This Presentation was a Paper that have been presented at the; 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENHANCEMENT OF SMALL RUMINANT PRODUCTION Title: "SHEEP CROSS BREEDING AND REPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT AS TOOLS TO ENHANCE FLOCK PRODUCTIVITY" المؤتمر الدولى الأول لتنمية المجترات الصغيرة الجمعية المصرية للأغنام والماعزوالحيوانات الصحراوية

1. 1
‫الصحراوية‬ ‫والماعزوالحيوانات‬ ‫للنغنام‬ ‫المصرية‬ ‫الجمعية‬‫الصحراوية‬ ‫والماعزوالحيوانات‬ ‫للنغنام‬ ‫المصرية‬ ‫الجمعية‬
EGYPTIAN ASSOCIATION OF SHEEP, GOATS & DESERT ANIMALSEGYPTIAN ASSOCIATION OF SHEEP, GOATS & DESERT ANIMALS
‫الصغيرة‬ ‫المجترات‬ ‫لتنمية‬ ‫الول‬ ‫الدولى‬ ‫المؤتمر‬‫الصغيرة‬ ‫المجترات‬ ‫لتنمية‬ ‫الول‬ ‫الدولى‬ ‫المؤتمر‬
11st International Conference onst International Conference on
Enhancement of Small RuminantEnhancement of Small Ruminant
ProductionProduction
(7-9 Feb, 2006)(7-9 Feb, 2006)

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SHEEP CROSS BREEDING AND REPRODUCTIVESHEEP CROSS BREEDING AND REPRODUCTIVE
MANAGEMENT AS TOOLS TO ENHANCE FLOCKMANAGEMENT AS TOOLS TO ENHANCE FLOCK
PRODUCTIVITYPRODUCTIVITY
ByBy
Dr TALAAT HARB M REFAATDr TALAAT HARB M REFAAT
Eng ABDULLAH TALAAT REFAATEng ABDULLAH TALAAT REFAAT
(7-9 Feb, 2006)(7-9 Feb, 2006)

3. 3
GETTING STARTEDGETTING STARTED
BUSINESS STRATEGYBUSINESS STRATEGY

WHYWHY BUSINESS STRATEGYBUSINESS STRATEGY

MISSION STATEMENTMISSION STATEMENT

VISSION STATEMENTVISSION STATEMENT
GOALS AND OBJECTIVESGOALS AND OBJECTIVES

G0,G1,…………G4G0,G1,…………G4
CROSSBREEDINGCROSSBREEDING

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

GENETICS AND SELECTIONGENETICS AND SELECTION
REPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENTREPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

THE ESTRUS CYCLETHE ESTRUS CYCLE

PARTURITIONPARTURITION
PROGRESS REPORTPROGRESS REPORT

BREEDINGBREEDING

IMPORTANT TRAITS MEETING OUR GOALSIMPORTANT TRAITS MEETING OUR GOALS

RECORDKEEPING SYSTEMRECORDKEEPING SYSTEM

OVERCOMMING DIFFICULTIES IN GOALS ACHIEVEMENTOVERCOMMING DIFFICULTIES IN GOALS ACHIEVEMENT

4. 4
Systems ApproachSystems Approach
the most appropriate forthe most appropriate for

gaining knowledge of andgaining knowledge of and

designing technology for the improvement ofdesigning technology for the improvement of
agricultural performance andagricultural performance and

for the subsequent putting into practice of thefor the subsequent putting into practice of the
knowledge and technology.knowledge and technology.

unlike the more traditional disciplinary approachunlike the more traditional disciplinary approach
considers the effects that changes in one componentconsiders the effects that changes in one component
or subcomponent of a whole farm or environmentor subcomponent of a whole farm or environment
may have on other components.” “1”.may have on other components.” “1”.

5. 5
A properly applied systems approach should:A properly applied systems approach should:
Begin with no preconceptions about the nature of theBegin with no preconceptions about the nature of the
systemsystem
Be geared towards improvement of the systemBe geared towards improvement of the system
Examine the interactions and relationshipsExamine the interactions and relationships
Attempt to identify constraints to better performanceAttempt to identify constraints to better performance
Involve the farmers and their families in the processInvolve the farmers and their families in the process
Evaluate “solutions” for their effects on productivity,Evaluate “solutions” for their effects on productivity,
equity, stability and sustainability.equity, stability and sustainability.

6. 6
GETTING STARTEDGETTING STARTED
20 Barki ewes from American University of20 Barki ewes from American University of
Cairo (AUC) ,8/1998.Cairo (AUC) ,8/1998.
two Barki rams from Animal Productiontwo Barki rams from Animal Production
Research Institute (APRI), BorgResearch Institute (APRI), Borg
Al-Arab station .Al-Arab station .
80 Osimi ewes from Abu-Kabeer Sharkiya,80 Osimi ewes from Abu-Kabeer Sharkiya,
7/1999.7/1999.
two Finn / Rahmani rams from APRI, Sakhatwo Finn / Rahmani rams from APRI, Sakha
Station.Station.

7. 7
setting a strategysetting a strategy
To formulate theTo formulate the Mission StatementMission Statement
To formulate theTo formulate the Vision StatementVision Statement
To set theTo set the Goals & ObjectivesGoals & Objectives
To devise anTo devise an appropriate organizationappropriate organization
To allocateTo allocate new resourcesnew resources to the organizationto the organization
To comply with theTo comply with the imposed requirementsimposed requirements
ToTo reposition the project relative to the similarreposition the project relative to the similar
competitorscompetitors
To form a basis for makingTo form a basis for making action decision-now!action decision-now!

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MISSION STATEMENTMISSION STATEMENT
To encourage and enableTo encourage and enable
All farm managers at the threeAll farm managers at the three
Managerial levelsManagerial levels
To improveTo improve
The decision making processThe decision making process
For all types of decisionsFor all types of decisions
Strategic, tactical & technicalStrategic, tactical & technical

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VISSION STATEMENTVISSION STATEMENT
Quantitative Approaches, DSS, TQM, HRM,Quantitative Approaches, DSS, TQM, HRM,
advanced S/W & H/Wadvanced S/W & H/W
& different Methodologies& different Methodologies
BecomeBecome
common toolscommon tools thatthat
all farm managers can useall farm managers can use
to help themto help them
to achieve their objectivesto achieve their objectives

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GOALS AND OBJECTIVES (G0)GOALS AND OBJECTIVES (G0)
to establishto establish
mission statement, vision statement, goals,mission statement, vision statement, goals,
policies,policies,
procedures & adequate organization;procedures & adequate organization;
objectives, scope of workobjectives, scope of work
AndAnd
job analysis and descriptionjob analysis and description
for the required manpowerfor the required manpower

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GOALS AND OBJECTIVES (G1)GOALS AND OBJECTIVES (G1)
to facilitate collection, keeping,to facilitate collection, keeping,
updating for all information relatedupdating for all information related
to animal production, cross breeding,to animal production, cross breeding,
reproductive management,reproductive management,
nutrition, …….etc. on different media, andnutrition, …….etc. on different media, and
to avail these information to all farmto avail these information to all farm
candidatescandidates

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GOALS AND OBJECTIVES (G2)GOALS AND OBJECTIVES (G2)
to establishto establish
systems assurance, product assurancesystems assurance, product assurance
function, and process assurancefunction, and process assurance
in the meantimein the meantime
to build and to improve :to build and to improve :
i a quality control system to all partsi a quality control system to all parts
ii a training system to all involvingii a training system to all involving
candidatescandidates

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GOALS AND OBJECTIVES (G3)GOALS AND OBJECTIVES (G3)
to assist projects, managersto assist projects, managers
to performto perform
the four key stages of the project :the four key stages of the project :
initiation, establishment, implementation,initiation, establishment, implementation,
and project completionand project completion..

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GOALS AND OBJECTIVES (G4)GOALS AND OBJECTIVES (G4)
to performto perform
professional system studies,professional system studies,
feasibility studiesfeasibility studies
in the meantimein the meantime
to devise systematic means forto devise systematic means for
attaining objectivesattaining objectives

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Steps for Developing a Successful Selection ProgramSteps for Developing a Successful Selection Program
Determine the goals for your sheep enterprise.Determine the goals for your sheep enterprise.
Select a breed or breeds that are suited for your goals.Select a breed or breeds that are suited for your goals.
Determine which traits are most important for meeting your goals.Determine which traits are most important for meeting your goals.
Identify and keep records on all your sheep.Identify and keep records on all your sheep.
Evaluate your ewe flock based on the important traits to determineEvaluate your ewe flock based on the important traits to determine
where improvement is needed.where improvement is needed.
Choose rams that are superior in the traits that your ewe flockChoose rams that are superior in the traits that your ewe flock
needs improvement.needs improvement.
Select replacement ewes that are above your flock average for theSelect replacement ewes that are above your flock average for the
important traits.important traits.

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IMPORTANT TRAITS MEETINGIMPORTANT TRAITS MEETING
OUR GOALSOUR GOALS
Meat/carcass quality,Meat/carcass quality,
Reproductive efficiency, and,Reproductive efficiency, and,
Adaptability to our environment( climate,Adaptability to our environment( climate,
health, feeding & management system).health, feeding & management system).

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BREEDINGBREEDING
Consumer preferences, our selection criteria,Consumer preferences, our selection criteria,
and suitability to a production managementand suitability to a production management
scheme were evaluated.scheme were evaluated.
During initiation phase we concluded toDuring initiation phase we concluded to
follow two directions :follow two directions :

Purebreeding :Barki breedPurebreeding :Barki breed

Crossbreeding : Finn / RahmaniCrossbreeding : Finn / Rahmani rams torams to
Ossimi ewesOssimi ewes
Crossbred ewes tend to have an advantageCrossbred ewes tend to have an advantage
over purebred ewes in reproductive traits.over purebred ewes in reproductive traits.

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WHY FINNSHEEPWHY FINNSHEEP
ancient breed, native to Finlandancient breed, native to Finland
one of several North Europeanone of several North European short-tailedshort-tailed
Landrace breeds. “9”Landrace breeds. “9”
have ahave a longlong lean carcasseslean carcasses. A proportion of. A proportion of
Finn genes within a composite ewe breed willFinn genes within a composite ewe breed will
generallygenerally decrease fatnessdecrease fatness in lamb carcass,in lamb carcass,
aa desirable traitdesirable trait. “9”. “9”
earlier maturingearlier maturing breeds tends to have :breeds tends to have :
shorter pregnanciesshorter pregnancies than the late. “8”than the late. “8”
average gestation length 144-151average gestation length 144-151
Individual pregnanciesIndividual pregnancies 138-159138-159 “8”“8”

19. 19
WHY FINNSHEEP (cont.) “11”WHY FINNSHEEP (cont.) “11”
High fertilityHigh fertility
Fast lamb growthFast lamb growth
Long, lean carcassesLong, lean carcasses
Good motheringGood mothering
abilityability
Facial eczemaFacial eczema
resistanceresistance
Easy lambingEasy lambing
Early sexual maturityEarly sexual maturity
Highly intelligentHighly intelligent
ProfitabilityProfitability
Fine, lustrous woolFine, lustrous wool
ConstitutionConstitution

20. 20
RECORDKEEPING SYSTEMRECORDKEEPING SYSTEM
Measuring traits and comparing animals requires :Measuring traits and comparing animals requires :

identification system,identification system,

recordkeeping systemrecordkeeping system
Lamb IDLamb ID, birth date, birth type (single, twin, triplet),sire,, birth date, birth type (single, twin, triplet),sire,
and damand dam
production recordsproduction records include: birth weight, weaning weight,include: birth weight, weaning weight,
post-weaning weight, average daily gain,post-weaning weight, average daily gain,
medication recordsmedication records, fleece traits, information on difficult, fleece traits, information on difficult
births, comments about :births, comments about :
the dam’s disposition or mothering ability,the dam’s disposition or mothering ability,
the lamb’sthe lamb’s physical appearancephysical appearance, and more, and more

21. 21
RECORDKEEPING SYSTEM (cont.)RECORDKEEPING SYSTEM (cont.)
Keeping records is just theKeeping records is just the first stepfirst step
important stepimportant step is actuallyis actually using thoseusing those
records to make selectionrecords to make selection and cullingand culling
decisionsdecisions (( ‫غربلة‬‫غربلة‬)) to improve the overallto improve the overall
genetic make-up of your flockgenetic make-up of your flock..
utilize production records in combinationutilize production records in combination
withwith visual evaluationvisual evaluation to make yourto make your
selection decisions.selection decisions.

22. 22
OVERCOMMING DIFFICULTIESOVERCOMMING DIFFICULTIES
Satisfactory results were not obtained –Satisfactory results were not obtained –
economical wise-economical wise- under natural breedingunder natural breeding
conditions.conditions.
about to endabout to end our project several timesour project several times
we achieved awe achieved a technical contributiontechnical contribution inin
purebreeding, crossbreeding as well aspurebreeding, crossbreeding as well as
reproductive managementreproductive management regarding the preregarding the pre
selected target traitsselected target traits
The solution was toThe solution was to transfertransfer fromfrom the naturalthe natural
breeding to artificial manipulating of thebreeding to artificial manipulating of the
reproductive cycle of sheep.reproductive cycle of sheep.

23. 23
Hormonal ControlHormonal Control
A common method of inducing estrus in non-A common method of inducing estrus in non-
cycling ewes iscycling ewes is progesterone-based therapiesprogesterone-based therapies..
Progesterone prevents the ewe from returning toProgesterone prevents the ewe from returning to
estrus and ovulating. It is produced by theestrus and ovulating. It is produced by the
corpus Luteum (CL)corpus Luteum (CL) of the ovary followingof the ovary following
ovulation and sustains pregnancy. Whenovulation and sustains pregnancy. When
progesterones are introduced artificially, theyprogesterones are introduced artificially, they
fool the body intofool the body into thinking it is pregnantthinking it is pregnant and theand the
animalanimal will not ovulate or come into estrouswill not ovulate or come into estrous
(heat). When the progesterone source is totally(heat). When the progesterone source is totally
removed, the bodyremoved, the body realizes it is no longerrealizes it is no longer
pregnant and will ovulate within a verypregnant and will ovulate within a very
predictable period.predictable period.

24. 24

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27. 27

28. 28

29. 29

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38. 38
‫بالفسفنج‬ ‫القطيع‬ ‫من‬ ‫مجاميع‬ ‫خمس‬ ‫معاملة‬ ‫يوضح‬ ‫جدول‬
‫المجموع‬ ‫الخامسة‬ ‫المجموعة‬ ‫الرابعة‬ ‫المجموعة‬ ‫الثالثة‬ ‫المجموعة‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫المجموعة‬ ‫اللولى‬ ‫المجموعة‬
97 40 10 21 14 12 ‫النعاج‬ ‫عدد‬
08-06-2005 20-03-2005 22-11-2004 06-06-2004 28-03-2004 ‫الفسفنجة‬ ‫تركيب‬ ‫تاريخ‬
21-06-2005 03-04-2005 07-12-2004 19-06-2004 11-04-2004 ‫الحقن‬ ‫و‬ ‫النزع‬ ‫تاريخ‬
23-06-2005 05-04-2005 09-12-2004 21-06-2004 13-04-2004 ‫التلقيح‬ ‫تاريخ‬
23-09-2005 15-07-2005 09-03-2005 21-09-2004 03-07-2004 ‫الجس‬ ‫تاريخ‬
08-11-2005 02-09-2005 07-05-2005 02-11-2004 09-09-2004 ‫الولى‬ ‫الولدة‬ ‫تاريخ‬
27-11-2005 09-09-2005 23-05-2005 06-12-2004 12-09-2004 ‫الخيرة‬ ‫الولدة‬ ‫تاريخ‬
75 29 8 16 11 11 ‫النعاج‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫الوالدة‬
43 20 3 9 5 6 ‫الفردية‬ ‫الولدات‬ ‫عدد‬
28 9 4 6 4 5 ‫الثنائية‬ ‫الولدات‬ ‫عدد‬
4 0 1 1 2 0 ‫الثليثية‬ ‫الولدات‬ ‫عدد‬
22 11 2 5 3 1 ‫تلد‬ ‫لم‬ ‫التى‬ ‫النعاج‬ ‫عدد‬
111 38 14 24 19 16 ‫المولودة‬ ‫الحمل ن‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫إجمالى‬
6 6 0 0 0 0 ‫الفطام‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫الميلد‬ ‫من‬ ‫النفوق‬

39. 39
‫والنفوق‬ ‫العددية‬ ‫والتنتاجية‬ ‫التناسلية‬ ‫والكفاءة‬ ‫تقديرالخصوبة‬‫والنفوق‬ ‫العددية‬ ‫والتنتاجية‬ ‫التناسلية‬ ‫والكفاءة‬ ‫تقديرالخصوبة‬
100
100
*
*
‫الملقحة‬ ‫النعاج‬ ‫عدد‬
97
/
/
‫المخصبة‬ ‫النعاج‬ ‫عدد‬
75
77.32%
=
=
=
•‫الخصوبة‬ ‫نسبة‬
100
100
*
*
‫الوالدة‬ ‫النعاج‬ ‫عدد‬
75
/
/
‫المولودة‬ ‫الحمل ن‬ ‫عدد‬
111
148%
=
=
=
•‫التنافسلية‬ ‫الكفاءة‬
100
100
*
*
‫الملقحة‬ ‫النعاج‬ ‫عدد‬
97
/
/
‫المولودة‬ ‫الحمل ن‬ ‫عدد‬
111
114.43%
=
=
=
•‫للمربي‬ ‫العددية‬ ‫النتاجية‬
100
100
*
*
‫المولودة‬ ‫الحمل ن‬ ‫عدد‬
111
/
/
‫الفطام‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫النافقة‬ ‫الحمل ن‬ ‫عدد‬
6
5.41%
=
=
=
•‫النفوق‬ ‫نسبة‬

40. 40
‫المزرعة‬ ‫إتنتاج‬ ‫من‬ ‫لنغنام‬ ‫اليومى‬ ‫النمو‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫يوضح‬ ‫جدول‬‫المزرعة‬ ‫إتنتاج‬ ‫من‬ ‫لنغنام‬ ‫اليومى‬ ‫النمو‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫يوضح‬ ‫جدول‬
‫الكجم‬ ‫فسعر‬ ‫التكلفة‬ ‫م.قترة‬ ‫فترة‬ ‫متوفسط‬
‫الوز ن‬
‫الوز ن‬ ‫إجمالى‬ ‫عدد‬
‫نوع‬ ‫و‬
#
‫العنبر‬
‫التاريخ‬
‫م.عام‬ ‫مدة‬
26.5 2359 -- -- 11.13 89 8farm 3b 14-9-05
-- --
23.49 2443 313 6 13 104 8farm 3b 20-9-05
313 6
19.65 2555 406 8 16.25 130 8farm 3b 28-9-05
366 14
15.64 2737 433 13 21.88 175 8farm 3b 11-10-05
398 27
14 2933 294 14 26 208 8farm 3b 25-10-05
363 41
13.23 3227 214 21 30.5 244 8farm 3b 15-11-05
313 62
13.11 3435 173 13 32.75 262 8farm 3b 28-11-05
288 75
12.52 3755 238 20 37.5 300 8farm 3b 18-12-05
278 95

41. 41
THANKSTHANKS