Virtual Herbarium, Kerala

1. VIRTUAL HERBARIUM of KERALA
G DIVYA SRI(2170200224)
Planning and Mangement of
Green and Open spaces
B.PLAN 3RD YEAR, 5TH SEMESTER
SPA VIJAYAWADA

2. SHRUBS &
FLOWERING
PLANTS

3. Arumasam, Krishna kireedam or Pagodaplant
• Scientific Name : Clerodentronpaniculatum
• Common Name : Arumasam, Krishna kireedam or Pagoda plant
• Family :Verbenaceae
The plant is a shrub that grows mostly in the wild but capable of
excelling any garden-grown plant for its beautiful terminal inflorescence
that lasts about six months. Orange-red- bell shaped flowers open row
by row in the terminal cluster. Leaves are simple and dark green.
Pagoda flower is an erect, open semiwoody shrub with large evergreen
leaves and huge showy clusters of orange-red or scarlet flowers held
above the foliage.
The plant sometimes has many stems and gets 3-5 ft tall,
spreading 2-3 ft across.
• Scientific Name : Hibiscusrosasinensis
• Common Name : Chemparuthi or Rose-mallow or sorrel
• Family :Malvaceae
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is a bushy, evergreen shrub or small tree growing
2.5–5 m (8–16 ft) tall and 1.5–3 m (5–10 ft) wide, with glossy leaves and
solitary, brilliant red flowers in summer and autumn. The plant is a widely
cultivated garden plant that bears long stalked single auxiliary (that
arises from the axis of the leaves) flowers. A hibiscus flower is a typical
one with sepals, calyx and petals and a long stalk formed of the fusion of
male stamen bearing stalks that protects the long tube from the female
part. Leaves are simple alternate dark green with toothed ridges. Plants
are either herbs or shrubs and even as trees.
Chemparuthi or Rose-mallow orsorrel

4. Bougainvillea,Kadalasupoovu-chedi
• Scientific Name : Bougainvillea glabra
• Common Name : Bougainvillea, Kadalasupoovu-chedi
• Family :Nyctaginaceae
It is an evergreen, climbing shrub with thorny stems. It usually grows 10–
12 ft (3.0–3.7 m) tall, occasionally up to 30 ft (9 m). Scandent shrub.
Spiny hooks up to 1 cm long, slightly curved. Leaves 4-10 x 1.7-5 cm,
ovate to cordate, upper ovate acuminate, acute or shortly acuminate,
sparsely pubescent; petiole 0.3-1 cm long. Bracts 3, 3.5-4 mm long,
ovate, acuminate, nerved, magenta coloured. Flowers 3, c. 2 cm long;
Sepals 5, acute, c. 2.5 mm long, tip villous, yellow above, lilac beneath,
alternating with 5 irregular and adnate yellow lobed appendages.
Nandiarvattom ,Crepe jasmine,Carnation ofIndia
• Scientific Name : Tabeamaemontana diverticata
• Common Name : Nandiarvattom or Crepe jasmineor Carnation of India
• Family :Apocyanaceae
The plant generally grows to a height of 5–6 feet (1.5–1.8 m) and is
dichotomously-branched. The large shiny leaves are deep green and
about 6 inches (15 cm) in length and 2 inches (5.1 cm) in width.The
plant is a small shrub that produces white fragrant flowers throughout
the year, leaves are simple, dark green, fruits are rarely produced;
propagation done mainly through stem cuttings. These flowers are
considered sacred and used for temple performances.

5. Bridal Veil,NoddingClerodendron
• Scientific Name : Clerodendrumwallichii
• Common Name : Bridal Veil, NoddingClerodendron,
Wallich's glorybower
• Family : Verbenaceae
Native to India, this graceful shrub grows up to 7 ft and has pointed
narrow leaves 4-9 inches long. Pendulous white blooms hang down
over this plant's shiny green leaves. A spectacular fall flowering shrub
that is true to its name. The white flowers are held in loose panicles,
which are more or less pendulous.
Desert Rose, ImpalaLily
• Scientific Name : Adeniumobesum
• Common Name : Desert Rose, ImpalaLily
• Family :Apocynaceae
It is an evergreen or drought-deciduous succulent shrub (which can
also lose its leaves during cold spells, or according to the subspecies or
cultivar). It can grow to 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) in height, Succulent fleshy,
briefly deciduous shrubs trunk often swollen at base. Leaves simple,
alternate, spirally-arranged, mostly crowded together at the ends of
the branches. Flowers in terminal corymbs.

6. Thechi, West Indian jasmine or Junglegeranium
• Scientific Name : Ixoracoccinia
• Common Name : Thetti, Thechi or West Indianjasmine
or Jungle geranium
• Family :Rubiaceae
This is an evergreen shrub that grows to less than 8 feet.
Flowers are in cymose recemes; generally brick-red to yellow in
color. Thetti is also a sacred plant and used in temple rituals. It is a
widely grown garden plant; leaves are simple and dark green; has
extensive use in Ayurvedicmedicines.
Song of India, Pleomele, ReflexedDracaena
• Scientific Name : Dracaenareflexa
• Common Name : Song of India, Pleomele, Reflexed racaena
• Family :Dracaenaceae
Dracaena reflexa is a popular ornamental plant, both in the landscape
and the home. It may reach a height of 4–5 m, rarely 6 m in ideal,
protected locations, D. reflexa is usually much smaller, especially when
grown as a houseplant. It is slow-growing and upright in habit, tending to
an oval shape with an open crown. It can be enjoyed as a specimen
plant, accent, or pruned to create a border. Several cultivars have been
selected, particularly variegated clones with cream and yellow-green
margins. It performs well as a houseplant, tolerating infrequent
waterings. It prefers bright, filtered light, without direct sun exposure,
restricted outdoors.

7. AQUATIC PLANT
SPECIES

8. Aambal orWater-lily
• Scientific Name : Nymphaeanouchali
• Common Name : Aambal orWater-lily
• Family :Nymphaeaceae
The plant is known by many names like water lily, star-lotus, Nymphaea
stellataetc. It is an aquatic plant with stem submerged in the ground
and long petiole holding flat round leaves above water level. Their size
is about 20–23 cm and their spread is 0.9 to 1.8 m. Water-lily flowers
are brightly coloured from red to blue; many petalled and float over
water surface.
Thamara, Kamalam, Padmam or Indianlotus
• Scientific Name : Nelumbonucifera
• Common Name : Thamara, Kamalam, Padmam or Indian lotus
• Family :Nelumbonaceae
It is an aquatic plant that grows in fresh water lakes and ponds with
stem buried in the ground. The plant normally grows up to a height of
about 150 cm and a horizontal spread of up to 3 meters, but some
unverified reports place the height as high as over 5 meters. The leaves
may be as large as 60 cm in diameter, while the showy flowers can be up
to 20 cm in diameter. Lotus leaves are round and floats on water
connected to the stem with long stalks. Flowers are fragrant and have
many red to white colored petals. Lotus is a sacred flower by Hindus and
goddess.

9. CLIMBERS
SPECIES

10. Jathimalli or Common jasmine or Poet’sjasmine
• Scientific Name : Jasminum officinale
• Common Name : Pitchi, Jathimalli or Common jasmine or Poet’s jasmine
• Family :Oleaceae
Common jasmine can grow upto 15-30 ft (4.5 – 9m) Semi evergreen
or deciduous climbing shrub, produces a large flush of bountiful
clusters of 3-5 fragnant flowers.A weak stemmed climber plant that
bears extremely aromatic white flower clusters; this plant’s leaves,
roots and flowers have medicinal value. Leaves are pinnately compound
with seven leaflets with a larger one at the tip.
Kulamariyan, Madhumalti or Chinesecreeper
• Scientific Name : Quisqualis indica
• Common Name : Kulamariyan, Madhumalti or Chinese creeper
• Family :Combretaceae
The Rangoon creeper is a ligneous vine that can reach from 2.5 meters to
up to 8 meters. The leaves are elliptical with an acuminate tip and a
rounded base. They grow from 7 to 15 centimeters and their
arrangement is opposite. The flowers are fragrant and tubular and their
color varies from white to pink to red.The plant is an invasive, spiny
creeper that grows wild and spread quick covering the whole area by
producing roots and fresh spouts from creeping stem. Its inflorescences
are pendent, flowers five petalled, rich in honey with a tubular stalks;
appear white when freshly blown and turns red by passing of the day.
Leaves of this plant are used as anti-worm potion.

11. Asparagus fern, Lace fern, Climbingasparagus
• Scientific Name : Asparagussetaceus
• Common Name : Asparagus fern, Lace fern,Climbing
asparagus, or Ferny asparagus
• Family :Liliaceae
Herbs, stems climbing, much branched, to several meters upto 10
- 12 feet, slightly woody near base; branches spreading horizontally,
with branchlets and cladodes arranged in one plane, frond-like.
Cladodes in fascicles of 10-13, 4-5 mm, very slender, slightly trigonous.
Leaf spur short, occasionally spinescent on main stems. Flowers
solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3; pedicel short, articulate at middle.
Nagavalli, Pambuvalli, SnakeClimber
• Scientific Name : Bauhiniascandens
• Common Name : Nagavalli, Pambuvalli, Snake Climber,
Snake Bauhinia
• Family :Fabaceae/Leguminosae
Snake Climber is a large, woody liana, gets its name from the snake-
like twists of its stem. Another name, monkey-ladder comes from
the flattened parts of the stem with indentations that look like
steps. Branches are cylindric when young, flattened when old,
forming "monkey ladders.

12. TREE
SPECIES

13. Alari, Ezhachampakam, Calachuchi,Frangipani
• Scientific Name : Plumeria rubra
• Common Name : Calachuchi, Frangipani,Alari,
Ezhachampakam,Velachampakam
• Family :Apocynaceae
Deciduous trees, grows upto to 10 m high. It grows as a spreading
tree to 7–8 m (23–26 ft) high and wide, and is flushed with fragrant
flowers of shades of pink, white and yellow over the summer and
autumn. Leaves simple, alternate spiral, clustered; latex milky, estipulate;
petiole 6-8 cm long, stout.
Chempakam or Joy-perfumetree
• Scientific Name : Micheliachempaca
• Common Name : Chempakam or Joy-perfume tree
• Family :Magnoliaceae
In its native range Magnolia champaca grows to 50 metres (160 ft) or
taller. Its trunk can be up to 1.9 metres (6.2 ft) in diameter. The tree
has a narrow umbelliform crown. The flowers are cup shaped and
fleshy; as a primitive feature petals and sepals undistinguished (these
parts are called tepals); flowers highly fragrant hence used as room
fresheners; perfumes are extracted from its flowers.

14. Kanikkonna or golden-showertree
• Scientific Name: Cassiafistula
• Common Name: Kanikkonna or golden-shower tree
• Family:Fabaceae
The golden shower tree is a medium-sized tree, growing to 10– 20
m (33–66 ft) tall with fast growth. The plant is the State of
Kerala’s official flower, as the name denotes its flowers are golden-
yellow and grown in long pendent inflorescence. The ‘golden shower
tree’ produces flowers early and considered as a clarion-call of the
arrival of Vishu or Vaishakh a festival of flowers. A fully blown golden
shower tree is a treat to the eye of the beholder and the fallen petals
on the ground gives it the name ‘golden-shower’tree.
Mula, Muncha, Mungil,Bamboo
• Scientific Name : Bambusabambos
• Common Name : Mula, Muncha, Mungil,Bamboo
• Family :Poaceae/Gramineae
Culms from a thick stoloniferous rhizome, erect, to 30 m tall and10-20
cm across; culm sheaths broadly triangular, densely brownish-hairy
within, and scattered hairy without. Leaves to 20 cm long; sheaths to
12 x .2 cm, linear, glabrous; ligule short, entire; petiole short.
Inflorescence a compound panicle with the spikelets in heads.

15. Cannon ball tree,Nagalingamaram
• Scientific Name : Couroupitaguianensis
• Common Name : Cannon ball tree, Nagalingamaram
• Family :Lecythidaceae
Couroupita guianensis is a tree that reaches heights of up to 35 metres
(110 ft). The leaves, which occur in clusters at the ends of branches, are
usually 8 to 31 centimeters (3 to 12 inches) long, but can reach lengths
of up to 57 centimeters (22 inches). The flowers are born in racemes
up to 80 centimeters (31 inches) long. Some trees flower profusely
until the entire trunk is covered with racemes. One tree can hold as
many as 1000 flowers per day.
Ashokam, Galasoka, Anganapriya ,Ashokatree
• Scientific Name : Saracaashoca
• Common Name : Ashokam, Galasoka, Anganapriya orAshoka tree
• Family :Caesalpiniacea
The ashoka is a rain-forest tree. Its original distribution was in the
central areas of the Deccan plateau, as well as the middle section
of the Western Ghats in the western coastal zone of the Indian
subcontinent.The plant is a holy tree for Indians; leaves flowers
etc are extensively used in the preparations of Ayurvedic
medicins. Ashoka plant bears beautiful scarlet colored flowers on
all seasons and is widely grown in front of Indian houses. Ashoka
gives dark shades in hot seasons for rest and recoup of the members
of the family and hence called ‘Angana-priya’ (darling of the front-yard).

16. FRUITBEARING
TREES

17. Chakka (Jackfruit)
• Scientific Name : Artocarpus heterophyllus
• Common Name : Chakka (Jack fruit)
• Family :Moraceae
Plavu is a large evergreen spreading tree known for the largest tree
borne fruit in the world. Jack fruit tree is mostly seen in the tropical
lowlands and mainly in Kerala. This fruits is large and fleshy and are
covered with thorny tubercles. Unripe fruits can also be cooked. The
seeds may be boiled or baked. There are a number of varieties of
jackfruits, the honey-jack (muttan varikka/thaen varikka) is considered the
sweetest and the best in its Family.The flesh is starchy and fibrous and
provides energy. Jack fruit tree is used in the treatment of various
diseases such as vitiated vata, pitta, diarrhea, and skin disease, urinary
retention and general weakness. The timber of the tree is used for making
furniture as it is termite-proof. Almost of all the Parts can be Utilized.
Kaithachakka (PineApple)
• Scientific Name :Ananas comosus
• Common Name : Kaithachakka (PineApple)
• Family :Bromeliaceae
This fruit is seen in most of the parts of India Especially in Kerala.
The peculiarity of this fruit is that it it contains small throwns. For
eating this fruit you have to remove the outer layer containing
throwns. This fruit has a taste of sour and sweetness also. This is
good for digestion and it is mostly used as juice. This is cultivated
large scale in many places in Kerala.

18. • Scientific Name : Mangiferaindica
• Common Name : Manga(Mango)
• Family :Anacardiaceae
Mango is known as the king of fruits, is one of the most popular of the
tropical fruit varieties. Mango has undergone considerable varietal
differentiation. In India alone, over 100 named varieties are known.
Apart from these, millions of seedling trees grow throughout the
country, each of which has its own distinctive characteristics. A major
portion of mango trees in Kerala are of seedling origin. Tender and
mature but unripe mangoes are extensively used for making pickles.
Ripe fruits are eaten as such. A variety of products are made out of
this. They are canned mango slices, mango pulp, jam, juice, custard
powder, ready to serve mango beverages, toffees etc are these.
Manga(Mango)
• Scientific Name :Carica papaya
• Common Name : Omaikka(Papaya)
• Family :Caricaceae
The papaya is the fruit of the plant Carica papaya. It is a very large
plant and has a single stem that grows to a height of around 5 to 10
meters tall. The leaves are seen only in the top of the trunk and are
arranged in a attractive spiral manner. The ripe fruit is eaten whereas
the unripe fruit of papaya is cooked and eaten. They are used to make
curries, salads and stews. It has high amount of pectin in it that can be
used to make jellies also. Some of the various uses of papaya are that it
is used as a cooking aid, in medicine etc
Omaikka(Papaya)

19. Seethaappazham (CustardApple)
• Scientific Name : Annonareticulata
• Common Name : Seethaappazham (CustardApple)
• Family :Annonaceae
This is another fruit that is common in Kerala villages and very tasty
also. This fruit comes from the tree atha. This fruit is almost size
compared to apple. It contains a lot of seeds coated with edible
white portion .This fruit is very tasty and posses medicinal qualities.
Now, It is disapperaring from the society
• Scientific Name :Anacardium occidentale
• Common Name : Kasumanga (CashewFruit)
• Family :Anacardiaceae
The cashew is a tree which is native to northeastern Brazil. It is plenty in
Kerala. We Export it to other countries. They are grown mainly for the
cashew nuts and cashew apples. While processing cashew we obtain the
cashew nutshell liquid which is rich in anacardic acids. This can be used
effectively against tooth problems as they are harmful to the gram-
positive bacteria. They also act best against many other gram-positive
bacteria. The cashew nut is a favourite snack of all and they are
consumed as such or lightly salted or sugared
Kasumanga (CashewFruit)

20. • Scientific Name : Syzygiumcumini
• Common Name : Njaval (BlackPlum)
• Family :Myrtaceae
The fruit is known for its sweet, sour and astringent flavor. It is a large
evergreen tree with white fragrant flowers and black fruit with pink
juicy pulp. This fast growing tree lives for more than 100 years. The
wood is strong and is water resistant.
Because of this it is used in railway sleepers and to install
motors in wells. This tree starts to flower in the months March to
April every year. The The fruit is green and changes to a pink to
shining black colour when it matures.. The seed has medicinal values
and is used in ayurveda to control diseases like diabetes and also for
digestive ailments. The leaves and bark are also useful for controlling
blood pressure. Wine and vinegar are also made from the fruit. It is a
high source of vitamin A and vitaminC.
Njaval (BlackPlum)
• Scientific Name : Pithecellobiumdulce
• Common Name : Kodukappuli (ManilaTamarind)
• Family :Fabaceae
An apple a day keeps a doctor away’ may be modified thus ‘A
kodukappuli a day may indeed keep pain away’. This is an evergreen tree
which grows very fast and has a crooked trunk with small branches
that arise from the base of the leaves. The flowers are greenish white
in colour, fragrant and it produces pod with an edible pulp. The liquid
obtained by boiling the bark can be used for the curing frequent bowel
movement.
Decoctions of leaves are used for digestion problems and used as
abortifacient. The hard timber is used for various purposes such as for
construction, packing cases, making fences, cart building and
agricultural tools etc.
Kodukappuli (ManilaTamarind)

21. • Scientific Name : Zizyphusjujuba
• Common Name : Jujube (Elantha)
• Family :Rhamnaceae
It is a small deciduous tree or shrub reaching a height of 5–12 metres
(16–39 ft), usually with thorny branches. The leaves are shiny-green,
ovate-acute, 2–7 centimetres (0.79–2.76 in) long and 1–3 centimetres
(0.39–1.18 in) wide, with three conspicuous veins at the base, and a
finely toothed margin.
The flowers are small, 5 mm (0.20 in) wide, with five inconspicuous
yellowish-green petals. The fruitis an edible oval drupe 1.5–3
centimetres (0.59–1.18 in) deep; when immature it is smooth-green,
with the consistency and taste of an apple, maturing brown to
purplish-black, and eventually wrinkled, looking like a small date.
There is a single hard seed similar to an olive pit.
Jujube (Elantha)
• Scientific Name : Citrusreticulata
• Common Name : Mandarin(Orange)
• Family :Rutaceae
The orange is the fruit of the citrus species Citrus × sinensis in the
family Rutaceae. It is also called sweet orange, to distinguish it
from the related Citrus × aurantium, referred to as bitter orange.
The sweet orange reproduces asexually (apomixis through
nucellar embryony); varieties of sweet orange arise through
mutations.
Mandarin(Orange)

22. VEGETABLES

23. • Scientific Name :Solanum melongena
• Common Name : Brinjal(Vazhuthana)
• Family :Solanaceae
It grows 40 to 150 cm (1.3 to 4.9 ft) tall, with large, coarsely lobed
leaves that are 10 to 20 cm (3.9 to 7.9 in) long and 5 to 10 cm (2.0
to 3.9 in) broad. Semiwild types can grow much larger, to 225 cm
(7.38 ft) with large leaves over 30 cm (12 in) long and 15 cm (5.9 in)
broad. On wild plants, the fruit is less than 3 cm (1.2 in) in diameter,
but much larger in cultivated forms: 30 cm (12 in) or more in
length.
Brinjal (Vazhuthana)
• Scientific Name :Lycopersicon esculentum
• Common Name :Tomato (Thakkali)
• Family :Solanaceae
It is one of the most commonly seen fruit in Kerala. It is white when
it is not ripen. It turns rose and then red as it ripe. You can eat it
even if it is not ripen, but it will be slightly sour. This fruit bearing
tree grows a maximum of 6 - 7 meters. The fruit has seeds inside
which is bitter in taste. Even though its juice is not common it is also
very tasty.
Tomato(Thakkali)

24. • Scientific Name :Phaseolus vulgaris
• Common Name : French bean(Beans)
• Family :Fabaceae
Bush beans are short plants, growing to not more than 2 feet (61 cm)
in height, often without requiring supports. They generally reach
maturity and produce all of their fruit in a relatively short period of
time, then cease to produce. Due to this concentrated production
and ease of mechanized harvesting, bush-type beans are those most
often grown on commercial farms. Bush green beans are usually
cultivars of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).
French bean(Beans)
• Scientific Name :Canavalia gladiata
• Common Name : Sword bean(Valaringa)
• Family :Fabaceae
Canavalia gladiata, usually called sword bean, is a domesticated plant
species in the legume (Fabaceae) family. The legume is a used as a
vegetable in interiors of central and south central India, though not
commercially farmed. In Telugu it is called chamma kaya also called
Tammikaya. In Tamil it is called valavaraik-kay or valavaran-gai which
means, the vegetable that looks like a sword. In Khmer, it is
called sânndaèk triës The fruits are eaten as a vegetable in
Africa and Asia.
Sword bean(Valaringa)

25. • Scientific Name :Momordica charantia
• Common Name :Bitter gourd (Paval)
• Family :Cucurbitaceae
This herbaceous, tendril-bearing vine grows up to 5 m (16
ft) in length. It bears simple, alternate leaves 4–12 cm
(1.6–4.7 in) across, with three to seven deeply separated
lobes. Each plant bears separate yellow male and female
flowers. In the Northern Hemisphere, flowering occurs
during June to July and fruiting during September to
November.
Bitter gourd(Paval)
• Scientific Name :Abelmoschus esculentus
• Common Name : Okra (Venda)
• Family :Malvaceae
The species is a perennial, often cultivated as an annual in temperate
climates, and often grows to around 2 metres (6.6 ft) tall. It is related
to such species as cotton, cocoa, and hibiscus. The leavesare 10–20
centimetres (3.9–7.9 in) long and broad, palmately lobed with 5–7
lobes. The flowers are 4–8 centimetres (1.6–3.1 in) in diameter, with
five white to yellow petals, often with a red or purple spot at the base
of each petal.
The fruit is a capsule up to 18 centimetres (7.1 in) long
with pentagonal cross-section, containing numerous seeds.
Okra (Venda)

26. • Scientific Name :Amaranthus spp,
• Common Name : Amaranthus(Cheera)
• Family :Amaranthaceae
Usually it grows to a size of 80–120 cm. It has both green and red
varieties, as well as some with mixed colors. The green variety is
practically indistinguishable from Amaranthus viridis.It flowers from
summer to fall in the tropics, but can flower throughout the year in
subtropical conditions. It is a ruderal species, usually found in waste
places or disturbed habitats.Amaranthus dubius is considered to be a
morphologically deviant allopolyploid. It is very close genetically to
Amaranthus spinosus and other Amaranthus species.
Amaranthus (Cheera)
• Scientific Name :Capsicum annuum
• Common Name : Chilli(Mulaku)
• Family :Solanaceae
Although the species name annuum means “annual” (from the
Latin annus “year”), the plant is not an annual and in the
absence of winter frosts can survive several seasons and grow
into a large perennial shrub. The single flowers are an off-white
(sometimes purplish) color while the stem is densely branched and up
to 60 cm (24 in) tall. The fruit are berries that may be green, yellow or
red when ripe. While the species can tolerate most climates, C.
annuum is especially productive in warm and dry climates.
Chilli (Mulaku)

27. GROUNDCOVER
SPECIES

28. • Scientific Name : Geraniummacrorrhizum
• Common Name : Bigroot Geranium
• Family :Geraniaceae
This old fashioned tough and aggressive perennial ground cover is a
good choice for gardeners who want to grow low maintenance plants.
The plant barely grows up to 1-1.5 feet tall and loves the sun. Blooms
appear when the weather warms up in colors like pink, red or pale pink
with interesting variegated foliage. You can also plant it in groups
under the trees, the bigroot geranium is a drought tolerant plant and
best grown in temperates under USDA Zones 4 to 8b.
Bigroot Geranium (Geraniummacrorrhizum)
• Scientific Name : Lamiummaculatum
• Common Name :Spotted Dead Nettle
• Family :Lamiaceae
Dead nettle (Lamium maculatum) is notable for both its variegated
foliage and its dense clusters of flowers, which appear in a variety of
colors, including white, pink and purple (depending on the cultivar).
This low growing plant can be grown diversely in different climates
(USDA Zones 3-10), providing it cool, moist soil and shade to part
shade. However, it must be noted that dead nettle can be invasive
and considered as a weed by many gardeners.
Spotted DeadNettle

29. • Scientific Name : Portulacagrandiflora
• Common Name : Moss Rose(Portulaca)
• Family :Portulacaceae
This pretty little plant with needle-like foliage and tiny colorful flowers
looks absolutely stunning. It is an annual or perennial (*in warm
tropical and subtropical climates) ground cover that spreads densely.
The blooms come in yellow, pink, red, white, orange and many more
colors. Moss rose is very tolerant of poor conditions and dry soil.
Moss Rose(Portulaca)
• Scientific Name :Helianthemum greenei
• Common Name :Helianthemum
• Family :Cistaceae
Also called ‘Sun Rose’ or ‘Rock Rose’, this subshrub comes from the
family Cistaceae and barely grows up to 1 feet tall. Providing a well-
drained soil and full sun (part shade in warmer climates) it blooms
happily. The showy flowers of this genus come in shades of orange,
pink, yellow, scarlet, and white.
There are some varieties available that bloom for a long time from
spring to fall (autumn). Grows in USDA Zones 5-9, this plant
usually dies back in the colder regions when the winter perks up,
whereas in warmer zones it remains evergreen.
Helianthemum

30. • Scientific Name : Liriopemuscari
• Common Name : Lilyturf(Liriope)
• Family :Asparagaceae
Lilyturf is neither a grass nor a lily. This showy and tough
groundcover has lush and deep green, grass-like foliage
ordered in slightly upright tufts. Spikes of violet or lavender
color flowers appear from late summer until the fall. Lilyturf
(USDA Zones 6-10) requires full sun in colder regions but in
warm subtropical or tropical climate, you can grow it in dappled
shade. It can be grown between tall shrubs and underneath the
canopy of trees, also use it for edging walkways or as and a
low border accent. Liriope ‘Muscari’ and Liriope ‘Spicata’are
two most popular varieties.
Lilyturf (Liriope)
• Scientific Name : Galiumodoratum
• Common Name : SweetWoodruff
• Family :Rubiaceae
Sweet woodruff is an excellent ground cover if you want to add
fragrance to your garden. Grows best in part shade to full shade
and on well-drained soil, this plant can grow up to a height of only
8-10 inches (When in bloom). It starts to bloom prolifically from
mid-spring, sweet woodruff leaves also release fragrance when
crushed.
SweetWoodruff

31. • Scientific Name : Thymusserpyllum
• Common Name : CreepingThyme
• Family :Lamiaceae
Thymus serpyllum is a low-growing aromatic flowering herb that
is perennial and hardy in USDA Zones 4-9. Just like other thyme
varieties it is edible too. This tiny plant barely grows up to 3
inches tall. It is deer resistant and an amazing alternative
of grasses.
CreepingThyme
• Scientific Name :Cotula coronopifolia
• Common Name : BrassButton
• Family :Asteraceae
If you’re searching for a lawn substitute on which you can set foot
without thinking much then consider growing brass button. It
also forms yellow-golden flowers that appear from spring to
summer.
Brass buttons are hardy in USDA Zones 5-10 (but evergreen only
in Zone 8-10), growing in temperates to subtropical climates
both.
BrassButton

32. • Scientific Name : Sedumdasyphyllum
• Common Name :Sedum
• Family :Crassulaceae
The genus ‘Sedum’ has a diverse group of ornamental succulent
plants, you can grow low growing sedums as a ground cover in
full sun and well-drained soil. Yellow flowers appear in summer.
The best thing about sedums is there are about 400 species of
them around the world that can be grown diversely in every
climate.
Sedum
• Scientific Name : Campanula Portenschlagiana
• Common Name :Dalmatian bellflower
• Family :Campanulaceae
Campanula portenschlagiana or ‘Dalmatian Bellflower’ is a beautiful
annual or perennial plant that forms a mat of small rounded leaves.
The flowers are star-shaped, blue-purple in color that blooms from
spring through summer. Relatively cold hardy but requires shelter
when temperature dips below much. It grows in full sun and in the part
shade too, on a fairly loose, well drained and alkaline soil.
Dalmatianbellflower

33. LAWNSPECIES

34. • Scientific Name :Stenotaphrum secundatum
• Common Name : St. Augustine Grass, Buffalograss,
Centipede grass
• Family :Poaceae
Coarse textured grass, Suitable for shady situation, requires
frequent watering. St. Augustine grass is a warm-season lawn grass
that is popular for cultivation in tropical and subtropical regions. It is
a medium- to high-maintenance grass that forms a thick, carpetlike
sod, crowding out most weeds and other grasses. It’s a dark green
grass with broad, flat blades. It spreads by aboveground stolons,
commonly known as "runners", and forms a dense layer.
St. AugustineGrass
• Scientific Name : Cynodondactylon
• Common Name : Scutch grass, Bermuda grass,
Hariyali, Arugu, Doob grass
• Family :Poaceae
Medium fine textured grass, Suitable for open sunny location; drought
resistant. The blades are a grey-green color and are short, usually 2–15
cm (0.79–5.91 in) long with rough edges. The erect stems can grow 1–
30 cm (0.39–11.81 in) tall. The stems are slightly flattened, often tinged
purple in colour.
Cynodon dactylon is widely cultivated in warm climates all over the world.
Scutch grass, Bermudagrass

35. REFERENCES:
• http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/Database/F
loweringplantsofKeral a_1289.aspx
• http://keralaplants.in/
• http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.
php/forest/flora
• http://www.keralaagriculture.gov.in/p
df/a_s_06042016.pdf
• https://www.flowersofindia.net
• http://paradise-kerala.com/blog/kerala-
flora-fauna-images/
• https://www.bayeradvanced.com/arti
cles/lawn-care-how-to- grow-grass-in-
the-shade
• http://balconygardenweb.com/best-
flowering-ground-cover-
• plants/
• http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/
horti_Landscaping_law
n%20making.html