4. Proximal end
Intracapsular
Capital : Fracture of the head
Subcapital :below the femoral head
Transcervical :across the mid-femoral neck
Basicervical :across the base of the femoral neck.
These injuries (last three)may be correctly termed
fractures of the 'neck of femur' (NOF).
5. Extra Capsular
Intertrochanteric
Subtrochanteric
Shaft
Distal end
Supracondylar
Condylar
10. The Garden classification of femoral
neck fractures
Based on the degree of displacement on the anteroposterior
radiographs.
Differentiation has therapeutic as well as prognostic value.
Type I and II fractures have a low incidence of avscular
necrosis .
25. Supracondylar Fractures
The lower fragment is drawn backward by the gastrocnemius
and plantaris, and the popliteal vessels and internal popliteal
nerve may either be wounded or stretched over its sharp
upper edge. The artery lying deepest is the most liable to
injury, then the vein, and finally the nerve.
32. Tibial plateau fractures
Fractures of the tibial plateau can be subtle or wide
displacement with varying degrees of comminution.
There may be depression of the plateau surface,
displacement of a fracture fragment or both.
Lipohaemarthrosis.
33. Lateral tibial plateau fracture
The fracture fragment is displaced and depressed from its normal
position
38. ANKLE FRACTURES
Lateral malleolar fractures
Lateral malleolar fractures are categorized according to their
position in relation to the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis at
the level of the ankle joint.
39. Weber fracture classification
Weber A = Distal to ankle joint
Weber B = At level of ankle joint
Weber C = Proximal to ankle joint
44. Maisonneuve fracture
Spiral fracture of the proximal third of the fibula associated
with a tear of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis and the
interosseous membrane.
There is an associated fracture of the medial malleolus or
rupture of the deep deltoid ligament.
46. Osteochondral Fractures
Occasionally ankle trauma causes a fracture of the
talus bone surface. These 'osteochondral' injuries are
often subtle and so this area should be assessed
carefully on all post-traumatic ankle X-rays.
48. Calcaneal Fractures
Falling from height can lead to severe calcaneal fractures,
which may be accompanied by axial loading fractures of the
spine.
Calcaneal fractures due to a fall from height are often
comminuted and intra-articular.
49. Bohler’s Angle
A line is drawn from the tuberosity to the most superior part
of the posterior facet.
Another line is drawn from the most superior part of the
facet to the anterior process.
Normally the angle created is between 20 and 40 degrees.
If the angle is less than 20 degrees, this indicates depressed
fracture.
51. The critical angle of Gissane
It is formed by a line along the lateral margin of the posterior
facet and another line extending anterior to the beak of the
calcaneus. The normal value is 95 to 105 degrees with an
increase representing posterior facet collapse
52.
53. Types of calcaneal fractures
Intra and Extrarticular fractures on the basis of subtalar joint
involvement.
Intrarticular fractures are more common and involve the
posterior talar articular facet of the calcaneus.
Extrarticular fractures are less common, and located
anywhere outside the subtalar joint.
54. The Sanders system classification
Is the most commonly used system for categorizing
intrarticular fractures.
Classifies these fractures into four types, based on the location
of the fracture at the posterior articular surface.
55. TYPES
Type I fractures
Type I fractures are non-displaced fractures (displacement <
2 mm).
Type II fractures
Type II fractures consist of a single intrarticular fracture that
divides the calcaneus into 2 pieces.
Type III fractures
Type III fractures consist of two intrarticular fractures that
divide the calcaneus into 3 articular pieces.
Type IV fractures
Type IV fractures consist of fractures with more than three
intrarticular fractures.
56.
57. Metatarsal Fractures
Oblique fracture of 5th
metatarsal shaft
5TH
Metatarsal base fracture
Metatarsal stress fractures
Stress fractures of the metatarsals are common in athletically
active individuals. These may not be visible on initial X-rays
but follow up images show periosteal stress reaction. This
has the appearance of fusiform bone expansion.