This presentation will give you a basic understanding of what ping is, how it works, DoS attack, traceroute, bandwidth speed, upload and download speed, how to use ping in cmd etc.

1. OPERATIONS OF PING
- DISHA DUDHAL

2. WHAT IS PING?
• PING (Packet Internet Groper) is a software utility used to determine
whether a given IP address is accessible or not.
• It measures the round trip time for messages sent from the
originating host to a destination computer/device that are echoed back
to the source.
• The program was written by Mr. Mike Muss in December,1983.
• The name originated from active SONAR terminology that sends a
pulse sound and listens for the echo to detect objects underwater.

3. HOW DOES PING COMMAND WORK?
• A PING command usually sends a signal to another device one is trying to reach and
see if you get a response.
• PING operates by sending an ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol) echo
request to a network address at periodic intervals waiting for an echo ICMP
response.
• It also measures the time it takes for an echo response to arrive.
• The request sent using ICMP is nothing but a packet of data .
• Latency : It refers to the time elapsed between transmission of request and receiving
the accurate reply from the target host.
• It also indicates errors and packet losses .

4. SUCCESSFUL PING TEST

5. UNSUCCESSFUL PING TEST
• In cases of no response from the target host ,most implementations of ping print
notifications about timing out periodically.
• In case of a specific problem , ping notification includes error notification indicating
that problem.

6. ERROR INDICATIONS
• H, !N or !P = Host or network or protocol is unreachable.
• S = Source route failed.
• F = Fragmentation needed.
• U or !W = Destination network or Host unknown.
• I = Source host isolated.
• A = Communication with destination network administratively
prohibited.
• Q = For this ToS the destination network is unreachable.
• V = Host precedence violation.

7. PACKET LOSS
• Packet loss occurs when one or more packets of data travelling across the
computer network fail to reach their destination.
• Packet loss can be caused by the following factors:-
• Signal degradation over the network medium due to multipath failing.
• Packet drop because of channel congestion.
• Corrupted packets rejected in transit .
• Faulty networking hardware.

8. PACKET LATENCY
• It contributes to the network speed.
• Refers to any several kind of delays typically occurring in processing
of data.
• It is measured in milliseconds (ms).
• On DSL or cable internet connections, latencies of less than100 ms are
typical and less than 25 ms are desired.
• Satellite internet connections have avg . 500 ms or more latency.

9. WHAT AFFECTS PING?
• Distance of target host and internet traffic at that time.
• Congested or overloaded routers on the way to the target machine.
• Excessive network utilization(downloading) can result in increased
latency due to the fact that the packets experience queuing delay.
• To ensure low latency , all other unnecessary networks should be
halted.

10. PING OF DEATH!!!!
• It is a type of DoS (Denial of Service) attack.
• Such an attack in 1996 involved sending ICMP packets of size greater than
65,535 bytes to target computer.
• The ICMP packets of this size are illegal, but applications can be built that
are capable of creating them.
• Operating systems not programmed to handle such a situation Froze,
Crashed or Reeboted.
• By the end of 1997 operating system vendors had made patches available to
avoid ping of death.

11. ANY QUESTIONS?

12. THANK YOU