Ergonomist 537-March 2015 Behavioural Safety

No. 537 March 2015
TheErgonomistThe Chartered Institute of Ergonomics & Human Factors
THE ROLE OF EXPECTATION IN DESIGN
COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIOURAL TRAINING DESIGN IN CONSTRUCTION
SEXUAL HARASSMENT AND PUBLIC SPACES
Cybernomics and the implications
of cyber-deception

2 The Ergonomist March 2015
Contents
www.ergonomics.org.uk
Features
04 The role of expectation in design
Ron McLeod
08 Cognitive and behavioural training design in construction
Patricia Meiring & Ann Bicknell
12 Cybernomics and the implications of cyber-deception
Peter Hancock, Gabriella Hancock & Ben Sawyer
16 Sexual harassment and public spaces
Jane Osmond & AndreeWoodcock
Also in this issue
03 From the President
06 Journal overview
07 Ergonomics Everywhere
10 StudentVoice
15 Events
18 Institute News
20 Membership update
21 Membership matters
22 Recruitment
Editorial
Understandingthoughtprocesses
As more young people head to Syria to join IS,
the question that keeps coming up is: why?
In our cover article, Peter Hancock and
colleagues discuss cybernomics and the way
in which cyber-deception is changing warfare.
Gone are the days, they argue, where the aim
of an enemy is to destroy. In the cyber world,
which is built on communication, the aim is to
persuade and control, to win the enemy over
to a certain mindset.That is certainly what we
are seeing with these young people, who are
convinced online that Islamic State will provide
them with the life they dream of.The article
discusses how we might combat this type of
warfare and how, just as information can be
a tool for destruction, it can also be a force for
good.
Ron McLeod explores how the erroneous
expectations of various stakeholders can lead to
the design of instruments that cause mistakes
rather than preventing them. He examines what
goes wrong in the design process from the point
of view of users, shareholders and managers
and discusses how being aware of expectations
can reduce human error.
Patricia Meiring and Ann Bicknell describe a
study that was carried out with construction
workers in the Middle East to determine
whether declarative or procedural training is
more effective in bringing about change in
safety behaviours.
Jane Osmond and AndreeWoodcock discuss
street harassment and the ways in which
transport design can increase safety for women
while they are travelling.
If you have any ideas for feature articles on
research or practice in ergonomics and human
factors, news items, details of relevant events or
suggestions for new content for TheErgonomist,
please email us.
EmailTina: tina@ergonomics.org.uk
Email Frances: frances@ergonomics.org.uk
12
Chartered Institute
of Ergonomics
& Human Factors

March 2015 The Ergonomist 3
From the President
Moving with the times
A launch event will be held
at the beginning of March
at St Pancras International
station in London, to celebrate
the Institute becoming Chartered. The venue
was chosen carefully. Steve Barraclough will
say at the reception that St Pancras is “…a
place where so many journeys have begun.”
Gilbert Scott’s gothic masterpiece and the
adjoining station have a fine history, having
changed considerably with the times since
the first train arrived into St Pancras in 1868.
With expansion, decline, the closure of the
Grand Hotel in 1935, bomb damage in 1941,
St Pancras has more recently transformed
to become the magnificent international
transport hub it is today. Important themes
during the reception will be the Institute’s
own proud heritage, the wide ranging and
important contributions of EHF to modern life
and issues we expect to be tackling in future.
Thinking about the future prompts me to
highlight two significant challenges raised
by contributors to our journals. Among
papers shortlisted for the Institute’s Liberty
Mutual Award this year is Hancock’s article
‘Automation: how much is too much?’ In
his treatise, Hancock highlights a drive to
automate because we can, not because we
should. He argues for a more intelligent,
purposeful approach to automation, giving
greater heed to achieving collective, positive
human experience. Driverless cars will be
mentioned at the reception. My mother,
still driving in her mid-80s, depends on this
mobility to live an independent life to the full.
She is finding driving increasingly difficult
however, and for her, fully automated vehicles
would be of great benefit. For my son though,
in his early 20s, learning to drive and having
his own car have been a hedonistic rite of
passage. Addressing the consequences of ever
more automation presents dilemmas for EHF
in achieving artful compromise between widely
conflicting user needs.
In 2009, Straker and Mathiassen asked the
question “Increased physical workloads in
modern work – a necessity for better health
and performance?” These authors reasoned
that addressing growth in sedentary work and
its detrimental effects on health requires a shift
from the traditional ergonomics paradigm
of reducing risk by reducing physical loads.
How then should EHF develop its approaches
to function allocation, task, job and system
design, in order to achieve good work and
good jobs? Ought we to follow Barbieria and
colleagues’ suggestion in January’s edition of
Ergonomics that office workers should clean
their own offices?
There are other major EHF issues on the
horizon of course, those arising from
population change, climate change, renewable
energy generation and the evolution of
manufacturing, for example. As we begin our
journey as a Chartered Institute, our discipline
and its paradigms need to continue to develop
with the times. We might reflect on the words
of Albert Einstein: “The world as we have
created it is a process of our thinking. It cannot
be changed without changing our thinking.”
Best wishes
1604 08

Feature
ABOUT THE
AUTHOR
Ron is an
independent
human factors
consultant
and has been
a member of
the IEHF since
1982.This article
is an edited
extract from the
introduction to
Part III (Human
Factors in Barrier
Thinking) of his
forthcoming
book, Designing
forhuman
reliability:
HumanFactors
Engineering
fortheOil,Gas
andProcess
Industries due
for publication
by Elsevier in
April.Visit www.
ronmcleod.com.
The role of expectation in design
Ron McLeod
The image below illustrates the layout of an
alarm panel installed in the engine room of a
ship. Take a moment to study the layout of the
alarms on the two left hand columns. Now, what
alarm do you think the button marked ‘?’ is
going to be?
Its not what you might reasonably think. It’s
‘FireEye Lockout’. The ‘Pump Oil Low’ alarm
was actually located below the ‘Pump Oil High’
alarm, not beside it.
In the actual panel, the two columns on the left
hand side show performance parameters for a
boiler. The alarms in these two columns are all
arranged with the high level alarms on the left,
and the low level alarms immediately to their
right. But in the lower right hand quadrant,
the Feedwater Pump Oil Low alarm is located
below, not to the right of, the high level alarm.
An engineer who was new to the ship noticed
the ‘FireEye Lockout’ alarm lit up. Being aware
of the left to right, high-low pattern for all the
other boiler performance alarms, he responded
as if the feedwater pump oil level was low. When
he was questioned about the mistake, he insisted
that he had read the alarm, thought it had said
‘Pump Oil Low’ and acted accordingly.
If this mistake had led to an event that was
serious enough to be investigated, the likely
conclusion would have been along the lines that
the mistake was made because of the engineer’s
inexperience, or not being sufficiently attentive.
It wasn’t. It was a design-induced human error.
And it’s one that nearly anyone could have been
predicted to make at some time. The company
who manufactured the
panel can more than
reasonably be expected
to have anticipated and
avoided the error by
the way they designed
the layout of the
alarms.
There are many other
examples of similar
error-inducing
designs in the
published literature.
And there are many
good technical
standards that provide
principles and design
guidance to avoid
putting these kind of
human error ‘traps’
into equipment. A
modern manufacturer of boilers and related
instrumentation can reasonably be expected to
ensure the layout of an alarm panel, or indeed,
any piece of equipment intended for use in a
safety critical application, does not incorporate
such an obvious human error trap in a released
product.
So what did they expect?
Fortunately the result of the error on the boiler
alarm panel was minor: no-one was injured
and there was no damage, environmental
impact or operational loss. But it happened on
a commercial sea-going vessel subject to strict
regulations and controls as well as rigorous
design and certification standards, safety
management systems and operating procedures.
It cannot be dismissed lightly as being of no
consequence, or ‘just one of those things’. It
should not have happened. So let’s examine what
might have been expected.
There are quite a variety of stakeholders who
could reasonably have had expectations about

why it would be impossible for a qualified
engineer, considered competent to work in the
engine room, to make this error. Some of the
more obvious stakeholders include: the engineer
himself; his immediate supervisor (probably
the ship’s chief engineer); the ship’s captain; the
organisation that owns the ship; the company
that designed, manufactured and sold the boilers
and associated instrumentation; and the person
responsible for certifying the ship as being safe
and seaworthy, as well as many others.
Let’s assume that none of these stakeholders
expected this mistake to happen; the core
expectation of everyone involved has got to be –
can only be – that no-one expected this mistake;
the engineer was expected to perform this
simple task correctly. So what did the various
stakeholders expect? And did these expectations
match up with reality? The engineer himself may
have expected that the company would not allow
equipment to be put into service that is likely
to lead him to make a mistake. Unfortunately,
companies frequently do allow such equipment
to be put into service, even if unknowingly.
The ship’s owner and their shareholders will
have expected the engineer to read the label
on the alarm and understand what it means
before taking action. But this expectation is not
consistent with how the human brain works,
much of the time in the real world. Humans
can ‘look without seeing’ and ‘read without
understanding’. An operator scanning a familiar
display is likely to use System 1 thinking, that is,
fast, intuitive, instinctive thinking.
The ship’s owner and shareholders will also
have expected that critical equipment will be
designed to industry standards and that critical
workspaces and man-machine interfaces will
comply to appropriate human factors design
standards. In the real world, human factors
standards are often called up in design contracts
but are frequently not fully complied with.
The company that designed, manufactured and
sold the boilers may have expected that if there
was anything seriously wrong with their designs,
they would have been told by customers or field
engineers. In reality, most human errors do not
lead to significant incidents. Consequently, they
are rarely investigated fully. And if they are, they
rarely identify inherent design problems that are
fed back to suppliers.
The company may also have expected that,
since they employ engineers with many years’
experience designing similar equipment, they
can be trusted to get the design of the human
interface right based on their experience. No
engineer or designer wants to be associated with
poor design. Though in the real world, engineers
and designers have to make compromises. The
challenge of making things work within all the
constraints, trade-offs and compromises of
time, budget and resources means the human
interface often gets overlooked.
The engineering manager responsible for the
design of the instrumentation panel may have
expected that the team who produced the design
included an engineer competent in human
factors, or that the design was reviewed by a
human factors engineer. Unfortunately, many
organisations adopt a much lower threshold
for what they consider ‘competence’ in human
factors than they would accept for other
engineering disciplines. Being a human, and an
engineer, does not make one a human factors
engineer.
This may seem like a big issue to be making out
of such a simple mistake associated with one
alarm being slightly out of position on an alarm
panel. Perhaps it is. Though the purpose has
been to use this simple example to illustrate the
value and insight that can come from asking
the simple question ‘what did they expect?’ in
connection with a human error. And it is worth
reflecting again on the context: this mistake
was made by a qualified engineer working in a
safety-critical facility. He may have been new
to the ship, but there was no question either
about his professional competence to be in the
position he was assigned to, or his fitness to
work at the time. And no-one expected him to
make the mistake. Indeed, it was expected not to
happen. It should not have happened.
So this simple example is merely an illustration.
It illustrates how examining the expectations
held by stakeholders throughout the value chain
can provide insight into how people can be put
into a position performing critical work where
the chances of them making a design-induced
mistake are unneccesarily high.
In this case, expectations about how the design
of the alarm panel would be assured were
flawed, with the result that a situation was
created in a critical operational environment
where any engineer, however competent,
experienced and alert they were, and however
strong and supportive the organisation and
safety culture they worked in, was likely, at some
time, to make the mistake. 

Journal overview
The Institute’s membership package includes instant access to
seven online journals. Simply go to ergonomics.org.uk, log in to
‘MyIEHF’and click on‘My journals’to see the full list.
Each month we will list articles from a selection of the titles.
Ergonomics
Volume58,Issue1,2015
› State of science: mental workload in ergonomics
› Job rotation, musculoskeletal complaints and related work
› A review of HFE-based healthcare system redesign
› Biomechanical exposure variability in office work
› Shift rotation and age - sleep and inflammation
› Compensatory cognitive rehabilitation for stroke patients
› Noise effect on comfort in open-space offices
› Chinese text entry performance for mobile display interfaces
› Maximum acceptable efforts for a thumb abduction task
› Arm movement variability in a repetitive precision task
› Postural stability and perceived exertion: backpacks
› SCBA facepiece for metabolic data collection from firefighters
› Cycling skill, motor competence and BMI in children
Applied Ergonomics
Volume47March2015
› Risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome: work organization
› Heat strain evaluation of overt and covert body armour
› Breakdowns in coordinated decision making at incidents
› Pheromone responses to deception in a security interview
› Protective footwear and subjective sensations of firefighters
› Prolonged arm elevation as a risk factor for shoulder pain
› Automation: Performance, workload and behaviour
› Influence of equipment on sprinting performance
› Physical ergonomics indices for partial pressure suits
› An evaluation of a qualitative culture assessment tool
› Physical load and musculoskeletal complaints among dentists
› Driver behavior in use of signs under distraction
› The impact of work time control on physicians’sleep
› The collective construction of safety
› Cycling at varying load: measuring perceived exertion
› The patient work system: self-care performance barriers
› Vertical mouse, ergonomic mouse pads and carpal tunnel
› Designing a healthcare kiosk for the community
› A practical approach to glare assessment for train cabs
› Healthcare workers’perceptions of lean
› Investigation of air supply nozzle use in aircraft cabins
› Self-rostering and psychosocial work factors
› Active seating and car passengers’perceived comfort
› Vigilance decrements in closed circuit television surveillance
› Physical fitness and air ventilation efficiency in firefighters
› Thermal discomfort and hypertension in bus drivers
› Standard inclinometry of set upper arm elevation angles
› Subjective responses to display bezel characteristics
› The effect of four pointing device designs in mousing tasks
› Work Domain Analysis with turing machine task analysis
› Integrated human error identification techniques
› Lean production tools and innovative learning
› Glass cockpit displays in simulated flight training
› Emergency management multi-agency coordination
› Usability in product development practice: a case study
› A socio-technical approach to improving energy efficiency
› TheThreat-Strategy Interview
› Nursing strategies in the pediatric intensive care unit
Behaviour and InformationTechnology
Volume34Issue3,2015
› Beyond cognition and affect: sensing the unconscious
› Behavioural responses to risk on remote outcomes
› Information systems and performance
› Information systems satisfaction, loyalty and attachment
› Exploring managers’intention to use business intelligence
› Individual characteristics and evaluation of IT
› Does computing anger have social elements?
› A neural network approach for user experience assessment
› Innovativeness, aesthetics and self-connection with brand
Journal of Sports Sciences
Volume33,Issue6,2015
› Aerobic exercise: no compensatory effects in type 2 diabetes
› Lower extremity kinematics of athletics curve sprinting
› High-intensity intermittent priming and cycling performance
› Erythropoietin treatment, mitochondrial and fat oxidation
› Development of the precompetitive appraisal measure
› Cardiorespiratory performance and weight in adolescents
› Visual perception measures in sports vision programmes
› The expert orienteer’s cognitive advantage
› Reductions in blood pressure following isometric exercise
› Judgement and decision-making in adventure sports
› Total body water and its compartments in elite judo athletes
› Cohesion, team mental models, and collective efficacy
Publications

News
Ergonomics Everywhere
LastThursday I learned more about EEF, an organisation which
supports and lobbies on behalf of UK manufacturers, large and
small, many of whom make up a sizeable membership.The
mood within the UK manufacturing community represented on
that evening in London was decidedly upbeat, in sharp contrast
to that of five years ago. Investment and hard work is evidently
beginning to pay off, in terms of reliability of manufacture,
quality of output, and importantly, the standing in which our
output, from excavators to cars to components are being held
again. Confidence, a fragile commodity at the best of times,
was cautiously in evidence, together with the inevitable frisson
of uncertainty about what the coming election might deliver.
Vince Cable gave a very listenable insight into the notion of
partnership between government and manufacturing, and how
such an approach, depending as it does on joint initiatives and
commitment, has been encouragingly productive.There was a
pretty common feeling that, irrespective of your politics and to
a degree, irrespective on the outcome of the coming election,
that there is significant merit in de-politicising manufacturing,
and ensuring that sectors like it receive even-handed support
from successive governments, regardless of colour.This would
ensure momentum is maintained, and our manufacturing base
strengthens as a core activity, providing continuity, work, and
the chance for people to learn skills through apprenticeship, a
concept that many of us who are longer in the tooth still shake
our heads about and wonder just how apprenticeship could
have slipped so far off our national agenda.
I found my way home drawing plenty of positives from
that evening. A strong manufacturing sector becomes ever
more likely to invest, now or for the first time, in applying
ergonomics and human factors to further improve the safety
and faultlessness in which people can work together and
within complex systems. And to further sculpt the design
and safeguards that can be incorporated within equipment,
and the ways of using equipment. One major Japanese motor
manufacturer (and there were many vehicle makers in evidence
that evening) was animated about the way E/HF made a real
difference, and unspokenly, a commercial contribution to the
growing success of what they sell.That is our challenge: to
ensure E/HF is a routinely recognised part of the system that
underpins the success that our manufacturers are engineering,
now and in the future.
Steve Barraclough
CIEHF Chief Executive
Dear Editor
We’d like to reply to the excellent article in last month’s
issue by Laird Evans and others on the brief history of the
BAe AdvancedTechnology Centre.
The news of the closure of this excellent establishment is
very sad, but the article prompted happy memories of our
time there.
We both joined in the early 1980s as part of an intake of
‘graduate apprentices’.This was a brilliant scheme that
provided loads of training for people entering industry.
The work at ATC was fascinating and the colleagues both
excellent and supportive. It was the best possible start to a
career in human factors.
We’d like to say thank you to those colleagues for their
generosity and guidance to two apprentice ergonomists.
Ian Hamilton & Barry Davies
Dear Editor
The Journal, BasicandAppliedSocialPsychology (BASP) has
banned the null hypothesis significance testing procedure
(NHSTP) and the use of Confidence Intervals.
See http://bit.ly/1G36Uej
I propose that the Institute consider a similar ban for those
journals associated with it. A more ergonomic approach,
with consideration of design implications, would not be
impossible to devise. For research with aims of practical
application, the Evaluation Research literature offers many
resources.
My preferred resource for the topic of statistical inference
is Oakes, M (1986). SatisticalInference:Commentaryforthe
SocialandBehaviouralSciences. NewYorkWiley. Perhaps
the BASP policy will result in the book being back in print.
Brian Sherwood Jones
Correction
In last month’s issue of TheErgonomist, the piece‘From
the President’included an incorrect version of the word
Portakabin®, which is a registeredTrade Mark of Portakabin
Limited ofYork and is not a generic term.

Feature
ABOUT THE
AUTHORS
Patricia is an HSE
Training Lead in
the Sultanate of
Oman. Ann is a
Tutor Practitioner
for the University
of Leicester and
a consultant for
PeraTraining,
Leicester.
Cognitive and behavioural
training design in construction
Patricia Meiring & Ann Bicknell
Protecting workers from injury is the aim of
safety awareness training when controls like
elimination or substitution of hazardous work
activity have been addressed. On construction
sites, assessments of competency prior to
hire and training on project can demand
an extremely fast turn-around time. For
researchers, there are many variables in play
and many different kinds of people to assess.
Stringent experimental conditions may not
seem feasible. How can research align with
existing safety training measures and how can
training design can be enhanced with evaluation
measures to drive accident rates down? A recent
study conducted in the Middle East provides
some answers.
It is estimated that only 10% of all training
experiences are transferred from the training
environment to the job. Failure of transfer
may be due many reasons: high attentional
demands for a learner in a diverse work
environment; infrequent safety controls on site;
or the mixing of procedural and declarative
knowledge. The separation of training design
attempts to investigate some of these failures,
and understand their contribution in affecting
learning.
This study aimed to train two different groups
of construction workers, using two different
types of training: declarative and behavioural.
Declarative training is believed to have a
better far-transfer outcome, with behaviours
being demonstrated across a range of contexts,
whereas behavioural training is seen to have a
better near-transfer outcome, with behaviours
being displayed reliably in the contexts covered
by the training itself.
The first group received declarative training on
heat stress, while the second group received
behavioural training on how to maintain 100%
tie-off, that is, how to remain safely tethered
when working at height. Because the heat stress
training was declarative, its aim was for the
learners to understand the concepts of heat and
how to protect themselves. It is delivered inside
a classroom using powerpoint presentations
and Q&A in order to facilitate learners’
understanding. Classroom-based learning is
particularly well-suited to declarative content
and large audiences, provided the right language
trainer is used. 100% tie-off training on the
other hand focused on protecting participants
working at height by simulating the behaviours
in the exact contexts they would be in. The
training contains procedural knowledge and is
carried out in a simulated work environment,
which is well-suited to procedural knowledge as
the method replicates real-world environments.
It also relies less heavily on language.
Immediate evaluation measures of pre- and
post-test testing, and behavioural observations
were used to measure understanding. These
measures form part of the NIOSH Training
Evaluation framework (and are comparable to
Levels 2 and 3 of the now industry standard
Kirkpatrick Model of Training Evaluation,
1959). Additional challenges include global
projects with a large and diverse construction
workforce. Participants receiving declarative
training totalled 586 from seven countries, with
82% from the Indian subcontinent. Participants
receiving behavioural training were smaller in
size at 195, 53% from the Indian subcontinent
and 30% from Nepal.
Declarative training participants showed
a significantly higher measure of existing
knowledge in pre-tests. Procedural training
participants scored better on longitudinal
behavioural observation measures although
not significantly. Evaluation measures
corresponding to the type of knowledge
delivered is a seemingly better indication
of understanding. Where declarative and
procedural knowledge is found together, the
mix of knowledge type may necessitate a
careful consideration of the evaluation methods
used, and is an important feature for a holistic
understanding of competency. This finding
displays the breadth of evaluation measures that
are sometimes necessary within training design
and why this is often not completed in applied
studies.

Declarative training is assumed to result in far
less demonstration of near-transfer. No transfer
was found for the declarative training group
on post-test and behavioural observations
scores. Interestingly, following the delivery of
training in June, there was a large increase in
the number of heat-related patients admitted to
the clinic, from zero in 2013 to a total of 253 in
2014. This is a positive indicator of far-transfer
as participants demonstrated an awareness of
training content and an increased ability to
keep themselves safe. However, the evaluation
measures prescribed desired site behaviours,
but did not account for clinic admissions and
so did not adequately reflect the actual outcome
of cognitive training. Evaluation measures
that have the capability to record unknown
outcomes would be beneficial. Future research
could investigate how an individual leaps from
declarative knowledge to procedural knowledge
and then behavioural performance.
Future research on training evaluation measures
No significant relationships between scores
were identified for the procedural group,
although their measures of central tendency
were high – and therefore an indication of safe
performance. Procedural evaluation measures
were cross-sectional in nature, and therefore had
no opportunity for identifying changes prior to
and following training. Future research should
consider longitudinal evaluation measures,
which use leading indicators or predictive
measures such as daily observations, or near-
miss reporting programs.
There is opportunity for far more research
to be undertaken if company agreements,
ethical concerns, and quality of delivery are
addressed. Having the resources necessary to
train, administer, test and score individuals can
very quickly enhance the research process and
provide the right people with the right training
at the right time, as well as inform project
management with the much needed outputs of
safety data.
The training design separated knowledge types,
associated instructional methods and evaluation
tools associated with transfer of training.
Key takeaways:
› Safety data is ample – when conducting
research where stringent experimental
conditions cannot be controlled, make the
amount of data work for you by closely
aligning existing practices with research need.
› Use evaluation measures that align with
knowledge content to understand the full
breadth of competency levels.
› Make sure data scored for behavioural
performance is longitudinal and wide enough
to accommodate scores on all behaviour
stemming from knowledge gain.
› Investigate how knowledge leaps occur
between declarative training into behavioural
performance on an individual level.This could
revolutionise existing conventions in company
training design.
› Investigate unique populations that already
rely on training systems.The process of
implementation in novel environments
can be challenging but may offer specific
opportunities for improvement within the
process.
The practical implementation of training
research is a complex task; from planning to
delivery, evaluating competency, and recording
and reporting of data on large and diverse
projects with many stakeholders. No definitive
correlations between training and accident
frequency rates exist, however training remains
a valued tool for changing the way in which
work is performed, and perhaps, the culture of
the project too.
In the Middle East, international companies may
experience a unique opportunity in the way they
organise and create applicable training design
and report it in a timely fashion through well-
informed research design. This is an important
aspect of making training (both formal and
informal) sustainable to new populations, and
systems that account for safety rates as they
evolve in a global context. 

Changing cultures - my life and
research
In 2010, when I had finished my Bachelor of Science in
Engineering back in the US, I worked in surgery as a procedure
support technician on night shift.This experience gave me the
opportunity to see first-hand the procedures that American
doctors use when anaesthetising patients for surgery.
After moving to the UK to pursue my MSc and PhD, I focused
my research on the surgical suites of the local NHS hospitals.
In the UK, general anaesthesia is given to the patient in the
anaesthetic room (AR), a room adjacent to the operating
theatre, where the patient falls asleep, is disconnected from
monitoring, and is transferred into the operating theatre to be
reconnected to the anaesthetic machine in the theatre.The US
standard is to anaesthetise the patient directly in the operating
theatre. Arguments advocating for the use of AR in the UK
include increased efficiency of operating lists, reduced patient
anxiety, and providing functional space for the anaesthetic
team. However, some major issues with the AR include the
high cost of duplicated equipment, staffing, and transferring an
unconscious and unmonitored patient between rooms resulting
in a risk to the patient’s safety.
My research investigates the cultural context of the existence
of ARs in UK hospitals by evaluating surveys and interviews of
consultant anaesthetists and managers. From previous surveys,
it was clear that existing hospitals have ARs built on to most
or all theatres and an overwhelming majority of anaesthetists
prefer to use them. I will examine this unquestioned
commitment to ARs. I will also incorporate quantitative
analyses of efficiency and cost metrics to determine the costs of
utilising the AR, and if the proposed time-saving benefits truly
outweigh the costs. A final study will bring together clinicians
in a series of focus groups to reach consensus of a range of
evidence showing the costs and benefits of ARs.The clinicians
will also be asked to rank patient safety, efficiency, cost and
other factors relating to the use of ARs in anaesthetic practice,
to determine which priorities are dictating clinical decision-
making.
The results of my research will be beneficial for any healthcare
workers, managers, or researchers, to understand more fully
the persistence of cultural norms, and how that may affect
the possibility for infrastructure changes and improvement
of practice. I am currently in the third year of my PhD and
I’m eager to meet other international healthcare researchers
and ergonomists with whom I can share the experiences I’ve
gained from researching within the NHS, and the lessons I’ve
learned in the US from both the healthcare and manufacturing
industries.
JeenaVelzen
Situation awareness and self-
explaining roads
A body of literature has been growing in the Self-Explaining
Roads (SER) domain in Europe, New Zealand and elsewhere.
SER is based on the concept that roads should evoke safe
driving behaviour simply through through their design.
Situation awareness (SA) on the other hand is a well-
established human factors construct and is critical to safety.
Both SER and SA though are currently disconnected aims for an
environment which needs no further explanation or learning
process to know what it means and what to expect.
Coupling SA to SER in the name of inherent safety created
important new opportunities to explore the systematic
relationship between drivers and the road environment.
These became manifest in the course of a pilot study. In it an
approach to enable endemic features of a road to be extracted
using propositional networks was developed.The work formed
the basis of a much larger Naturalistic Driving Study.
A large pool of drivers who matched the demographic profile
of Scottish drivers was recruited.The study required them to
drive and think aloud on a real-world test route comprised
of roads local to Heriot-Watt University’s Edinburgh campus.
Using propositional networks the key innovation was being
able to extract a number of cognitive salient features, those
elements of the built environment which are instrumental to
a road being self-explaining and for it to afford correct speed
behaviour.
Do these cognitively salient features really have an effect? In
the validation study reported it was possible to demonstrate
that they did work. A group of 20 participants undertook a
picture rating task and the results showed that roads which
contained more cognitively salient features were associated
with reductions in overall speed and/or reduced speed variance,
depending on whether the road was a motorway or A-road.
The thesis integrated all the results into a road drivability tool
which can specify areas high and low on cognitively salient
features.This enables areas of cognitive compatibility and
incompatibility to be identified.
This step not only contributes to the body of knowledge but
provides engineers with a user-centred view of the built
environment.The discovered relationship between SER and
SA is a powerful one that can be advanced even further to the
ultimate benefit of road safety, usability and performance.
It would be great to get more feedback regarding my research
and meet people with similar research interests, so please feel
free to email me at chowdhuryipshita@gmail.com.
Ipshita Chowdhury
StudentVoice

The PhD Blog
by Steph Eaves
On 11th February I presented at an
Association of Researchers in Construction
Management DoctoralWorkshop on Health,
Safety andWellbeing at Edinburgh University.The workshop
was made up of several PhD students at various stages in their
research, with some invited industry experts, including my PhD
supervisor Professor Alistair Gibb.
The various presentations provided an excellent platform for
some in-depth discussion about how the notion of health and
wellbeing could be approached in an industry where typically
it is all about safety. It reminded me of a quote which often
appears in my presentations from LawrenceWaterman,Trustee
of the British Safety Council:“for too long we have shouted
safety but whispered health”.
I believe ergonomics has a huge role to play in bringing health
to the forefront of construction workforces. Utilising the
experience and knowledge of workers across the industry to tap
into healthy working behaviours and practices could potentially
enable workers to remain in their trades for longer.
Feedback and communication are key in participatory
ergonomics, however, from my own research with interviews
and focus groups with construction workers, it’s clear that there
is a large gap where good communication channels between
the workforce and management should be.
The DoctoralWorkshop was very helpful in allowing discussion
about how we can change the culture and perceptions of
workers in the construction industry, to encourage individuals
to consider their behaviour at work, including unsafe acts such
as intentionally removing their protective equipment.
It has certainly given me some direction for the impending
thesis write-up! I would like to Dr Simon Smith and Dr Fred
Sherratt for organising the day.
New student representative
We have a new student representative,
Joe Smyth, from Goldsmiths University
of London. If you are studying on an
ergonomics-related course, like Joe, get
in touch!
“I graduated from Loughborough University in 2014 with a BSc
in Ergonomics and Human Factors. I’m now studying for an MA
in Design Critical Practice at Goldsmiths, University of London.
I’m interested in the automotive and transport sector and the
fields of HMI, ConnectedVehicleTechnologies, and Ergonomics
within Design. I’m using my design degree to improve my
knowledge and ability in design methods and processes with
the aim of applying these to future ergonomics projects.”
Girls in Engineering event a great
success
Recently, BAE Systems Military Air and Information business
hosted a group of 80 female students at a‘Girls in Engineering’
open evening at its site inWarton, Lancashire.The event aimed
to inspire the 15-18 year olds and provide them with an insight
into the exciting world of engineering.
This event was a fantastic opportunity for us, as human factors
engineers, to raise awareness about the diversity of the human
factors domain and provide more information about career
routes for budding ergonomists or human factors engineers.
We know from experience how difficult it can be selecting
A-level subjects or university degree courses and how useful an
event like this would have been for us when we were making
these decisions.
There were two human factors engineers at our stand, both
members of the CIEHF.The stand comprised a variety of human
factors equipment, videos and presentations associated with
manned and unmanned aircraft systems both current and
forward looking.
Practical demonstrations focused on two elements: the
physical environment, giving the students an opportunity to
try on flight suits, and and the cognitive environment, giving
the students an opportunity to test out novel interaction
technologies such as the Oculus Rift for potential use in future
cockpits or Unmanned AirVehicle Ground Control Stations
where the pilot and the vehicle are remote from one another.
We had a great response at our stand with one student
deciding on the night that she wanted to pursue a career in
human factors!
Jaina Mistry & Fiona Cayzer

Feature
Cybernomics and the implications
of cyber-deception
Peter Hancock, Gabriella Hancock & Ben Sawyer
As digital technologies proliferate and the
points of direct and indirect influence between
computer-mediated operations and the physical
world increase, issues of cyber-security have
burgeoned commensurably. Here, we argue
that the critical criterion of interest proves to be
each individual user’s state of mind, as mediated
by the technologies with which they now
necessarily interact. In consequence, human
factors and ergonomics lie at the very heart of all
‘cyber’ endeavours.
‘Cyber’ might well be the scientific word of
the decade. Everything cyber is now hot and
many researchers (including ourselves) want in.
Authorities in many nations are now worried, or
even downright terrified of what this new and
rather amorphous ‘threat’ might represent.
Labels such as ‘cyber-threat’, ‘cyber-terrorism’,
and ‘cyber-attack’, dominate our airwaves and
our general social discourse. Each of these
terms appear to embody the very darkest
interpretation of what actually represents
the material expression of our modern,
interconnected world. At the end of this
article however, we offer a perspective which
emphasises that ‘cyber’ need not necessarily be
so threatening, nor possess so doom-laden a
connotation as is now attributed to it. Rather,
it could be a very hopeful term, especially with
respect to the resolution of contemporary forms
of asymmetric and akinetic human conflict.
Cyberhealth
The penetration of electronic devices around our
planet has now reached staggering levels. The
number of mobile phones alone is set to surpass
world population in the present year, and thus it
is very probable that there are, even now, more
personal electronic devices in existence than
there are people in the world to use them. The
modern generation often carries two or three
versions of such technologies on them, but the
evolutionary vector here is towards one single,
simple and portable portal to all of the electronic
realm. Few individuals in the developed world
live beyond the reach of the computer and, as
the number of devices continues to increase, the
percentage of the human race that exist beyond
computer influence will become a vanishingly
small number. In short, as a species we now live
connected.
Like all forms of information exchange such
intercourse can be beneficial or damaging,
contingent upon your perspective and the
respective goals of each contribution to that
communication event. In the same way we can
view physical contact as a potential source of
kinetic and biological threat in the process of
all forms of physical intercourse, so we can
see the transmission of information in social
intercourse also as a matter of individual and
public (cyber) ‘health’.
In circumstances where trust is low and the level
of perceived threat high, we can and should
erect semi-permeable, selective barriers to
ensure that interaction is accomplished to the
safest possible degree. Indeed, we anticipate
a new and coming phase of omnipresent
encryption, or ‘omnicryption’, of the all basic
electronic data elements, in order to further
erect such selective barriers. We have to ensure
that these barriers are not so impenetrable
that mutual communication cannot occur,
or are so prohibitive as to preclude effective
communicative behaviour.
In short, cyber security can well be viewed
through the lens of public health, and as with
many apparently diverse areas of human
understanding, as we dig deep enough, we
can always find intriguing and intellectually
useful commonalties. Barriers to cyber-attack
might then well be conceived of as forms of
exclusion guarding at interface thresholds, and
the notion of a cyber-condom (or any effective
form of regulated exclusion zone around your
own personal information cache) is both an
appropriate and apposite one. In many ways,
this is what current forms of security such as
passwords, firewalls, etc., seek to achieve. But
the mimetic commonality we have identified
actually provides insight into many more
methods of achieving such ends. However,
we must specify the forms of threat to such
ABOUT THE
AUTHORS
Peter Hancock
is Provost
Distinguished
Research
Professor in the
Department of
Psychology and
the Institute
for Simulation
andTraining at
the University
of Central
Florida. Gabriella
Hancock is
a doctoral
candidate in
the University
of Central
Florida’s Applied
Experimental and
Human Factors
Psychology
program
studying
the psycho-
physiological
underpinnings
of vigilance
performance.
Ben D Sawyer
is an Industrial
Engineer
and Applied
Experimental
Psychology
Doctoral
Candidate at
The University of
Central Florida.
His work on
attention and
distraction in
human-machine
systems can
be accessed
at www.
bendsawyer.com.

boundary layers and how to ensure that only
relevant, appropriate, and useful information
filters through.
Cyberdeception and cybervigilance
The comparison between cybersafety and
public health might well go beyond the concept
of a metaphorical equivalence. Now, we can
ask whether cyber-related issues are actually
rather simple mimetic extensions of biological
isolation. So we can link cybersecurity to other
‘hot’ current issues such as the present, news-
dominating Ebola outbreak. Is it reasonable to
suggest that cyber-attack and cyber-defence
strategies replicate, employ, and adopt certain
standard forms of defensive and offensive
actions in the same way that biological entities
interact?
In the realm of both attack and defence, much
of this activity involves deception. The degree
to which such deceptive activity is ‘intentional’,
especially at the micro-biological level of
analysis, actually becomes very problematic
to distinguish. This difficulty in distinction
is especially true if only the consequences of
the deception are observable. Appearing to be
what you are not for accidental or intentional
purposes characterises deception, and for
online realms we find that the natural (direct)
perceptual capacities
which humans have
developed in order
to detect deception
can be circumvented
in an alarmingly easy
manner. Deception
here ranges from
the unintentional
and benign, to the
intentional and vastly
destructive.
As a general principle, deception detection in
artificial realms which characterise the cyber-
world follows forms of pattern-based search.
Scientists and researchers involved in human
factors and ergonomics understand much
about these human search capacities but in the
cyber-world, the rate of event occurrence is,
on a human-scale, prohibitive. Nevertheless,
if technological speed forms a major part of
the problem, it also provides us with the key to
potential solutions.
In cyber-vigilance, for example, the first-pass
processing necessarily occurs through the
filters of ever-more sophisticated electronic
search algorithms. What these forms of search
produce are a series of potential candidates
which now need human eyes to distil the
particular meanings. This latter, human-centred
assessment is presently required because, on
virtually a necessary basis, these types of attack
are currently initiated by human agents in the
first place. As in the never-ending interplay
between predator and prey, where the ante is
always being upped in some fashion, we find
humans at both ends of this cyber-predator,
cyber-prey channel of intention. When mutual
aims and goals are not aligned or indeed are in
direct contrast, we see the genesis of conflict.
Cyberconflict
As presciently predicted by Bertrand Russell, the
demise of one of the two great stand-off super-
powers has left the other in the not necessarily
envied position of global domination, but
rather one in which history and circumstance
have imposed upon them the default function
of the world’s policeman. Promulgating the
cultural and social norms of a single country
upon individuals in various diverse nations
in differing parts of the globe has brought
widespread disapprobation and disapproval to
the actions of the United States government.
In its turn, America has not essentially grasped
and understood this disapproval. Indeed some
segments of the US
body politic are
frustrated by what
appears to them
to be simply rank
ingratitude for essaying
an unpleasant but
putatively necessary
role.
Inevitably, this power
imbalance means
that the head-to-head conflict of traditional
kinetic warfare has been largely obviated by
the prevailing superpower’s over-dominance.
This leads to standard forms of asymmetric or
‘guerilla’ type response whose tactics are now
mediated through improved and improving
technologies. Cyber avenues prove very useful
conduits for attack for those faced by such
overwhelming kinetic force. But in a cyber-
world, victory is indexed by states of belief, for
example, your own and that of your interlocutor,
not necessarily states of destruction. While
interference to societal, operational processes,
for example, interruptions to power supplies,
transportation infrastructures, banking

capacities, communications networks and the
like in the physical world are the shibboleth
of current thinking. The very notion of
physical disintegration of people, materials,
and infrastructure is becoming an outmoded
aspiration for all conflict in our world.
(Although, we readily accept that such vestigial
forms of aspiration still predominate, especially
in the reporting of the visually hungry news
media).
A more modern warfare goal, which looks
especially vulnerable to cyber-manipulation
is information gathering and veracity. Indeed,
it can even be difficult to determine if such
cyber ‘extract and withdraw’ operations have
even occurred as, by definition, any such well-
executed attack leaves no evidence. To reflect
back to our previous ‘condom’ metaphor, in
order to understand the true magnitude of
the present exchange of information between
governments, corporations and private
individuals, we likely have to wait for their
offspring, if any, to appear. However even this
informational extraction is only an adjunct to
the true goals of cyber-conflict.
The real aim of modern conflict is the ‘control’,
which might perhaps be even more polemically
expressed as the ‘education’, of the ‘other’s’
mind. An enemy persuaded to become an ally
represents a much more potent victory than
one who is merely exterminated. Aspirations
for unmitigated destruction merely lend
persistence to our traditional conflict narrative,
which is often still underwritten by the
scourge of religious intolerance. Attached to
potent weapons which enable mass civicide,
such maladaptive states of understanding
must be dissipated if our species is to persist.
However, it is at this juncture we believe that
the information carrying capacities of cyber
penetration can morph from its spectral worst
to its opportune best.
The other side of cyber
If the anachronistic and outmoded concept
of evil actually lies in human ignorance, then
cyber communication could well be the most
powerful extant tool for the dissolution of
such ignorance today. To a reasonable extent,
knowledge is power. Further, the acquisition
and sustenance of both acute and chronic
expressions of knowledge via cyber sources
have now found manifest expression in
large-scale social movements, such as Tahrir
Square. Oppressive tyrannies and manipulative
oligarchies fear knowledge and education since
it undercuts the foundation of their power base.
Arguably, burgeoning knowledge and inter-
communication of that knowledge has fueled
most of the recent popular social upheavals.
The cyber world is the accessible repository of
such knowledge that with convivial interfaces
and efficient machines can be accessed by all.
Perhaps instead of intelligent munitions, our
modern-day military should be dropping iPads?
Some have argued that all technologies are
inherently morally neutral, being able to be used
for good or ill as their user intends. However,
we believe the modern challenge in creating
‘cyber’ as a weapon against ‘the dark side of the
force’, lies in the intentional design of morally
embodied technologies. These could take the
form of what we can now begin to conceive
of as moral orthotics. We believe that, for the
foreseeable future, cyber will be the primary
battlefield upon which the war between
knowledge and ignorance will be played
out. Surely, those in ergonomics and human
factors can, should, and do mediate this crucial
battlespace?
Our world will soon be spending trillions in
its search to secure cybersafety. Rather like
the contentious ‘theatre’ of airport security,
this will be imposed upon a confused
populous by uncertain politicians and certain
capitalists. While the spectre of the potential
threat is real, and we cannot pretend that
it is not. If we do not recognise, emphasise
and exploit the positive elements of cyber-
communication then our world will spiral
toward a global dysfunctionality. In human
factors and ergonomics, we have accepted that
communications channels present no inherent
‘quality’. The message that is transmitted can
be destructive, constructive, or gibberish;
the mathematical theory of communication
specifies how the message is communicated but
neither the value nor the utility of that message.
Now is the time to step beyond such a
‘neutralist’ stance to focus on those very issues
of value and quality that underwrite cyber
communication. We must wed process to
purpose and it is those who mediate between
mind and machine who must lead this next
evolutionary step of science in general. Royal
imprimaturs and approbation notwithstanding,
if we do not embrace this challenge our science
fails in this, the fundamental test of its true
import. 

Hall of Fame for London & South
East Regional Group
On 11th March 2015 System Concepts and URS are hosting
a meet up on behalf of the Group from 18:00 at the AECOM
offices at 6-8 Greencoat Place, London SW1P 1PL.
Networking and drinks provided. Come and share in an
ergonomists’seven minutes Hall Of Fame. Each of four speakers
will have seven minutes, no more and no less, to share with you
their experiences in the field.To book go to http://tinyurl.com/
lg7fnco.
Accident investigation talks for
SouthWales Regional Group
meeting
A presentation called‘How to use human factors techniques in
accident and incident investigation’will be given on 12th March
2015 atTata’sTraining Academy in PortTalbot.
Eryl Marsh and Simon Monnington will be using case studies
from their experience to illustrate some human factors
approaches to investigation and the results that they yield in
getting to the root cause.To attend, please email Eryl.Marsh@
hse.gsi.gov.uk.
Scottish Regional Group go on tour
at Forth Crossing Bridge
The next forum meeting will involve a visit to the Forth Crossing
Bridge site and will include a project overview presentation and
a site tour.
The meeting will take place on 8th April 2015 and starts at
09:00 at the Ferrytoll main project office at King Malcolm Drive,
Rosyth, KY11 2DY, and finishes at 13:30.There will be a Project
Overview Presentation (Progress, Challenges, Programs),
followed by aVisitor’s Safety Induction, then a SiteTour –
Visitor vantage points: North Queensferry and Inchgarvey
House Garden, South Queensberry.
For more details email ScottishErgonomics@gmail.com.
Call for participation: Frontiers in Cognitive Science
Macrocognition:The Science and Engineering of Sociotechnical
Work Systems.The aim of this topic is to highlight the exciting
psychological research on macrocognition in cognitive science,
cognitive ergonomics, and cognitive systems engineering.
Areas include: cognitive adaptations to complexity; improving
work system performance; developing measures and metrics
for analysis at the work systems level; developing performance
support technology; human-technology interaction; human-
centred design; and developing policy and funding priorities.
In addition, we are interested in research that addresses
multiple levels of analysis, particularly those relating
macrocognition to microcognition or higher levels (for example
social networks) of system performance.
Further details are available at http://journal.frontiersin.org/
ResearchTopic/3782.
Road Safety
18 March 2015, London
The UK Road Safety Summit will support the Government’s
launch of its new road safety legislation, bringing together
politicians, civil servants, police, equipment providers, safety
marketing experts and other key stakeholders. Student
members can attend at a special rate of £65+VAT, email Jo
Mackel at joanne.mackel@pacts.org.uk.
For more information visit http://bit.ly/17RQnuW.
Clinical Safety
28-30 September 2015,Vienna, Austria
The 4thWorld Congress is organised by IARMM to improve and
promote high advanced safe and clean science and technology
in both risk and crisis management and governance.The
congress covers a wide range of topics such as patient safety,
medication safety, infectious disease outbreak, and other
related subjects. Abstracts must be submitted by 15 May 2015.
For more information, visit www.iarmm.org/4WCCS/.
Designing Systems, Products and Services to Make
them Easier, Safer, and More Effective for Human
Use
27 July - 7 August 2015, Michigan, USA
The first week of this two week human factors course,
‘Designing Systems, Products and Services to Make them Easier,
Safer, and More Effective for Human Use’, focuses on human
factors concepts. Human-computer interaction is the focus for
week two and presents an overview of major topics through
workshops that provide the foundation for design of effective
human-computer systems and web applications. Learn more
and register for upcoming courses at isd.engin.umich.edu/
HumanFactors.
Nominations for IEA triennial awards open
The IEA Awards Committee is receiving nominations for eight
IEATriennial Awards, including two new awards – the IEA
Human Factors and Ergonomics Prize and the IEA/Elsevier John
Wilson Award.
Please submit your nominations to PastPres@iea.cc by 30
March 2015. Full details of the award categories are available at
www.iea.cc/award/triennial.html.
Events

Feature
ABOUT THE
AUTHOR
Jane Osmond is a
Research Fellow
at Coventry
University. Her
current research
includes Art &
Design pedagogy
and threshold
concepts;
Metpex - an
EU passenger
measurement
tool - and gender
and public
spaces. Jane is
hoping to secure
funding to
continue research
in this area. Email
her at
arx162@
coventry.ac.uk.
Sexual harassment and public
spaces
Jane Osmond & AndreeWoodcock
Street harassment by men represents perhaps
the most common and frequent type of sexual
harassment encountered by women. However,
little research has been conducted into this
problem and it is often dismissed as a trivial and
natural fact of life that women must tolerate.
The resulting impact has very real consequences
for women’s mobility as their travel choices are
routinely circumscribed by safety concerns:
being unwilling to travel alone after dark, walk
through badly lit car parks, ignoring harassment
waiting for or on public transport and feeling
uneasy in a taxi.
These consequences were reflected in a 2013
study by Coventry University and Coventry
Women’s Voices. 193 women completed an
online survey and 16 telephone interviews were
undertaken. Most respondents were between 17
and 29 and 90% lived, worked or were attending
educational institutions in the city.
Just over 60% had experienced some form
of harassment in the preceding 12 months,
including unwanted comments, wolf-whistling
and groping. Very few reported incidents to
police, and most did not challenge them as the
situation could negatively escalate: “the sad
truth is that your only option is to ignore it, put
up with it and internalise the self loathing that
doing this brings with it”.
Further, participants reported that they were
often blamed by others for being “too pretty,
being out alone after dark or in the wrong place
at the wrong time”.
The location of incidents included outside bars,
the street, cycling, waiting outside work, in city
arcades, taxis and public transport, with one
woman commenting: “hundreds of incidents,
too many to articulate, this is the reality of day
to day life”.
From these results it seems that women
experience harassment at levels which
significantly affect their mobility: “It has almost
become a part of life that us as women have to
accept and put up with it as it is not tackled”.
They felt unsafe when alone, especially at dusk/
night-time, near groups of men, at bus stops,
in public spaces, car parks, taxis, deserted
precincts, underpasses and poorly lit areas.
Only 6% of participants said they felt ‘very safe’
in public and the following comment relating
to public transport was typical: “On a bus I was
made to feel intimidated by two males sitting
behind me wolf whistling, calling me sexy and
asking me to talk to them, “at least now we
have something sexy to look at” was one of the
comments. After ignoring them I suddenly
became a “stuck up slag” and when I got off the
bus they were discussing the way my jeans made
my bum look”.
At the time of writing, although there is some
academic recognition of the problem of public
harassment of women, there is little evidence
that UK transport operators are specifically
addressing the issue. However, there are
police-led initiatives such as Project Guardian
(London) where police are working closely with
Transport for London to reduce such behaviour
(British Transport Police 2014), and Project
Empower (West Midlands) which is training
transport staff to spot incidents and support
passengers to report, underpinned by an on-
board/in-station marketing campaign. To date,
West Midlands police have investigated nearly
100 allegations and made 26 arrests, 11 of which
have led to convictions.
Although attempts to address harassment on
public transport are welcome, the focus seems to
be on policing behaviour rather than specifically
addressing existing transport systems and
culture.
It is obvious that the cultural acceptance
of public harassment of women needs to
be tackled, epitomised by this participant’s
comment: “Until society’s attitudes change I
don’t think there’s anything that can be done to
make us feel safe. I’m getting really tired of being
told as a woman that it’s not safe for me to walk
alone especially at night: why not tell men it’s
not okay to treat us the way they do? It angers

me that society has the ability to make women
feel like victims just because of our gender”.
One way to begin may be by sharing stories
to understand the severity and extent of the
problem and then plan appropriate solutions,
reflecting on and sharing best practice from
other countries. Education can also play a key
part - from primary school upwards - as it’s as
young passengers that children start to absorb
cultural norms. This cultural shift should be
accompanied by a focus on the whole journey,
that is the door-to-door experience, rather than
separate journey events.
Woodcock proposes the use of the hexagon
spindle (H-S) model as a means of representing
this, based on an ergonomic model of starting
with the user then representing the factors
which influence successful task completion.
Translating this to transport design, the user
becomes driver or traveller, who may have a
super ordinate goal of reaching their destination
as safely, comfortably or conveniently as
possible. This goal is influenced by factors
such as the design of the vehicle, transport
infrastructure, and behaviour of other
passengers.
Therefore, the model proposes that a journey
contains several segments, and experience
on any of these may have profound effects on
mobility behaviour. It also differentiates between
factors that can affect journey experience:
planning and purchasing tickets, travelling on
vehicles, and arrival at transport gateways and
destinations, all of which need to be optimised
for each traveller.
The findings of this study are reflected in
recommendations from the Equality and
Human Rights Commission, which published,
in 2013, results of an inquiry into harassment
of disabled people on public transport.
Although the focus was on disabled people,
the recommendations speak of principles
of inclusive design, which aim to minimise
exclusion of diverse groups.
It is therefore recommended that all transport
designers, providers and operators include, at
the very least, the following in any new transport
design or initiatives. These recommendations
can then be plotted against the H-S model,
under headings such as: ‘External Environment’,
for example development of zero tolerance
areas; ‘Transport Work Setting’ for example,
anti-harassment regulations on vehicles and
stations; and ‘Transport Work Place’ for example
empowering staff to act against harassers.
› Designers should routinely take into account
a diversity of users when considering design
of vehicles.
› Providers should identify ways to design
out potential for conflict in new fleet and
transport infrastructure design.They should
review vehicles and waiting areas to ensure
adequate lighting, seating and staffing.
› Operators should develop reciprocal reporting
arrangements between providers so that
people can report harassment experienced at
stops, stations and on transport to whichever
operator they encounter.They should also
develop systems to allow repeat perpetrators
to be refused entry to each other’s vehicles,
similar to those already used by licensed
premises.
› Regular equality training should be provided
for frontline staff on handling harassment,
and clear guidance to staff on routes to take
when reporting an incident.This should
be included as part of core training, before
transport staff work with the public.
› A wide range of groups should be involved
in public transport policy development
and transport providers should work in
partnership with criminal justice agencies
to reduce risk on and around transport
provision.
› Data on high-risk areas and subsequent
actions to reduce risk should be collated.
Based on this data they should provide
adequate protection where known high risks
exist, in the same way as other provision is
made, for example, around football matches.
The survey carried out in 2013 has been
replicated by Sheffield University and the results
of 1500 responses are currently being analysed.


Ergonomics &
Human Factors2015
13 - 16 April 2015, Daventry
Chartered Institute
of Ergonomics
& Human Factors
Ergonomics & Human Factors 2015 is rapidly approaching,
taking place from Monday April 13 toThursday April 16.
This year it is being held at the DeVere Staverton Park in
Daventry, Northamptonshire, just 10 minutes from the M1 or a
short taxi journey from the rail station in Daventry centre.
Let’s take a look at what you can expect.
A chance to learn...
There will be a series of informative lectures, presentations,
posters, workshops and discussions. Presenters will be on hand
to talk to throughout the event, so you can put your questions
to them and learn from their expertise.With over 70 sessions
making up the conference the opportunities to gain new and
applicable knowledge are readily available.
Don’t forget that even if you look at the programme and decide
that there is nothing about your specific line of work, there
are always transferable skills to be learnt and applied to other
sectors. A presentation about safety in the oil industry for
example would provide valuable information to anyone who
works in other high hazard industries so take a look beneath
the surface and you could learn some key points from work that
has already been undertaken.
With presentations covering ergonomics and human factors
in healthcare, manufacturing, occupational health, transport,
design, safety and many more there is a real diversity of
knowledge to be gained.
...and a chance to relax
We know that listening to a full day of presentations can be
a tiring, which is why we take our‘social responsibility’very
seriously, with a programme of evening entertainment to help
you relax and unwind.
For those who just want a quiet drink and a chat with friends
and colleagues there is a confortable bar. In there on the
Monday evening will be the first ever CIEHF pool competition
and there will also be a golf tournament using a state of the
art golf simulator.Tuesday night sees the return of the ever-
popular Quiz Night, followed on theWednesday evening by the
pinnacle of the event - the Chartership Celebration Evening!
To celebrate the award of Chartered status, we will be holding
a champagne and canapé reception followed by an awards
ceremony and a three course dinner accompanied by a jazz trio.
The night will be rounded off with after dinner entertainment.
We would be delighted to welcome you to the Celebration
evening even if you are not attending the conference.The
whole evening is available for just £79+VAT.
New speaker booked
The Rt Hon Sir Charles Haddon-Cave
will be addressing the conference
onWednesday April 15. He is
author or instigator of reports into
the Kegworth M1 air crash, the
Marchioness and Herald of Free
Enterprise maritime disasters and
most famously the RAF Nimrod crash
of 2006.
Sir Charles chaired the enquiry into the RAF Nimrod disaster
which found failings of a catastrophic nature in the safety
processes leading to the loss of the aircraft. RAF Nimrod QV230
was flying a reconnaissance mission over Iraq when it caught
fire and crashed killing all 14 crew members. It was the biggest
single loss of service personnel since the FalklandsWar in 1982.
The 586-page enquiry report described the‘safety case’carried
out between 2001 and 2005 (intended to identify potential
problems) as“a lamentable job from start to finish”and“fatally
undermined by a general malaise: a widespread assumption
that the Nimrod was‘safe anyway’because it had successfully
flown for 30 years”.
The investigation uncovered technical failure which was
“an accident waiting to happen”underpinned by deeper
organisational and managerial causes, the human factors
aspects of which will be discussed during what promises to be a
truly fascinating presentation.
A limited number of places are available for those who would
like to listen to this presentation but not attend for the full
day. Places are available at just £79+VAT including lunch
immediately afterwards.
Institute News

www.ehf2015.org.uk
Gold Sponsor
Exhibitors
Sponsors & supporters
Taylor & Francis Group publishes more than 1700 journals and
around 1800 new books each year, operating from a global
network of 20 offices including NewYork, Philadelphia, Oxford,
Melbourne, Stockholm, Beijing, New Delhi, Johannesburg,
Singapore andTokyo.We boast a growing, wide-ranging and
high calibre journals portfolio in ergonomics. Our journals
are edited by some of the most prominent academics in the
field and our journal Ergonomics is the official journal of the
Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors.
Full details of the whole event, including the up to date programme, booking options and prices, are available on the event
website now. Please take a look and book now to be part of this special occasion. If you have any queries, please call us on 01509
234904.

Membership update
The Institute welcomes those listed below who have recently
been accepted as new members, and congratulates those who
have upgraded.
Registered Members
Victoria Kendrick from Leicestershire.
Employed as a research fellow.“I am a
passionate Human Factors Researcher.
Educated at Loughborough University, I
hold a BSc Psychology with Ergonomics,
an MSc Occupational Psychology and
a PhD in crowd experience.Within academia, I worked as a
research associate at Loughborough University investigating
older passengers and teenage rail safety, funded by the Rail
Safety Standards Board and Network Rail.Within industry,
I have provided freelance consultancy in medical device
usability for Firsthand Experience,Team Consulting Ltd and
Cambridge Design Partnership. Currently, I’m a Research
Fellow at the University of New SouthWales, funded by the
Australian government to investigate crowd experience within
transportation hubs.”
Claire Launchbury from Avon. Employed at BAE Systems Ltd.
Graduate Members
Amy James. Employed as a User Experience Consultant.
Nadia Jouni from Avon. Employed as a Human Factors
Consultant at Environmental Resources Management.
Nu’maan Kala from Greater Manchester. Employed as a
Human Factors Engineer at BAE Systems Ltd.
Adrian Holmes from New Zealand.
Sudeep Pournami from Edinburgh. Employed as an Assistant
Data Scientist.
Associate Members
Donna Phillips from Swansea. Managing Director atTherapy
Solutions.
Susan Sharpe fromWest Sussex. Employed as a Senior Human
Factors Consultant at Mott MacDonald Ltd.
Gary Comolly from Dorset. Employed as a Customer
Development Manager at Osmond Ergonomics.
Simon Garcia from Dorset. Employed as a Customer
KevinWebb from Dorset. Employed as a Customer
Richard Lane from Dorset. Employed as a Customer
Marion Edwin from New Zealand. Ergonomist and Director at
Optimise Ltd.
Tim Peter Hunter from Kent. Employed at Fluto Ltd.
Samantha Bravo from Middlesex.
Student Members
John Galvin from Cardiff.
Zoe Cooper from Devon.
Katie Buckley from Australia.
Have you been involved in a project that you are particularly
proud of and demonstrates the application of ergonomics to
a high level?Would you like to see your work recognised by a
wide community? If the answer is yes, then please enter the
competition for the 2015 Ergonomics Design Award.
Visit the new website at www.ergonomicsdesignaward.org.uk,
where you will find full details of the award and how to enter.
The deadline for entries is 30th June. Six shortlisted entries,
selected by a review panel, will then go before an impressive
line up of judges on 22nd September at the Design Council in
London, when a winner will be selected.
The judging session will take place at the same time and venue
as our new Ergonomics Design Seminar, an opportunity for
designers to learn about tools and techniques that will help
to ensure their designs are truly user-centred.The shortlisted
entrants for the award will be invited to display their designs
during the seminar and delegates will have the chance to talk
to them about their work.The announcement of the winner
and the presentation of the award will be made at the end of
the seminar. Further details of the seminar will be available
soon.
This event will be part of the 2015 London Design Festival
which runs from 19 to 27 September. For more details of the
Festival visit www.londondesignfestival.com.
The Ergonomics Design Award is the only award to recognise
excellence in the application of ergonomics to design. So if
you’ve developed a product, workplace or graphic design
which has included ergonomics input in the development
and offers outstanding usability, then why not submit an
entry to showcase your innovative thinking, your design
skills and above all, your ergonomics insight?Visit www.
ergonomicsdesignaward.org.uk and submit your entry.
MAKING LIFE BETTER
Ergonomics in Design

Membership matters
A fond farewell from Clare...
In 2008 I attended my first Institute conference. At that
time, the only interaction I had with the Institute was as a
Registered Member, paying my subs and flicking through this
magazine every month. Actually as an aside that’s not exactly
true – all three jobs I’ve had as a consultant have been through
advertisements in this publication!
So, back to the conference. On checking out the Institute stand
I met Barbara Haward, then Chair of Membership Recruitment,
who managed to convince me to take on the role of the vacant
Chair of Membership Services. How did Barbara manage to
convince me? By pointing out she needed help. It was that
simple.You meet a nice person, you offer to help and then you
take on a role. Seven years later and here we are at my final
article.
My role as Chair of Membership Services is to ensure all
members are fully represented in all decisions made by the
IEHF and to ensure we are offering an appropriate amount
of support and amenities to our members.Together with
NickTaylor, Chair of Membership Recruitment, I chair the
Membership Committee. Over the years the Committee has
led and delivered a number of projects: both one-offs like
development of careers information for schools, colleges and
universities, to ongoing support for regular events, such as the
Ergonomics Careers Day.
My time at the Institute has been challenging, rewarding and
at times frustrating but that’s just part of the job. One of the
most positive aspects is the sheer number of people I have met.
I have spent my entire career thus far in the nuclear industry
but now my network extends across sectors and academia and
the number of new people I now know thanks to the Institute
is vast.
Another rewarding aspect is engaging with the co-ordinators
of the Regional and Special Interest Groups. All of these guys
provide an amazing service to the Institute and its members by
spending their spare time organising events and I would like
to take this opportunity to thank each and every one of them.
Some of these groups are successful year on year, extremely
well attended by a core gang of supporters. Others are not
quite so fruitful and my final request to members is to support
these groups and their co-ordinators.They do an amazing job
and all they need in return is a miniscule amount of your time
– maybe amounting to 5-6 hours a year. Not much to ask, is it?
There are many people I would like to thank: the IEHF staff,
past and present, and all the council members who support
the membership function on a daily basis. I would also like to
thank the Membership Committee, which includes the Student
Committee, for volunteering their time.Your efforts behind the
scenes make our Institute a success. I would like to wish you all
the best of luck for the future.
Finally, a special mention to NickTaylor, who’s been a great
support, has worked extremely hard and has kept me laughing
over the years.Thank you.
...and Nick
My first experience of a Council meeting was at the September
2009 meeting of the still simply named‘Ergonomics Society’.
I had to wait outside the door while the official business took
place. A vote of Council was to be undertaken to formally co-
opt me into their number.Within a few moments, the smiling,
moustachioed face of Dave O’Neill, then Chief Executive,
peeked round the heavy Georgian door and said:“You’re in.
Come on in.”
I had been brought in to fill the vacant role of Chair of
Membership Recruitment and as I took a seat at the table,
alongside an esteemed roll-call of ergonomists that read
like my textbook shelf at University, the matters of Council
continued.
I have been extremely lucky to be present during one of the
most significant periods of change for our professional body.
As the vision has expanded and the recognition of the subject
has risen, so the Society has become an Institute,‘Ergonomics
OR Human Factors ’has resolved into‘Ergonomics AND Human
Factors’,‘Associates’have become‘Technical Members’and Her
Majesty the Queen has granted us a Royal Charter.
Along with the growing fortunes of the Institute have been
many changes to the staff and Council members.They have all
shown great enthusiasm for the subject and for all members
who need support or who look to give back to their professional
body.Through the efforts of so many and, in my view because
of the importance of the Institute to its members, we have seen
membership numbers consistently rally and prevail, against
the trends in the marketplace and during one of the deepest
recessions in decades.
I have had the good fortune to see the development of the
new strategy for the Chartered Institute and marvel at the far
reaching targets and bold innovations included for the next five
years and beyond.
In the spirit of the recent Oscars, I would like to say a final,
heartfelt thank you to everyone, past and present, who has
been involved with me on Membership Committee. Saving the
best till last - I want to thank the extremely committed and
hardworking Chair of Membership Services, Clare Pollard, who,
to this day, has been the real driving force behind achievements
in the membership arena and who has been the unfailing
guardian of this column. I wish the new Council and new
Chairs the very best of luck and look forward to being an active
member for the rest of my career.
Clare Pollard,
Chair of
Membership
Services
NickTaylor,
Chair of
Membership
Recruitment
The Editors
would like to
thank Clare and
Nick for their
hard work as
Chairs and for
their regular and
always on time
contributions to
this magazine
over the years.
They have been
unfailing in their
enthusiasm for
the Institute
and its work
and in getting
this across to
members in their
writing. We wish
them the very
best in their next
endeavours and
look forward to
any contribution
to this magazine
they might wish
to make in the
future.

Academic vacancies
DoctoralTraining Studentships in Human-
Computer Interaction, Ubiquitous Computing and
Digital Civics
Newcastle University
We have 16 fully funded 4-year doctoral studentships in the Digital
Interaction Group of the School of Computing Science (commencing
September 2015).
We are seeking applicants with an interest in undertaking a PhD in
human-computer interaction (interaction design, media computing
and interaction techniques and technologies) and ubiquitous
computing (computational behaviour analysis, wearable computing,
pervasive sensing and machine learning).
Deadline: 20 March 2015
See www.jobs.ac.uk/job/AKL816
PhD Studentship: Sensemaking on Design
Projects
University of Bath
Engineering design projects create an enormous digital footprint of
communications and of incremental designs. Can this footprint be
processed and visualised to enable project management as well as the
design work itself?
The student could study: work practices in design projects; automatic
computational techniques for the extraction of communication-
features from digital footprints; or new interactive techniques for
visualising complex data to facilitate decision making by individuals or
by collaborating teams.
Deadline: 1 May 2015
See www.jobs.ac.uk/job/AKO660
PhD Studentship: Knowledge Media Institute
Open University
We are currently offering fully-funded studentships commencing in
October 2015 to study on the following projects:
› Automated Linking between Media
› Collective Intelligence for the Common Good
› Discovery of meta-properties of data
› Learning fromWatchingTV
› The Semantically Quantified Self
› Semantic Sentiment and Behaviour Analysis of Social Media
› Visual Food Log Analysis
› Web ofThings
Deadline: 13 April 2015
See www.jobs.ac.uk/job/AKN864
‘The Ergonomist’
The membership magazine of the CIEHF
Publisher: The Chartered Institute of Ergonomics
& Human Factors
ISSN: 0268-5639
Editors:TinaWorthy, telephone 07930 320593,
email editor@ergonomics.org.uk
Frances Brown, email frances@ergonomics.org.uk
Printer: Premier Print Group, London. Printed on
matt art paper, manufactured from recycled fibre.
Advertisement Rates (exVAT, dimensions
HxWmm)
Quarter page (127 x 88) £450
Half page horizontal (127 x 180) £765
Half page vertical (257 x 88) £765
Full page (257 x 180) £1225
Colour: All advertising is offered as full colour
and is included in the rates.
Discounts: Institute members and Registered
Consultancies are offered a discount of 15% on
the rates above.
Format: Copy should be supplied as a high
resolution PDF emailed toTinaWorthy. Copy can
also be emailed as aWord document by prior
request.
Inserts: Inserts, in the form of a PDF, will be
made available to all members via our web portal
on the day the issue is published. Contact us for
further details.
Deadlines: Adverts and inserts should be booked
by the 20th of the month preceding publication.
Copy deadline is normally 25th of the month
preceding publication.
Booking: Please contact JackieWest in the
Institute office on 01509 234904 or email
advertising@ergonomics.org.uk.
Online listing: All recruitment adverts published
in TheErgonomist will also be listed on the CIEHF
website at www.ergonomics.org.uk.
Opinions expressed in TheErgonomist are not necessarily
those of the Institute.Whilst every care is taken to provide
accurate information, neither the editors, staff, Council nor
the Institute undertakes any liability for errors or omissions.
The mention of a service or product or inclusion of an advert
does not imply endorsement by the Institute.
Recruitment

DIVERSIONS...
For those spare moments...
Time magazine’s 50 best websites of 2014 includes:
10 Minute Mail sets you up with a self-destructing email
address that expires in 10 minutes. Just right for registering for
websites that you might only want to visit once.
Can I Stream.It? is a single search engine that works across
Netflix, Amazon, iTunes and other providers, telling you whether
you’ll need to subscribe, rent, buy or wait for your favourite things
to watch.
Vox provides deep background on the biggest news stories. It’s a
great starting point if you’re lost on topics like the Israel-Palestine
conflict or the battle over net neutrality.
If it’s all getting a bit much Calm.com lets you toggle through
peaceful backgrounds and ambient music, with the ability to set
a timer for up to 20 minutes. Chill out on your own, or choose a
“guided calm”peppered with soothing spoken instructions.
To see links to these sites and the full list, visit http://time.
com/3054279/50-best-websites-2014/.
HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEER London Underground
Salary from £44,000 depending on skills, knowledge and experience
tfl.gov.uk/jobs
Transport for London is delivering one of the biggest investment
programmes in Europe on one of the busiest transport networks
in the world. You’ll be joining at a particularly exciting time,
with a broad range of projects to deliver.
Your responsibilities will be to provide human factors
engineering across a variety of upgrades and world class
capacity improvements within London Underground’s
Capacity Optimisation Programme. This will entail the
delivery of robust human factors solutions and assurances
to extend the life of existing rail systems and to optimise
new high capacity rail systems.
For this post, you’ll be expected to have a minimum of a
relevant degree in applied psychology/human factors and
you’ll be nearing chartered/full membership of a professional
body. This should be accompanied by experience of
delivering pragmatic human factors solutions on large multi-
disciplined engineering projects in safety critical industries.
Excellent benefits include:
• 29 days holiday plus public and bank holidays;
• final salary pension scheme;
• free oyster travel on TfL network including a nominated
person that resides in your address;
• 75% discount on National rail; Season Ticket and interest
free loan;
• retail, health, leisure and travel offers;
• discounted Eurostar travel;
• private medical benefit.
To find out more about this position and apply, please visit
tfl.gov.uk using job number 0139528.
Closing date: 23rd March 2015.
We aspire to be as diverse as the city we serve, we welcome
applications from all sections of the community.
At Amec Foster Wheeler, we have the
largest nuclear focused human factors
consultancy team in the UK. Together,
we shape a safe, sustainable future.
Take your career to the next level
by joining our team of experts.
Human Factors Consultants
(all levels) job ID: 21876BR
To learn more and apply,
visit amecfw.com/careers
Further opportunities
in the nuclear sector.
connected
excellence
in all we do
amecfw.com
Oil & Gas
Clean Energy
Environment &
Infrastructure
Mining

Registration is now open for this prominent international rail industry human factors event.
It brings together scientists, consultants, regulators, operators, infrastructure managers,
manufacturers and suppliers to share knowledge.
The conference programme will cover topical issues including:
• In-cab signalling
• Trafﬁc management
• Non-Technical Skills
• Platform-Train Interface
• Safety Culture
You are invited to participate in the conference by submitting an abstract for a paper, workshop,
discussion or poster. We welcome submissions on any rail human factors related topic and these
must be received by 20 March. Abstracts must be no more than 500 words. If accepted, full
paper submission deadline is 19 June.
The early bird price (until 13 July) is £650 plus VAT. Full price is £750 plus VAT. Six student places
are available at £450 plus VAT. Registration closes on 4 September.
To ﬁnd out more or to register for the event see the conference website at
www.rssb.co.uk/railhf2015 or contact us at railhf2015@rssb.co.uk .
The conference is organised by RSSB, Network Rail and the University of Nottingham, and in
association with the European Rail Agency (ERA), the International Union of Railways (UIC) and
the Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors (IEHF).
Fifth International Rail Human Factors Conference
Victoria, London, UK
14-17 September 2015
www.rssb.co.uk/railhf2015

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