106 quality assurance

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QUALITY
ASSURANCE
& ISO 9001

ISO 9001 & QUALITY ASSURANCEISO 9001 & QUALITY ASSURANCE
The main features of ISO 9001: 2000The main features of ISO 9001: 2000
are;are;
 process approach to system;process approach to system;
 process measurementprocess measurement
 Process management;Process management;
 customer satisfaction monitoring;customer satisfaction monitoring;
 continual improvement.continual improvement.

ISO 9001: 2000 also puts a strongerISO 9001: 2000 also puts a stronger
emphasis on the quality managementemphasis on the quality management
function of the organization as distinctfunction of the organization as distinct
from:from:
 quality assurancequality assurance
 quality control activitiesquality control activities
 five requirements.five requirements.

 The ISO 14000 series consist of fiveThe ISO 14000 series consist of five
standards:standards:
1.1. Environmental management systemsEnvironmental management systems
2.2. Environmental auditingEnvironmental auditing
3.3. Environmental labellingEnvironmental labelling
4.4. Environmental performanceEnvironmental performance
evaluationevaluation
5.5. Life cycle assessmentLife cycle assessment

 ISO 14001: 1996-an environmentalISO 14001: 1996-an environmental
management standard against whichmanagement standard against which
an organization can be audited on aan organization can be audited on a
voluntary basis.voluntary basis.
 It is applicable to differentIt is applicable to different
organizations in diverseorganizations in diverse
geographical, cultural and socialgeographical, cultural and social
conditions.conditions.

 ISO 9001: 2000ISO 9001: 2000
Main objectives are:Main objectives are:
Quality management systemQuality management system
1.1. General requirementsGeneral requirements
2.2. documentation requirements.documentation requirements.

QUALITY ASSURANCEQUALITY ASSURANCE
& ISO 9001& ISO 9001
Management responsibilityManagement responsibility
1.1. Management commitmentManagement commitment
2.2. customer focuscustomer focus
3.3. quality policyquality policy
4.4. PlanningPlanning
5.5. responsibilityresponsibility
6.6. authority and communicationauthority and communication
7.7. also management review.also management review.

Resource managementResource management
1.1. Provision of resourcesProvision of resources
2.2. InfrastructureInfrastructure
3.3. work environmentwork environment

Product realizationProduct realization
1.1. Planning of product realizationPlanning of product realization
2.2. customer related processescustomer related processes
3.3. design and developmentdesign and development
4.4. PurchasingPurchasing
5.5. production and service provisionproduction and service provision
6.6. control of monitoringcontrol of monitoring
7.7. measuring devicesmeasuring devices

MeasurementMeasurement
1.1. analysis and improvementanalysis and improvement
2.2. monitoring and measurementmonitoring and measurement
3.3. control of nonconforming productcontrol of nonconforming product
4.4. analysis of dataanalysis of data
5.5. improvementimprovement

QA is a necessary process that is neededQA is a necessary process that is needed
during any construction activity such as:during any construction activity such as:
 construction of residential or commercialconstruction of residential or commercial
buildingsbuildings
 roadsroads
 industrial buildingsindustrial buildings
 manufacturing plantsmanufacturing plants
 sports facilitiessports facilities
 BridgesBridges
 etc.etc.

 Quality Assurance and monitoring ofQuality Assurance and monitoring of
quality in any of the above constructionquality in any of the above construction
process is very important.process is very important.
 a minor defect in the quality can cause aa minor defect in the quality can cause a
serious problems and even fatalityserious problems and even fatality
 any lapse could also cause damage to theany lapse could also cause damage to the
propertyproperty
 the cost of quality is very highthe cost of quality is very high
 in the case of structures.in the case of structures.

Taking Different Steps In ConstructionTaking Different Steps In Construction
to achieve QA are:to achieve QA are:
Step 1Step 1
 define the requirements of thedefine the requirements of the
customer;customer;
 Based on the client’s requirements;Based on the client’s requirements;
 the structural designs of thethe structural designs of the
buildings is developed;buildings is developed;
 structures is developed.structures is developed.

 During the design phase, all theDuring the design phase, all the
material is also decided for thematerial is also decided for the
project.project.
 The quality standards of theThe quality standards of the
structure are defined in order tostructure are defined in order to
decide on subsequent stages of thedecide on subsequent stages of the
constructionconstruction quality assurancequality assurance
process.process.
 Soil investigation and site tests areSoil investigation and site tests are
carried out to find out soilcarried out to find out soil
characteristics.characteristics.

Pre-constructionPre-construction
 it important to conform to variousit important to conform to various
environment protection laws.environment protection laws.
 It is important to follow ISO 14001 andIt is important to follow ISO 14001 and
study the environmental impact of thestudy the environmental impact of the
project.project.
company should make sure that thecompany should make sure that the
construction activity causes:construction activity causes:
1.1. minimal sound pollution;minimal sound pollution;
2.2. no pollution to the nearby waterno pollution to the nearby water
bodies;bodies;
3.3. no inconvenience to people livingno inconvenience to people living
nearby.nearby.

Step-2Step-2
Material RequirementsMaterial Requirements
1.1. all the material and supplies which is required inall the material and supplies which is required in
the construction process are listedthe construction process are listed
2.2. including all the relevant specificationsincluding all the relevant specifications
3.3. The specific brand and certification of theThe specific brand and certification of the
productsproducts
4.4. suppliers which should be used in thesuppliers which should be used in the
constructionconstruction
5.5. specified with consideration given to renewablespecified with consideration given to renewable
resourcesresources
6.6. ensuring that the specified materials meet theensuring that the specified materials meet the
design and quality requirements as defined.design and quality requirements as defined.

Step-3Step-3
PlanningPlanning
1.1. the next step is to plan the workflowthe next step is to plan the workflow
for the successful completion of thefor the successful completion of the
each activityeach activity
2.2. procurement team will invite tendersprocurement team will invite tenders
for getting the supplies of thefor getting the supplies of the
building materialbuilding material
3.3. every process is well documented forevery process is well documented for
future referencefuture reference

Step-4Step-4
Material TestingMaterial Testing
 All construction materials are testedAll construction materials are tested
and records are kept for future.and records are kept for future.
 The procedureThe procedure
 TestingTesting
 placing and compaction of concreteplacing and compaction of concrete
 Specifications & Supply of ConcreteSpecifications & Supply of Concrete

 Curing & Protecting ConcreteCuring & Protecting Concrete
 Striking FormworkStriking Formwork
 tensile strength of steeltensile strength of steel
 compressive strength ofcompressive strength of
bricks and mortarbricks and mortar
 etc.etc.

 The materials can be tested byThe materials can be tested by
internal laboratories or by third partyinternal laboratories or by third party
laboratories.laboratories.
 Various work quality standardsVarious work quality standards
issued by institutes and are used.issued by institutes and are used.
 Based on the trial results, theBased on the trial results, the
material is approved or disapproved.material is approved or disapproved.

Final StepFinal Step
Quality During Construction PhaseQuality During Construction Phase
 All QA measures recommended toAll QA measures recommended to
ensure that there is no breach of anyensure that there is no breach of any
quality requirements at this stage.quality requirements at this stage.
 The quality of workmanship is alsoThe quality of workmanship is also
checked at all time.checked at all time.
 Different kinds of tests areDifferent kinds of tests are
conducted to ensure conformance.conducted to ensure conformance.
 Quality is checked consciously withQuality is checked consciously with
the aid of internal and externalthe aid of internal and external
audits.audits.

 If quality at any stage is not up toIf quality at any stage is not up to
standard, then the cause isstandard, then the cause is
determined and accordingly reworkdetermined and accordingly rework
is undertaken.is undertaken.
 Reasons for poor workmanship isReasons for poor workmanship is
recorded for future training.recorded for future training.
 During construction process theDuring construction process the
quality cannot be neglected as thequality cannot be neglected as the
cost of the rework is quite high.cost of the rework is quite high.
 Every year defects in the UKEvery year defects in the UK
construction industry cost atconstruction industry cost at
least £20 billion to repair orleast £20 billion to repair or
rebuildrebuild

 The damage that can happen due toThe damage that can happen due to
poor quality can be very serious.poor quality can be very serious.
 During construction QA process,During construction QA process,
various quality and environmentvarious quality and environment
concerns have to be considered.concerns have to be considered.
 Failure in QS can damage reputationFailure in QS can damage reputation
and bring dispute, litigation, etcand bring dispute, litigation, etc
 It will cause decline in productivity.It will cause decline in productivity.

106 quality assurance

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106 quality assurance