Diabetes is a global disease that affects over 366 million people worldwide and is projected to increase to over 4.4% of the population by 2030. It occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot effectively use the insulin produced, resulting in high blood sugar. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Common symptoms include frequent urination, thirst, hunger, weight loss, and fatigue. Without treatment, diabetes can lead to serious complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, heart, nerves, and feet. Diagnosis involves blood tests to check glucose levels, such as fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like diet,

1. Presentation
on
Diabetes Awareness

2. Diabetes
A GLOBAL DISEASE
The prevalence of diabetes for all age-groups
worldwide was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and
4.4% in 2030.
The total number of people with diabetes is
projected to rise from 171 million in 2000 to 366
million in 2030.
Reference: Wild Sarah, Roglic Gojka et al,
Diabetes care, Volume 27, Number 5, May 2004

3. The 10 Countries Estimated to Have The Highest Numbers of
People with Diabetes in 2000 and 2030
List of countries with the highest numbers of estimated cases of diabetes for 2000 and and 2030.
Source: “Global Prevalence of Diabetes Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030.”
Diabetes Care, Volume 27, No. 5, May 2004.
6th 5.2 million
5th 13.9 million

4. Diabetes in Pakistan
Pakistan is a South-Asian country with a population of
approximately 150 million.
Diabetes prevalence Pakistan is high: 12%of people above 25
years of age suffer from the condition and 10% have impaired glucose
tolerance (IGT).
Reference:Fatema Jawad,

5. Diabetes in Pakistan
According to a Diabetic Association of Pakistan
study into
•chronic complications
•Eye damage (retinopathy) affected 43% of the people,
•kidney disease (nephropathy) 17%, and
•nerve damage (neuropathy) 40%.
Reference:Fatema Jawad,

6.  9th leading cause of death in world1
According to researchers having diabetes in middle age will short your life
by up to six years 2
 50% of people with diabetes die of cardiovascular disease (primarily
heart disease and stroke).3
Neuropathy in the feet increases the chance of foot ulcers and eventual limb
amputation. 3
Impact of Diabetes
Source:
1.http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index.html
2.By Rajan | Friday, March 4th, 2011, http://www.thehealthage.com/type-2-diabetes-middle-
age-reduce-life-years/0304/
3.http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/

7. After 15 years of diabetes, approximately 2% of people become blind, and
about 10% develop severe visual impairment.
 10-20% of people with diabetes die of kidney failure.
Diabetic neuropathy affects up to 50% of people with diabetes.
Source:
1.http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index.html
2.By Rajan | Friday, March 4th, 2011, http://www.thehealthage.com/type-2-diabetes-middle-
age-reduce-life-years/0304/
3.http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/
Impact of Diabetes

8. What is Diabetes?
Diabetes is a disease in which the body has a shortage of insulin, a
decreased ability to use insulin, or both. Insulin is a hormone that
allows glucose (sugar) to enter cells and be converted to energy. When
diabetes is not controlled, glucose and fats remain in the blood and,
over time, damage vital organs.
Source:
http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/AAG/ddt.htm

9. Understanding
Diabetes Mellitus
After digestion, glucose passes into the bloodstream, where it is used by cells
for growth and energy.

10. For glucose to get into cells, insulin must be present.

11. When healthy people eat, the pancreas automatically produces the right
amount of insulin to move glucose from blood into our cells.
In Normal People

12. When People with diabetes eat, their pancreas either produces little or
no insulin, or their cells do not respond appropriately to the insulin that
is produced
In people with Diabetes

14. Glucose builds up in the blood, overflows into the urine, and passes out of
the body in urine

15. What are the Types of
Diabetes?

16. Types of Diabetes
 Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes also called juvenile or insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus
(IDDM). Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but it is most often diagnosed
in children, adolescents, or young adults.

17.  Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes develops when body does not respond correctly to insulin The
most common form of diabetes is type 2 diabetes.
It is also called Non-Insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus(NIDDM)
Types of Diabetes

18.  Gestational Diabetes
During pregnancy, hormonal changes can cause the body to be less sensitive
to the effect of insulin. These changes can lead to high blood sugar and
diabetes.
Types of Diabetes

19. Diabetes is often without symptoms in its early stages.
That’s the reason 40% of people with diabetes are unaware of their
disease.

20. Symptoms
• Frequent Urination
• Sudden weight Loss
• Blurry vision
• Numbness or tingling
• Increased Thirst
• Frequent Hunger
• Slow healing of infection

21. • Blindness
• Kidney failure
• Neuropathy (Numbness)
• Delayed healing of
infection
• Cardiovascular diseases
Complications

22. Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes
Mellitus

23. Early diagnosis can be accomplished through
relatively inexpensive blood testing.
Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Measures blood glucose after you have
not eaten for at least 8 to 12 hours. It is
often the first test done to check for pre-
diabetes and diabetes.

24.  2-hour postprandial blood
sugar
Measures blood glucose exactly 2
hours after eating a meal.
Early diagnosis can be accomplished through
relatively inexpensive blood testing.

25. • Random blood sugar (RBS)
Measures blood glucose regardless of
when you last ate.
Early diagnosis can be accomplished through
relatively inexpensive blood testing.

26. Oral glucose tolerance test
An oral glucose tolerance test is a series of
blood glucose measurements taken after you
drink a sweet liquid that contains glucose.
This test is commonly used to diagnose
diabetes that occurs during pregnancy
Early diagnosis can be accomplished through
relatively inexpensive blood testing.

27. Hemoglobin A1C Test
Glycated hemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin
which is measured primarily to identify the
average plasma glucose concentration over
prolonged periods (2-3 months) of time.
Reference:http://www.medicinen
et.com/hemoglobin_a1c_test/arti
cle.htm

28. Normal Sugar Level
Source:1.http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/glucose/tab/test
2.http://www.naturaldiabetics.com/blood-sugar-numbers/
GLUCOSE LEVEL INDICATION
From 70 to 99 mg/dL
(3.9 to 5.5 mmol/L)
Normal fasting glucose
From 100 to 125 mg/dL
(5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L)
Impaired fasting glucose
(pre-diabetes)
126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) and above
on more than one testing occasion
Diabetes
1 hour post-prandial: below 140
2 hours post-prandial: below 120
Normal blood sugar readings
1 hour post-prandial: below 180
2 hours post-prandial: below 140
For diabetics

29. Normal Sugar Level
Source:http://ygraph.com/chart/618

30. Once you’ve been diagnosed with
diabetes, there are many changes
and things you have to do in order
to keep your blood sugar level
steady and healthy. Steps to be
taken include:
• Meal planning
• Weight loss
• Exercise.
How to take care of yourself

31. Weight-Loss
Obesity increases insulin
resistance and can lead to
many cardiovascular and
other health problems.

32. Exercise
Exercise can take glucose
out of the blood for energy
during or after exercise,
which lowers the increased
glucose level.

33. &
Hypoglycaemia
Hyperglycaemia

34. Hyperglycaemia
 Hyperglycaemia is an
excessively high level of glucose
in the blood, a feature of
untreated or inadequately
managed diabetes.

35. Hypoglycaemia
 Hypoglycaemia is the low level of
glucose in the blood. This occurs
when a diabetic has injected too
much insulin, eaten too little food,
or has exercised without extra food.

36. Diabetes is a very complicated disease but it is
easy to diagnose.
 Patients have to take care of themselves
and have to regularly check their
• Blood sugar levels,
• Follow the medicines
• and diet plan as suggested by physician.
CONCLUSION :

37. Any Question……? :