektronika, Formanta, Estradin, Spektr, Lell, Sovtek, Yerasov, AMT

Ukraine : Crock, Maximum Acoustics, Sound JS

Polen : Exar, Kod/Koda, PUE, Laboga, Merlin, G-Lab

Czech : Velorex, Tesla, George Dennis

DDR : Vermona, Böhm

Estland : Udaloff

Letland : Z.Cat


Australia : MI Audio, Livingstone (Aldi!), Aphek, EA/Electronics Australia,
Frostwave, MC-FX, Chunk Systems, Cave Passive, Fryer

New Zealand : Holden, Gunn, Jansen, Crowther, Red Witch


Japan : Acetone, Akai, Amdek, Aria, Arion, Shin-ei, Companion, Coron, Roland,
Boss, Ibanez, Maxon, Guyatone, Honey, Korg, Yamaha, Next, Pearl, VestaFire,
Royal, Rozz, Tokai


Taiwan : Maxtone, Code, … (+ OEM!)

South-Korea : Moollon, Artec, Belcat, PSK, Rogue, TKI, Crafter, Hanum, … (+ OEM!)

India : Stranger

Singapore : TheBlueArk, Goosonique Worx, Ohm Laboratories

Philipines : Boston

China : Behringer, Biyang, Beta Aivin, Moen, Daphon, Real Sound, … (+ OEM!)

Indonesia : KS Aji


1.4. de Boutique “bouteek” pedalen

one man operation

hand made

quality parts

custom design

expensive

Pioneers :
 Roger Mayer, Pete Cornish
 Mike Fuller : Fulltone
 Zachary Vex : ZVex


1.5. DIY, kits, clones

Kits :
 Build Your Own Clone
 General Guitar Gadgets
 Musikding
 Banzai
 Beavisboard
 ZVex Inventobox

Clones :
 Tubescreamer
 Boss vs. Behringer


1.5. DIY, kits, clones
Zvex Inventobox


1.6. effecten, on line
On-line communities : Blogs :
 Build Your Own Clone  What‟s that dude play
 General Guitar Gadgets  Analog Warcry
 DIY Stompboxes  Bassfuzz.com
 Freestompboxes  Matrixsynth

Effect forums Facebook
 Harmony Central
Myspace
 The Gear Page
 Talkbass Twitter
 Ilovefuzz
 Gearspot.be Effectsdatabase.com
 Gitaarnet.nl
 Musictoyz
 Pedalgeek


1.7. tendensen (analog, digital, multi-FX, modelling, racks, ...)


1.8. tendensen (software FX, plugins, VST Virtual Studio Technology)


1.9. nuttig om weten
combinatie gitaar, pick-ups, amps

Guitar Pick-ups Amps

Acoustic Active/Passive Tube

Solidbody Single Coil Solid State

Semi Acoustic Humbucker Hybrid

Hollowbody Speakers/Cabs/Combo

Modelling


pedalboards, powersupplies, cabling, switching loopers, MIDI switching


Pedal order

Guitar →

Compression → Gain → Equalisation → Modulation → Delay → Reverb

→ Amplifier

Effect loop (amplifier)
 modulation and time based effects in the loop
delay, chorus, phaser, flanger
 it accesses the effects AFTER the distortion circuit in your amp
 more saturated/intense sound

Bypass
 Buffered : unity gain preamp that enables your signal to travel through much greater
lengths of wire without loosing volume level
 True bypass : pedal routes the signal directly from input to output

2. effecten
2.1. oversturing

2.2. classics (amp effects)

2.3. modulatie

2.4. time based

2.5. filters

2.6. synths & oddities

2.7. others

2.1. oversturing
2.1.1. boost (linear, germanium, FET, treble boost, ...)

Geschiedenis :
 Late 1960‟s Dallas Rangemaster treble booster (british amps, eg. Vox)
 Electro Harmonix and Vox plug-in boosters

Theorie :
 makes input signal louder, up to 30dB
 using germanium, JFET or MOSFET transistors

songvoorbeeld/gebruiker :
 Brian May (Queen)

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : Vox Booster
 Mass produced : EHX Nano LPB
 Boutique : BSM

2.1. oversturing
2.1.1. boost (linear, germanium, FET, treble boost, ...)


2.1. oversturing
2.1.2. overdrive (LED, Opamp, Chip, ...)

Geschiedenis :
 1960‟s Beatles recording straight into mixing desk
 1970‟s Ibanez TS-808 Tube Screamer is the grandaddy of overdrive pedals

Theorie :
 provide a gain boost to “overdrive” a tube, or to approximate the tube-like sound of a
slightly overdriven tube amp
 soft clipping, the top of the wave form is compressed

 Santana, Stevie Ray Vaughan

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : Script MXR Distortion +, Ibanez II
 Mass produced : Ibanez TS-9
 Boutique : Klon Centaur

2.1. oversturing
2.1.2. overdrive (LED, Opamp, Chip, ...)


2.1. oversturing
2.1.3. distortion

Geschiedenis :
 Jackie Brentson and his Delta Cats (featuring Ike Turner) on the song Rocket 88, a busted
speaker on the bass amp caused by falling off the roof of the car.

Theorie :
 boost the signal into high gain and alter the waveform : hard clipping
 tone control to reduce or accentuate mids rather than the usual high boost/cut

 You really got me – the Kinks

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : EHX Big Muff
 Mass produced : ProCo RAT
 Boutique : BJFe


2.1. oversturing
2.1.3. distortion


2.1. oversturing
2.1.4. fuzz (germanium, silicon, hybrid, octavia)

Geschiedenis :
 1960‟s: Maestro Fuzztone, Roger Mayer, Fuzz Face, Sola Sound Tonebender

Theorie
 “broken amp” sound, oversaturation, adds sustain, guitar volume roll back adds dynamics
 Germanium : warm vs. Silicon : harsh vs. Square Wave : synth
 Octavia : doubling the frequency of a signal in order to make it appear to add a note an
octave up from the original

songvoorbeeld/gebruiker
 Jimi Hendrix

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : Solasound Tonebender
 Mass produced : Dunlop Fuzzface
 Boutique : D*A*M - Differential Audio Manifestationz

2.1. oversturing
2.1.4. fuzz (germanium, silicon, hybrid, octavia)


2.2.1. reverb (plate, spring, digital, ...)

Geschiedenis :
 Early recording studios used springs, plate, grain silos

Theorie :
 Simulate a “natural” room sound (from an empty room to a large concert hall)
 Analog (spring reverb, tube reverb, onboard amp, BBD chip) vs. Digital vs. Modelling

 Surf music

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : Fender tube reverb
 Mass produced : Boss RV-2
 Boutique : Malekko Spring Chicken (Belton Reverb Brick based)


2.2.1. reverb (plate, spring, digital, ...)


2.2.2. tremolo (triangle, sine, ...)

Geschiedenis :
 Early 50‟s : first stand-alone tremolo effect made by DeArmond, the Model 800 Trem Trol

Theorie :
 periodic variation in the amplitude (volume) of the signal, creates a “stutter" effect
 dual opamp-based circuit vs. discrete optocell circuit, motor (fluid/optical)

 Johnny Marr, the Smiths – How soon is now

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : Fender 63 Vibroverb
 Mass produced : Boss TR-2
 Boutique : Toneczar Powerglide


2.2.2. tremolo (triangle, sine, ...)


2.2.3. volumepedaal, swell pedaal

Geschiedenis
 Swell pedals in organs etc.

Theorie
 Foot controlled volume swell
 Violin like tone, soft volume, soft attack

 pedalsteel

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : Morley
 Mass produced : Ernie Ball
 Boutique : Goodrich


2.2.3. volumepedaal, swell pedaal


2.2.4. compressor, limiter, enhancer, sustainer

Geschiedenis :
 Radio broadcasting & recording technology

Theorie :
 Compressor suppresses loud signals and boosts quiet signals, sustain control
 Limiter smooths out excessive peaks
 Enhancer adds definition and contour (eg. multiple effects) , clarifies dynamics (eg. slap bass)

 Nashville country pickers

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : Ross
 Mass produced : MXR Dynacomp
 Boutique : Keeley

2.2.4. compressor, limiter, enhancer, sustainer


2.2.5. EQ, parametric, graphic

Geschiedenis
 1930‟s theatre audio playback systems

Theorie :
 Graphic EQ : cuts or boosts specific frequency bands
 Parametric EQ : curves the frequency response to include changes in adjacent frequencies

 Appears everywhere in live performance, recording studio, broadcast, and post-production

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : Bell Labs, Altec Lansing
 Mass produced : Boss GE-7
 Boutique : HBE Detox, Empress ParaEQ


2.2.5. EQ, parametric, graphic


2.3. modulatie
2.3.1. Phaser, phase shifter

Geschiedenis
 1970 : Tom Oberheim designed the Maestro PS-1 (rotating speaker sim)

Theorie :
 filter a signal by creating a series of peaks and troughs in the frequency spectrum.
“phase shifters” split the signal and shift one path out of phase from 0 to 360 degrees
through the entire range of the frequency spectrum, and blend it back.
 sweeping effect

 Eddie Van Halen

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : MXR Script 90
 Mass produced : EHX Small Stone, MXR Block 90
 Boutique : Whetstone phaser

2.3. modulatie
2.3.1. Phaser, phase shifter


2.3. modulatie
2.3.2. flanger

Geschiedenis :
 Studio trick : engineer puts a finger on the flange of a tape reels to slow it down.

Theorie :
 two identical signals are mixed together, one signal time-delayed swept comb filter
 replicate the sound of two big reel-to-reel tape machines sliding in and out of sync

 The Forest – the Cure

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : A/DA Flanger
 Mass produced : EHX Electric Mistress Deluxe, Boss BF-2
 Boutique : Lovetone ? Flanger


2.3. modulatie
2.3.2. flanger


2.3. modulatie
2.3.3. chorus

Geschiedenis :
 1976 : CE-1 Chorus Ensemble pedal with the chorus circuit of the Roland JC-120

Theorie :
 Double tracking effect, splitting the signal into a vibrato and a clean path
 short delays used to create harmonically spaced notches and peaks in the frequency
spectrum modulate above and below specific frequency ranges.

 Come as you are - Nirvana

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : Boss CE-1 Chorus Ensemble
 Mass produced : EHX Small Clone
 Boutique : Analogman Bi-Chorus


2.3. modulatie
2.3.3. chorus


2.3. modulatie
2.3.4. vibrato

Geschiedenis :
 Early 60‟s : circuit that usually required at least two preamp tubes. It was most often
installed in amps, eg. Fender Tweed Vibrolux amps

Theorie :
 wavering of the note above and below pitch to create a sort of harmonious or detuning
“wobbling” effect
 Phase vibe / chorus vibe

 Jimi Hendrix – Machine Gun

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : Uni-Vibe
 Mass produced : Dunlop Uni-Vibe
 Boutique : Roger Mayer Voodoo Vibe

2.3. modulatie
2.3.4. vibrato


2.3. modulatie
2.3.5. rotating speaker

Geschiedenis :
 Leslie rotating speaker cabinets for organs

Theorie :
 recreate the amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase shift created by the
two rotating speakers, along with the overdrive created by the Leslie's tube amplifier

 U2 : One

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : Leslie
 Mass produced : H&K Rotosphere
 Boutique : DLS RotoSIM


2.3. modulatie
2.3.5. rotating speaker


2.4. time based
2.4.1. tape delay, disk, oil can

Geschiedenis :
 Late 1940‟s : Les Paul achieved time delay by stretching audiotape between two reel-to-
reel tape decks spaced several feet apart.

Theorie :
 Endless tape loop runs past a record head and a playback head, varying the speed of the
tape changes the length of time before the sound echoes

 Hank Marvin - Shadows

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : Maestro Echoplex
 Mass produced : Watkins Copicat
 Boutique : Fulltone TTE


2.4. time based
2.4.1. tape delay, disk, oil can


2.4. time based
2.4.2. delay analog

Geschiedenis :
 early 70s, large-scale semiconductor analog delay circuits became available

Theorie :
 “bucket brigade delay chips” pass the signal along in stages from the input pin to the output
pin, with as many as from 68 to 4096 stages, more stages = longer delay.

 Pink Floyd - Money

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : EHX Deluxe Memoryman
 Mass produced : Boss DM-2
 Boutique : Toneczar Echoczar


2.4. time based
2.4.2. delay analog


2.4. time based
2.4.3. delay digital (tap tempo, reverse, ...)

Geschiedenis :
 Late 70‟s : digital signal processing (DSP) electronics in expensive rack mounted units

Theorie :
 sampling the input signal through an analog-to-digital converter, after which the signal is
passed through a series of DSPs that store it in buffer, and then play back the stored
audio.

 The Edge – U2

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : Boss DD-2
 Mass produced : Boss DD-3
 Boutique : Empress Superdelay


2.4. time based
2.4.3. delay digital (tap tempo, reverse, ...)


2.4. time based
2.4.4. looping/sampling

Geschiedenis :
 1983: EHX Digital Looping Recorder 64second

Theorie :
 Record, Overdub, Multiply, Insert, Replace recorded samples

 Hip hop

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : Boomerang Phrase Sampler
 Mass produced : Digitech Jamman
 Boutique : Maneco Looper


2.4. time based
2.4.4. looping/sampling


2.5. filters
2.5.1. wah-wah

Geschiedenis :
 first wah made by Warwick Electronics Inc./Thomas Organ Company in November 1966

Theorie :
 mimics the human voice by sweeping the peak response of a filter up and down in
frequency to create a spectral glide

 theme from Shaft

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : Thomas Organ wah
 Mass produced : Dunlop CryBaby
 Boutique : Wilson wah


2.5. filters
2.5.1. wah-wah, talking pedal

EHX Talki


2.5. filters
2.5.2. envelope/dynamic filter

Geschiedenis :
 prototypes of a unique synthesizer and "Timbre Generation" filter bank were produced for
Guild musical instruments by Mike Beigel and Isidor Straus in 1971
 Mu-Tron III developed by Mike Beigel for Musitronics in 1972

Theorie :
 Moving filter: auto-wah / envelope filter / triggered filter (threshold)

 Bootsy Collins

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : Mu-Tron III, EHX Bass Balls, EHX Doctor Q
 Mass produced : Boss FT-2, EHX Doctor Q, EHX Q-Tron
 Boutique : Lovetone Meatball


2.5. filters
2.5.2. envelope/dynamic filter


2.5. filters
2.5.3. envelope filter


2.5. filters
2.5.4. voltage controlled filter


2.5. filters
2.5.5. talkbox/vocoder

Geschiedenis
 Telephony (Voder) > Vocoder
 1939 Alvino Rey, Singing Guitar, mic placed on throat
 Sonovox > Bag > Talkbox

Theorie
 Shaping the frequencies of a sound with those of another sound

 Peter Frampton, Roger Troutman (Zapp)

Benchmarks :
 Vintage: Sennheiser, Moog, Kustom The Bag, EHX Golden Throat,…
 Mass produced: Rocktron Banshee, Heil Talkbox, Danelectro Free Speech
 Boutique: C.M. Gregor (PL)

2.5. filters
2.5.5. talkbox


2.5.5. vocoder


2.6.1. ring modulator

Geschiedenis
 1930‟s radio receivers, 1963 Don Buchla modular synth
 Early use: BBC radiophonic workshop (Dr. Who)

Theorie
 Modulating 1 sound/frequency with another sound/frequency (or itself), dissonant sounds
 Result: freq 1 – freq 2, freq 1 + freq 2

 Devo, Sonic Youth, Grateful Dead, Miles Davis

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : Maestro, EHX Frequency Analyzer, Dan Armstrong Green Ringer
 Mass produced : EHX Frequency Analyzer
 Boutique : Lovetone Ring Stinger, Frostwave Blue Ringer

2.6.1. ring modulator


2.6.2. octavers, pitchshifting, harmonizers

Geschiedenis
 Analog : varispeed on tape machine
 Eventide harmonizer rack effects processor

Theorie
 Frequency dividers and doublers
 Pitch shifting: delay/sample played at different speed

 Jack White / White Stripes (Seven Nation Army “bassline”)

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : Vox Octavoice, Maestro Octave Box, EHX Octave Multiplexer
 Mass produced : Digitech Whammy, Boss OC-2, PS-2, EHX Octave Multiplexer, POG,…
 Boutique : Foxrox Octron

2.6.2. octavers, pitchshifting


2.6.2. guitarsynths

Geschiedenis & theorie
 Multi-effects: filter (freq), fuzz (waves), envelope/pitch control,…
 Pitch to voltage/midi/… → real synths
 1977 : Roland GR-500, hexaphonic pickup + guitar controller
 Using multiple sound generators; electronic oscillators, ADSR, envelopes, filters, LFO,
other sound processors to create complex waveforms that can be combined through
various waveform synthesis techniques

 David Bowie : Ashes to Ashes - Bootsy - Mike Oldfield

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : Korg X-911, Guild, EMS, Electro-Harmonix, Hammond Condor series, fOXX
 Mass produced : Electro Harmonix Microsynth, Boss SYB-3, Roland GR
 Boutique : Pigtronix Mothership


2.6.2. guitarsynths


2.6.3. bitcrushing

Geschiedenis
 80s digital synths, Sample downgrading, dance, …

Theorie
 Sample downgrading, dance,…

 T.Raumschmiere

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : none
 Mass produced : Alesis BitrMan
 Boutique : WMD Geiger Counter, CoPilot


2.6.3. bitcrushing


2.6.3. String effects

Geschiedenis
 eBow : invented by Greg Heet in 1969
 Gizmotron: Godley & Creme (10cc)
 Sustainiac

Theorie
 eBow, Fernandes, Sustainiac, Guitar Resonator… : hand-held, electromagnetic field
 Gizmotron: wheels

 With or Without you - U2
 Gizmotron: 10cc, Godley & Creme, Led Zeppelin, Paul McCartney, …


2.6.3. eBow


2.6.4. circuit bending

Geschiedenis
 1990‟s Reed Ghazala

Theorie
 Circuit-bending is an electronic art which implements creative audio short-circuiting

 Vermin Twins

Benchmarks :
 Vintage : Reed Ghazala „Incantor‟
 Mass produced : DS-1 is a popular pedal amongst circuitbenders
 Boutique : Tim Kaiser


2.6.4. circuit bending


2.7. Others
Tuner, Noisegate, Buffer, Sonic Maximizer

Geschiedenis :
 1930‟s : invention of strobe tuner
 Noisegates : 1960‟s : Abbey Road studio
 Buffer : 1906 : carbon microphones
 Sonic Maximizer : 1984 : Barcus Berry Electronics, BBE

Theorie
 Tuner : measure the pitch and adjust or correct the input signal to the desired pitch
 Noisegate : reduces steady noise sources and hum from a power system
 Buffer : unity gain, isolating circuit
 Sonic Maximizer : corrects loudspeaker frequency-dependent phase shifts, and high-
frequency gain-modulation that is based on midrange content


2.7. Others
Tuner, Noisegate, Buffer, Sonic Maximizer


3.1. effecten combineren
3.1.1. oversturing & boost & compressie

3.2.2. fuzz & wah of filter (& boost)

3.3.3. chorus & delay

…


pedalboards of the stars ...
Omar Rodriguez – Mars Volta


Tim Vanhamel


Josh Homme


Johnny Greenwood


Anthrax


Kurt Cobain


Robert Smith


Bloc Party


Marc Bolan


Eric Johnson


Genesis


The Edge


J. Mascis


Dan Auerbach – the Black Keys


Jack White - Raconteurs


Eddie van Halen


Lee Ranaldo - Sonic Youth


Thom Yorke


Simple Plan


Jamie Cook – Arctic Monkeys


Sigur Ros


Coldplay


Beck


David Byrne


Dave Grohl


Alex Turner – Arctic Monkeys


Calexico


Brian Molko - Placebo


Dweezil Zappa


Josh Klinghofer – PJ Harvey


E - Eels


Adrian Belew


Kevin Shields ...


Kevin Shields


Sufjan Stevens


The Horrors


Justin Meldal-Johnsen - Beck


John Frusciante


Sharin Foo - Raveonettes


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