Lecture 3 of the Environmental Design module - Northumbria University

1. Sustainable
Development
Dr.Alex Hope
BE1257 Environmental Design

2. Sustainable
Development
“Our biggest challenge this
new century is to take an idea
that seems abstract -
sustainable development - and
turn it into a reality for all the
world’s people”
Kofi Annan, former UN Secretary General 2001

3. What
is
the
nature
of
the
problem?
• 7 Billions people want decent
life styles
• Today’s lifestyles and resource
and energy intensive
• Providing enough energy and
resources for 7 Billion
• Unsustainable ‘western’ lifestyles
What is ‘Sustainable Development’?

4. Defining
Sustainable
Development
“Meeting the needs of the
present without
compromising the ability of
future generations to meet
their own needs”
Our Common Future, United Nations World Commission on
Environment and Development (WCED), 1987

5. Classical
model
of
sustainability
http://sustainabilityinitiatives.wmwikis.net/file/view/The_three_spheres_of_sustainability.png

6. The
Five
economic
pillars
Sustainability
Manufactured
Capital
Fiscal
Capital
Cultural
Capital
Human/Social
Capital
Natural
Capital
J. Porritt, Capitalism As If the World Matters, Routledge S. Hawken, A. Lovins, H. Lovins, Natural Capitalism, Routledge

7. Ecological
Footprint
A
measure
of
how
much
area
of
biologically
produc=ve
land
and
water
an
individual,
popula=on
or
ac=vity
requires
to
produce
all
the
resources
it
consumes
and
to
absorb
the
waste
it
generates,
using
prevailing
technology
and
resource
management
prac=ces.
The
Ecological
Footprint
is
usually
measured
in
global
hectares.
Because
trade
is
global,
an
individual
or
country's
Footprint
includes
land
or
sea
from
all
over
the
world.
Ecological
Footprint
is
oDen
referred
to
in
short
form
as
Footprint.
"Ecological
Footprint"
and
"Footprint"
are
proper
nouns
and
thus
should
always
be
capitalized.
http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/glossary/

8. Ecological
Footprint
Current population
Available land area 1.8 Global Hectares per person=

9. Ecological
Footprint:
Overshoot
Overshoot
is
said
to
occur
when
humanity’s
annual
demand
upon
the
natural
world
has
exceeded
what
the
Earth
can
renew
in
a
year.
This
has
occurred
every
year
since
the
1970’s
http://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/lpr_2012_rio_summary_booklet_final_9may2012.pdf

10. Ecological
Footprint
If we all consumed the same amount of
resources, how many planets would we
need?

11. Ecological
Footprint
USA
Europe
World
http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/world_footprint/
http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/basics_introduction/

12. Ecological
Footprint

13. But
of
course
we
only
have
one
planet……
THINK GLOBAL ACT LOCAL

14. Human
Development

15. Human
Development
Index
• The
Human
Development
Index
(HDI)
is
a
summary
measure
of
human
development.
It
measures
the
average
achievements
in
a
country
in
three
basic
dimensions
of
human
development:
a
long
and
healthy
life
(health),
access
to
knowledge
(educa=on)
and
a
decent
standard
of
living
(income).
Data
availability
determines
HDI
country
coverage.
To
enable
cross-­‐country
comparisons,
the
HDI
is,
to
the
extent
possible,
calculated
based
on
data
from
leading
interna=onal
data
agencies
and
other
credible
data
sources
available
at
the
=me
of
wri=ng.
• The
term
Human
Development
Index
(HDI)
is
taken
to
be
a
synonym
of
the
older
term
standards
of
living
or
Quality
of
life
and
dis=nguish
between
"very
high
human
development",
"high
human
development",
"medium
human
development",
and
"low
human
development"
countries.
http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi/

16. Human
Development
Index
http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi/

17. Human
Development
Index

18. Gender
Inequality
Index

19. Gender
Inequality
Index
(GII)
• The
Gender
Inequality
Index
is
a
composite
measure
reflec=ng
inequality
in
achievements
between
women
and
men
in
three
dimensions:
reproduc=ve
health,
empowerment
and
the
labour
market.
It
varies
between
zero
(when
women
and
men
fare
equally)
and
one
(when
men
or
women
fare
poorly
compared
to
the
other
in
all
dimensions).
• The
health
dimension
is
measured
by
two
indicators:
maternal
mortality
ra=o
and
the
adolescent
fer=lity
rate.
•
The
empowerment
dimension
is
also
measured
by
two
indicators:
the
share
of
parliamentary
seats
held
by
each
sex
and
by
secondary
and
higher
educa=on
aXainment
levels.
•
The
labour
dimension
is
measured
by
women’s
par=cipa=on
in
the
work
force.
The
Gender
Inequality
Index
is
designed
to
reveal
the
extent
to
which
na=onal
achievements
in
these
aspects
of
human
development
are
eroded
by
gender
inequality,
and
to
provide
empirical
founda=ons
for
policy
analysis
and
advocacy
efforts.

20. Gender
Inequality
Index
(GII)
http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_TechNotes.pdf

21. Are
we
making
progress…
•
1.3
billion
people
live
in
absolute
poverty
and
have
no
access
to
safe
drinking
water
•
35,000
people
die
of
starva=on
everyday
•
Twice
as
many
Ethiopians
face
starva=on
due
to
famine
now
than
in
1984
•
225
of
the
world’s
richest
individuals
have
an
annual
income
equivalent
to
the
poorest
47%
of
the
world’s
en=re
popula=on

22. But
of
course
we
only
have
one
planet……
THINK GLOBAL ACT LOCAL

23. Sustainable
Development
Sustainable
Development
may
be
described
as
minimising
the
Ecological
Footprint
whilst
also
maximising
the
Human
Development
Index
(HDI).

24. 0"
1"
2"
3"
4"
5"
6"
7"
8"
9"
10"
0" 0.1" 0.2" 0.3" 0.4" 0.5" 0.6" 0.7" 0.8" 0.9" 1"
Ecological(Footprint(
Human(Development(Index(
Human(Development(Index(and(Ecological(Footprint(
Human
Development
Index
and
Ecological
Footprint
Small ecological footprint
HighHDI
Sustainable Development Quadrant

25. Human
Development
Index
and
Ecological
Footprint
Only one country (Cuba) populates the
Sustainable Development Quadrant
Global Footprints Network http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/52/1/43844294.htm#H56

26. 0"
1"
2"
3"
4"
5"
6"
7"
8"
9"
10"
0" 0.1" 0.2" 0.3" 0.4" 0.5" 0.6" 0.7" 0.8" 0.9" 1"
Ecological(Footprint(
Human(Development(Index(
Human(Development(Index(and(Ecological(Footprint(
Human
Development
Index
and
Ecological
Footprint
Small ecological footprint
HighHDI
By
what
means
can
the
sustainable
development
quadrant
be
populated?

27. Contrac=on
and
Convergence
http://gci.org.uk/

28. 0"
1"
2"
3"
4"
5"
6"
7"
8"
9"
10"
0" 0.1" 0.2" 0.3" 0.4" 0.5" 0.6" 0.7" 0.8" 0.9" 1"
Ecological(Footprint(
Human(Development(Index(
Human(Development(Index(and(Ecological(Footprint(
Human
Development
Index
and
Ecological
Footprint
Small ecological footprint
HighHDI
Contraction and convergence

29. Human
Development
Index
and
Ecological
Footprint
0"
1"
2"
3"
4"
5"
6"
7"
8"
9"
10"
0.0" 0.1" 0.2" 0.3" 0.4" 0.5" 0.6" 0.7" 0.8" 0.9" 1.0"
Ecological(Footprint(
Human(Development(Index(
Human(Development(Index(and(Ecological(Footprint(
By
what
means
can
the
sustainable
development
quadrant
be
populated?

30. Are$we$making$progress…$

31. But
of
course
we
only
have
one
planet……
THINK GLOBAL ACT LOCAL

32. Summary''
• Definitions of Sustainable development
• Models of sustainable development
• Ecological and Carbon footprinting
• Human Development Index

33. Text
What
if
it’s
all
a
hoax?

34. Further'Reading'
IISD (2010) ‘Sustainable Development Timeline’, International Institute for
Sustainable Development [Online]. Available at: www.iisd.org
Goodland, R. (1995) ‘The Concept of Environmental Sustainability’, Annual Review
of Ecology and Systematics 26 pp. 1-24
Anand, S. and Sen, A. (2000) ‘Human Development and Economic Sustainability’,
World Development 28 (12) pp. 2029-2049
McKenzie, S. (2004) ‘Social Sustainability: Towards some definitions’, Hawke
Research Institute Working Paper Series 27. Magill: Hawke University
UNDP (2011) ‘Human Development Report 2011: Sustainability and Equity: A Better
Future for All’. Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2011/download/