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Bowen Family Systems Theory: An
Overview



                Barbara Cunningham,
                Psy.D., LMFT
Objectives

   Overview
   Assumptions
   Eight Concepts
   The Role of the Therapist
Assumptions

              Bowen developed his theory
                under two assumptions
  2)   Man’s emotional functioning must extend beyond
       psychological constructs to recognize the human’s
       relatedness to all life
  3)   An adequate understanding of human behavior must rest
       on a foundation that includes a relational system. Bowen
       assumed that the family was a naturally occurring system.
                                             (Kerr & Bowen, 1988)
General Concepts
   Focus on system       Closeness and
    dynamics               Distance
    –   Not symptoms       –   two opposing forces
                               creating the tension in
                               human relationships
   Chronic Anxiety
                          Emotional system
   Over and               (instincts) and
    Underfunctioning       Intellectual system
                           (capacity to think)
Eight Concepts
   Triangles                    Multigenerational
                                  Transmission
   Differentiation of Self
                                 Emotional Cut-off
   Nuclear Family
    Emotional System             Sibling Position

   Family Projection            Societal Emotional
    Process                       Process
Triangles
 “This concept describes the way three people relate
 to each other and involve others in the emotional
 issue between them”

 “A two person system is basically unstable. In a
 tension field, the two people predictably involve a
 third person to make a triangle. If it involves four or
 more people, the system becomes a series of
 interlocking triangles”.
                                           (Bowen, 1978)
Differentiation of Self


   Solid Self

   Pseudoself

   Differentiation Scale
Nuclear Family Emotional System

   Describes four basic relationship
    patterns that govern where problems
    develop in a family
           1) Marital Conflict
           2) Dysfunction in one spouse
           3) Impairment of one or more children
           4) Emotional Distance
Family Projection Process
   Describes the primary way parents transmit their
    emotional problems to a child

                       Three Steps
       1) The parent focuses on a child out of
    fear that something is wrong with the child
       2) the parent interprets the child's behavior
    as confirming the fear
       3) the parent treats the child as if something
    is really wrong with the child.
Multigenerational transmission Process


   Describes how small differences in the levels
    of differentiation between parents and their
    offspring lead over many generations to
    marked differences in differentiation among
    the members of a multigenerational family
Emotional Cut-off
    Describes people managing their unresolved
     emotional issues with parents, siblings, and other
     family members by reducing or totally cutting off
     emotional contact with them

3.   Feels like a child to adult relationship with the
     parent rather than adult to adult
4.   Feels guilty; must solve their conflicts or distresses
5.   Feels enraged that his parents do not seem to
     understand or approve of him/her
Sibling Position

 Walter Toman
 People who grow up in the same
  sibling position predictably have
  important common characteristics.
 Toman's research showed that sibling
  positions may affect relational
  dynamics in adult life
Societal Emotional Process

   Describes how the emotional system governs
    behavior on a societal level, promoting both
    progressive and regressive periods in a society

   Human societies undergo periods of regression
    and progression in their history. The current
    regression seems related to factors such as the
    population explosion, a sense of diminishing
    frontiers, and the depletion of natural resources
The Role of the Therapist

   Coach                        Teaching the theory
   Calm and neutral             Defining and
    while still maintaining       clarifying the
    emotional contact             relationships
   Emotionally                   between family
    detriangled                   members
   Focus on facts more          Be a curious person:
    than feelings--               How, What, When
    objective presence            and Where
Precautions

   Low level of self means rigorous
    differentiation work is indicated
   Discourage others’ reactivity by guiding
    them toward looking for facts that explain the
    sensitivity
   Avoid clients’ attempts to triangle in therapist
    Attempts to make others change must be
    redirected toward increased focus on self
   Anger
   Low motivation to change
Goals of Therapy

   Increase level of
    differentiation
   Reduce reactivity in the      Detriangle
    moment                        I messages; self-
   Decrease chronic levels        definition
    of anxiety                    Reconnect
   Reduce fusion of              Increase the capacity
    thoughts and feelings          for one to one
   Educate and model              relationships
    differentiation
Interventions
   Work first with the person more differentiated
   Focus on thinking more than feeling (i.e. Do not ask, “How do
    you feel about…,” but rather “How do you think about…”)
   Detriangle
   Therapist = neutral presence
   Reduce interaction between dyad; each client speaks to the
    therapist
   I messages
   Teach about the function of the emotional system
   Identify triggers for reactivity
   Family diagram
Seven Steps to Defining Self
1.   Clarify one’s own internal goals, mission, vision and values--
     what is your bottom line? What are your non-negotiables
     (what I will and will not do, despite relationship pressure)
2.   What are the obstacles within self?
3.   What are the obstacles in the important relationship triangles?
4.   Can you trace your relationship sensitivity to the nuclear
     family emotional process?
5.   What are the multigenerational processes that influence your
     values, strengths and weaknesses?
6.   What are the useful new and old strategies?
7.   How is feedback from the environment used for learning?
                                                        (Jacobs, 2002)
References
Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. New York:
   Jason Aronson, Inc.
Gilbert, R.M. (1994). Extraordinary relationships: A new way of
   thinking about human interactions. Minneapolis: Chronimed
   Publishing.
Kerr, M. (1998, Spring). Darwin to Freud to Bowen: Toward a
   natural system theory of human behavior. Georgetown, 17-19,
   44.
Kerr, M. E., & Bowen, M. (1988). Family evaluation. New York:
   Norton.
Papero, D.V. (1995). Bowen family systems and marriage. In N. S.
   Jacobson & A. S. Gurman (Eds.), Clinical handbook of couples
   therapy (I, pp. 11-30). New York: Guilford Publications.
Websites

http://www.georgetownfamilycenter.org/index.html
http://www.ideastoaction.com/8concepts.html
http://www.psychpage.com/learning/library/counseling/bowen.html
http://education.smsu.edu/counseling/COU633FamilyTherapyTheory.htm
http://www.ideastoaction.com/bowencv.html
http://ideastoaction.com/connect.html
http://www.mindymac.com/Feminist_Family_Therapy.htm
http://www.ideastoaction.com/murraybowenintro.html
http://www.wholepsych.com/private/Reactivity.html

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Affordable Relationship Counseling (http://www.Cunninghamtherapy.com): Bowen Family Systems as Model

  • 1. Bowen Family Systems Theory: An Overview Barbara Cunningham, Psy.D., LMFT
  • 2. Objectives  Overview  Assumptions  Eight Concepts  The Role of the Therapist
  • 3. Assumptions Bowen developed his theory under two assumptions 2) Man’s emotional functioning must extend beyond psychological constructs to recognize the human’s relatedness to all life 3) An adequate understanding of human behavior must rest on a foundation that includes a relational system. Bowen assumed that the family was a naturally occurring system. (Kerr & Bowen, 1988)
  • 4. General Concepts  Focus on system  Closeness and dynamics Distance – Not symptoms – two opposing forces creating the tension in human relationships  Chronic Anxiety  Emotional system  Over and (instincts) and Underfunctioning Intellectual system (capacity to think)
  • 5. Eight Concepts  Triangles  Multigenerational Transmission  Differentiation of Self  Emotional Cut-off  Nuclear Family Emotional System  Sibling Position  Family Projection  Societal Emotional Process Process
  • 6. Triangles “This concept describes the way three people relate to each other and involve others in the emotional issue between them” “A two person system is basically unstable. In a tension field, the two people predictably involve a third person to make a triangle. If it involves four or more people, the system becomes a series of interlocking triangles”. (Bowen, 1978)
  • 7. Differentiation of Self  Solid Self  Pseudoself  Differentiation Scale
  • 8. Nuclear Family Emotional System  Describes four basic relationship patterns that govern where problems develop in a family 1) Marital Conflict 2) Dysfunction in one spouse 3) Impairment of one or more children 4) Emotional Distance
  • 9. Family Projection Process  Describes the primary way parents transmit their emotional problems to a child Three Steps 1) The parent focuses on a child out of fear that something is wrong with the child 2) the parent interprets the child's behavior as confirming the fear 3) the parent treats the child as if something is really wrong with the child.
  • 10. Multigenerational transmission Process  Describes how small differences in the levels of differentiation between parents and their offspring lead over many generations to marked differences in differentiation among the members of a multigenerational family
  • 11. Emotional Cut-off  Describes people managing their unresolved emotional issues with parents, siblings, and other family members by reducing or totally cutting off emotional contact with them 3. Feels like a child to adult relationship with the parent rather than adult to adult 4. Feels guilty; must solve their conflicts or distresses 5. Feels enraged that his parents do not seem to understand or approve of him/her
  • 12. Sibling Position  Walter Toman  People who grow up in the same sibling position predictably have important common characteristics.  Toman's research showed that sibling positions may affect relational dynamics in adult life
  • 13. Societal Emotional Process  Describes how the emotional system governs behavior on a societal level, promoting both progressive and regressive periods in a society  Human societies undergo periods of regression and progression in their history. The current regression seems related to factors such as the population explosion, a sense of diminishing frontiers, and the depletion of natural resources
  • 14. The Role of the Therapist  Coach  Teaching the theory  Calm and neutral  Defining and while still maintaining clarifying the emotional contact relationships  Emotionally between family detriangled members  Focus on facts more  Be a curious person: than feelings-- How, What, When objective presence and Where
  • 15. Precautions  Low level of self means rigorous differentiation work is indicated  Discourage others’ reactivity by guiding them toward looking for facts that explain the sensitivity  Avoid clients’ attempts to triangle in therapist  Attempts to make others change must be redirected toward increased focus on self  Anger  Low motivation to change
  • 16. Goals of Therapy  Increase level of differentiation  Reduce reactivity in the  Detriangle moment  I messages; self-  Decrease chronic levels definition of anxiety  Reconnect  Reduce fusion of  Increase the capacity thoughts and feelings for one to one  Educate and model relationships differentiation
  • 17. Interventions  Work first with the person more differentiated  Focus on thinking more than feeling (i.e. Do not ask, “How do you feel about…,” but rather “How do you think about…”)  Detriangle  Therapist = neutral presence  Reduce interaction between dyad; each client speaks to the therapist  I messages  Teach about the function of the emotional system  Identify triggers for reactivity  Family diagram
  • 18. Seven Steps to Defining Self 1. Clarify one’s own internal goals, mission, vision and values-- what is your bottom line? What are your non-negotiables (what I will and will not do, despite relationship pressure) 2. What are the obstacles within self? 3. What are the obstacles in the important relationship triangles? 4. Can you trace your relationship sensitivity to the nuclear family emotional process? 5. What are the multigenerational processes that influence your values, strengths and weaknesses? 6. What are the useful new and old strategies? 7. How is feedback from the environment used for learning? (Jacobs, 2002)
  • 19. References Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. New York: Jason Aronson, Inc. Gilbert, R.M. (1994). Extraordinary relationships: A new way of thinking about human interactions. Minneapolis: Chronimed Publishing. Kerr, M. (1998, Spring). Darwin to Freud to Bowen: Toward a natural system theory of human behavior. Georgetown, 17-19, 44. Kerr, M. E., & Bowen, M. (1988). Family evaluation. New York: Norton. Papero, D.V. (1995). Bowen family systems and marriage. In N. S. Jacobson & A. S. Gurman (Eds.), Clinical handbook of couples therapy (I, pp. 11-30). New York: Guilford Publications.