CBT

1. Cognitive
behaviour therapy

2. Cognition
• Perception, sensation, idea
• It is defined as the mental action or process
of acquired knowledge and understanding
through thought, experience and existing
knowledge and generate new knowledge.

3. • Negative thinking leads to negative
consequences.
• It leads to unhappiness- obstacles to self change.
• Need for approval- what happened to
• Mind reading
• Should statements
• Disqualifying present situation
• Dwelling on the past – remembrance of bad only
• Pessimism – always expecting worst

4. • External factors influence your life but great
impact on your quality of life is your own
thinking.
• Negative thoughts comes by watching the people
and situations around you and will turn into
habits through repetition.
• When you challenge your thinking you create
new neural pathways through healthy thinking.
• CBT helps step by step changes in your thinking.

5. • One of many psychotherapy approaches, CBT is based
on the idea that how we feel, think, and behave are
naturally intertwined.
• For this reason, CBT sets out to help patients identify
the relationships between unhealthy thinking patterns,
disruptive behavior, and negative emotional responses
in upsetting or impairing situations.
• Overall, the treatment requires active participation by
the patient in the form of in-session exercises, as well
as homework assignments to be completed in between
sessions

6. • CBT to be effective for the treatment of many clinical
issues such as mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and
eating disorders.
• The therapy is often brief and time-limited and can be
used in individual therapy as well as group settings.
• Therapy helps you to recognize your negative thoughts
and through thought review change your negative
thinking to healthier one.
• Once learned how to do a thought review you
challenge your thinking and change your life.
• BT gradually change your thinking improves your self
esteem.

7. COGNITIVE THEORY OF PERSONALITY
• Dr. Aaron T. Beck developed Cognitive Behavior Therapy
(CBT) at the University of Pennsylvania in the 1960s.
• Beck believes that psychological disorders are caused by
a combination of biological, environmental, and social
factors.
• Rarely is one of these a cause for a disorder.
• In understanding a disturbance, Beck uses a cognitive
model of development that includes the impact of early
childhood experiences on the development of cognitive
schemas and automatic thoughts.
• Beliefs and schemas are subject to cognitive distortions,
a key concept in cognitive therapy.

8. Types of negativity
• All or non thinking – do act and anything less
is failure leads to anxiety, depression,
addiction
• Focusing on negatives – consider yourself
failure
• Catastrophising – something worst going to
happened

9. Schemas or cognitive schemas:
• Ways of thinking that comprise a set of core
beliefs and assumptions about how the world
operates.

10. Automatic thoughts:
• Notions or ideas that occur without effort or
choice, that can be distorted, and lead to
emotional responses. Automatic thoughts
provide data about core beliefs.

11. COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS
• Automatic thoughts are subject to cognitive
distortions. Cognitive therapists have identified a
variety of cognitive distortions that can be found in
different psychological disorders.
• Cognitive distortions: Systematic errors in reasoning,
often stemming form early childhood errors in
reasoning; an indication of inaccurate or ineffective
information processing.

12. Cognitive shift:
• Basically a biased interpretation of life
experiences, occurring when individuals shift
their focus from unbiased to more biased
information about themselves or their world.

13. Negative cognitive shift:
• A state in which interpretation of life
experiences, occurring when individuals shift
their focus form negative information about
themselves.

14. Affective shift:
• A shift in facial or bodily expressions of
emotion or stress indicating that a cognitive
shift has just taken place, often a negative
cognitive shift. Often an indication of a hot
cognition.

15. Hot cognition:
• A strong or highly charged thought or idea
that produces powerful emotional reactions.

16. All-or-nothing thinking:
• Engaging in black-or-white thinking. Thinking
in extremes, such as all good or all bad, with
nothing in the middle.

17. Selective abstraction:
• Selecting one idea or fact from an event while
ignoring other facts in order to support
negative thinking.

18. Mind reading:
• Believing that we know the thoughts in
another person’s mind.

19. Negative prediction:
• Believing that something bad is going to
happen even though there is no evidence to
support this prediction.

20. Catastrophizing:
• Exaggerating the
potential or real
consequences of an
event and becoming
fearful of the
consequences.

21. Overgeneralization:
• An example of distorted thinking that occurs
when individuals make a rule based on a few
negative or isolated events and then apply it
broadly.

22. Labeling:
• Creating a negative view of oneself based on
errors or mistakes that one has made. It is a
type of overgeneralizing which affects one’s
view of oneself.

23. Magnification:
• A cognitive distortion in which an
imperfection is exaggerated into something
greater than it is.

24. Minimization:
• Making a positive event much less important
than it really is.

25. Personalization:
• A cognitive distortion in which an individual
takes an event and relates it to himself or
herself when there is no relationship. An
example would be, “Whenever I want to go
skiing, there is no snow.” Wanting to go skiing
does not cause a lack of snow.

26. THEORY OF COGNITIVE THERAPY
• In cognitive therapy, client and therapist combine to
examine thinking patterns and behaviors and change
them so that the client can function more effectively.
• The focus of therapy is often on distorted thinking.
Assessment is quite detailed,.

27. • Correcting thinking patterns may involve examining
past evidence, identifying common thinking errors,
conducting a real world experiment to test
assumptions about the world, and using written and
verbal exercises to address problematic thinking.
• They are then helped to identify those thoughts and
behaviors that are dysfunctional, inaccurate, or simply
unhelpful.
• Ultimately, the individual learns to replace or transcend
these dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors with more
realistic and useful ones.

28. ASSESSMENT IN COGNITIVE THERAPY
• Attention to detail is a hallmark of cognitive therapy.
• In interviews, therapists ask many questions about the
presenting problem, past problems, past traumatic
experiences, and medical history.
• Questions elicit details to help therapists make assessments
about distorted thinking.
• Scales and questionnaires, several developed by Aaron Beck,
assess for depression, suicide, and other concerns.
• These may be administered to clients prior to each session.
Another method is self monitoring that uses forms such as the
Dysfunctional Thoughts Record.
• Still other methods are used for sampling thoughts.

29. Self-monitoring:
• A method of assessing thoughts, emotions, or
behaviors outside of therapy in which clients
are asked to keep records of events, feelings,
and/or thoughts.

30. Thought sampling:
• A means of obtaining samples of thoughts
outside of therapy by asking the client to
record thoughts on tape or in a notebook at
different intervals.

31. ROLE OF COUNSELOR
• Client and counselor are in a collaborative
partnership.

32. GOALS OF THERAPY
• the promotion of self-awareness and emotional intelligence
by teaching to “read” their emotions and distinguish
healthy from unhealthy feelings
• helping to understand how distorted perceptions and
thoughts contribute to painful feelings
• the rapid reduction of symptoms with an emphasis on
examining the current situation and solving current
problems
• the development of self-control by teaching specific
techniques to identify and challenge distorted thinking
• prevention of future episodes of emotional distress and
development of personal growth by helping to change core
beliefs that are often at the heart of their suffering.

33. THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES
• Cognitive therapy techniques are often challenging and specific.
• Socratic dialogue helps to challenge maladaptive beliefs and assumptions.
• Basically, it is a series of questions that help the client arrive at logical
answers to and conclusions about a certain hypothesis.
• The three-question technique is a form of guided discovery.
• Clients are often asked to specify automatic thoughts by recording them
on the Dysfunctional Thought Record or through thought sampling.
• The client can then bring material to therapy so that the client and
therapist can challenge maladaptive assumptions or ineffective beliefs.
• Several different techniques are used for challenging different distorted
beliefs.

34. Challenging absolutes:
• Statements that include words such as
“everyone”, “never”, and “always” are usually
exaggerations which therapists point out to
the client.

35. Reattribution:
• Helping clients distribute responsibility for an
event (such as an argument) so as to equally
place responsibility for the event.

36. De-catastrophizing:
• A “What if” technique, in which the clients are
asked, “What if X happened, what would you
do?” It is designed to explore actual rather
than feared events.

37. Scaling:
• A technique of turning a dichotomy into a
continuum so that individuals do not see
things as “all or nothing.” It is used in
challenging dichotomous thinking.
• On a scale of 0 to 10, with 10 being the most disturbed, and 0
being not disturbed at all, where would you put yourself now?
• 1 10

38. Cognitive rehearsal:
• A means of using imagination to think about
having a positive interaction or experience.
For example, to imagine a positive interaction
with one’s future in-laws.

41. Socratic questioning
• 1. Questions for clarification:
• Why do you say that?
• How does this relate to our discussion?
• "Are you going to include diffusion in your mole balance
equations?"
• 2. Questions that probe assumptions:
• What could we assume instead?
• How can you verify or disapprove that assumption?
• "Why are neglecting radial diffusion and including only axial
diffusion?"

42. • 3. Questions that probe reasons and evidence:
• What would be an example?
• What is....analogous to?
• What do you think causes to happen...? Why:?
• "Do you think that diffusion is responsible for the lower conversion?"
• 4. Questions about Viewpoints and Perspectives:
• What would be an alternative?
• What is another way to look at it?
• Would you explain why it is necessary or beneficial, and who benefits?
• Why is the best?
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of...?
• How are...and ...similar?
• What is a counterargument for...?
• "With all the bends in the pipe, from an industrial/practical standpoint, do you think diffusion will
affect the conversion?"

43. • 5. Questions that probe implications and consequences:
• What generalizations can you make?
• What are the consequences of that assumption?
• What are you implying?
• How does...affect...?
• How does...tie in with what we learned before?
• "How would our results be affected if neglected diffusion?"
6. Questions about the question:
• What was the point of this question?
• Why do you think I asked this question?
• What does...mean?
• How does...apply to everyday life?
• "Why do you think diffusion is important?"