"Waste Management Vision For Future" - م.15- مبادرة #تواصل_تطوير- أ.د. مصطفى إسماعيل

Waste Management Vision
For The Future
Prof. Mostafa A Ismail

Contents
• Environmental Definitions and Expressions
• Waste types , classification and characterization
• Waste Management
• Solid Waste Management and Its Treatment Systems
• Liquid Waste Management and Its Treatment Systems
• Exhaust Gas Control and Treatment Systems
• NOx Control Techniques
• SOx Control Techniques
• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Control Techniques
• Environmental Codes

Environmental Definitions and
Expressions

Definitions
Environment
surroundings in which an organization operates, including air, water,
land, energy, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans, and their
interrelation

Pollution
Pollution occurs when pollutants contaminate the natural
surroundings; which brings about changes that affect our normal
lifestyles adversely. Pollutants are the key elements or components of
pollution which are generally waste materials of different forms.
Pollution disturbs our ecosystem and the balance in the environment.

Pollution is bad use of natural resources

Pollution
• With modernization and development in our lives pollution has
reached its peak; giving rise to global warming and human illness.

Solution go back to Green Earth

Green Design
• Green Design criteria

Sustainable aspects
• Sustainable is defined as “meeting the needs of the present while
improving the ability of the future generations to meet their own
needs”.
• from sitting to design, construction, operation, maintenance,
renovation, and deconstruction, enhancing efficiency and
moderation in the use of Materials, Water, Energy, and
Development space.

What is Sustainable Design?
• Sustainable design:
• Sustainable design is a design that minimizes the negative human
impacts on the natural surroundings, materials, resources, and
processes that prevail in nature.
• it is the dedication to exhibiting greater environmental responsibility
through energy efficiency, utilizing recycled or renewable materials
and lowering life cycle building costs.

Sustainable Design criteria
• Sustainable Design criteria divided into 5 main categories:
• Site Selection
• Material Selection and optimization
• Energy Management Systems
• Water Management Systems
• Waste Management System
• optimum

Relationship between Environmental,
Social, Economic and Sustainable Aspects

Relationship between Green,
‘Sustainability, Ecology, and Performance

Management systems
• Management systems is the way to monitoring, controlling the
"generation, prevention, characterization, treatment, handling,
reuse, recycle and residual disposition of the resources".
• The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity,
and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on
health, the environment or aesthetics.

Management systems
• Energy efficiency,
• Water efficiency,
• Wise use of materials and resources,
• site selection and planning,

Energy management system
• Commissioning; energy use monitoring
• Efficient design and construction (passive energy)
• Efficient appliances (active energy)
• Efficient lighting systems & fixtures
• Renewable and clean sources of energy, generated on-site or off-
site;(Solar ,wind, thermal,…)
• Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan—ensuring the
comfort of buildings occupants

Definition of Wastes
Wastes
 Implies unwanted or unusable materials. “substances or
objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed
of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of the
law”
 The term is often subjective (because waste to one person is not
necessarily waste to another) and sometimes objectively inaccurate (for
example, to send scrap metals to a landfill is to inaccurately classify them as
waste, because they are recyclable).

Types of Wastes
Solid wastes:
domestic, commercial and industrial wastes especially common as co-
disposal of wastes: plastics, Styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers,
scrap iron, and other trash
Liquid Wastes:
Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds,
manufacturing industries and other sources
Emissions
Examples: exhaust gases (CO2, CO, O2, NOx. Sox,….etc)

Classification of Wastes
• According to their Properties
• According to their Effects on Human Health and the
environment

Organic (Bio-degradable – CHNSO)
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)
Recyclable Materials (Non-biodegradable Material – scrap)
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines,
cans, Styrofoam containers and others)

• Hazardous wastes
• Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally,
or economically.
• Non-hazardous
• Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or
economically.

Waste management
• Reduce
• Reduce office paper waste by implementing a formal policy to duplex all, draft
reports and by making training manuals and personnel information available
electronically.
• Improve product design to use less materials.
• Redesign packaging to eliminate excess material while maintaining strength.
• Work with customers to design and implement a packaging return program.
• Switch to reusable transport containers.
• Purchase products in bulk.

Waste management
• Prevention of Pollution
• Product design,
• Materials utilization,
• Use, practices, and techniques of processes,
• Services or energy that avoid, reduce or control (separately or in
combination)
• The creation, emission or discharge of any pollutant or waste, in order to
reduce adverse environmental impacts

Waste management
Reuse
• Reuse recyclable materials
• corrugated moving boxes internally.
• Reuse office furniture and supplies, such as interoffice envelopes, file
folders, and paper.
• Use durable towels, tablecloths, napkins, dishes, cups, and glasses.
• Use incoming packaging materials for outgoing shipments.
• Encourage employees to reuse office materials

Waste Management and
Treatment Systems

Solid waste treatment technologies
Established waste treatment technologies
• Energy source
• Composting
• Incineration
• landfill
• Recycling

Solid waste treatment technologies
• Anaerobic digestion
• Alcohol/ethanol production
• Bioconversion of biomass to
mixed alcohol fuels
• Bio-drying
• Gasification
• Gas Plasma: Gasification followed
by syngas plasma polishing
(commercial test scale)
• In-vessel compostin

Definition of Disposal
Disposal means
• “any operation which may lead to resource recovery, recycling,
reclamation, direct re-use or alternative use”

Waste Water Management
and
Its Treatment Systems

Water scarcity
 Water is vital source for the life and
health of people and a basic
requirement for the development of
countries.
 Therefore, of course, we have one
common goal: is to provide water
security in the 21st Century

Estimated water availability per person from
1955 up to 2025 in Egypt
Medium
water
stress

Variable methods to reduce water consumption
water
control
Lot of
water
river
Recyclin
g rain
water
Recycli
ng
waste
water
Under
ground
water
Sea
water
desalin
ation
Agricultur
al sewage
water
recycling

Reduce domestic water consumption

Domestic water recycle
Gray Water Definitions
 Some definitions of grey water
include water from the kitchen
sinks and others exclude kitchen
wastewater.
 Grey water excludes streams
from toilets “human waste”
that is considered black water

What are the benefits of reuse grey water?
• Reducing your drinking water consumption and your bills.
• Reducing the amount of sewage that discharged to the rivers and
oceans.
• Irrigating your garden.
• Filling toilet bowels and washing cars.

Where we can reuse grey water?
 Grey water can also be used for
many activities within the
household such as:
1.toilet flushing
2.garden watering
3.car washing
4.construction of the buildings,
5.pavement cleansing.

1- Outdoor Strategies
Outdoor Water Reduction :
• Use of Gray water

1- Outdoor Strategies
Outdoor Water Reduction :
• Landscape and Irrigation Design

2- Indoor Strategies
Indoor Water Reduction :
• Dual-flush Toilets
• High-Efficiency Toilets
• Water-Sense label
• Faucets with Low-flow and/or Motion Sensors
• Low-flow Showerheads and Faucets

2- Indoor
Indoor Water Reduction :
• Use Rainwater and/or Gray water

Gray Water System
Nearly fresh water can be
used in many applications
Chemical
treatment
Mechanical
pumping
system
physical
treatment

Sewage Water treatment
• is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater. It
includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove
these contaminants and produce environmentally safe treated
wastewater (or treated effluent). Sewage water treatment produce
a by-product is usually a semi-solid waste or slurry, called sewage
sludge, that has to undergo further treatment before being suitable
for disposal or land application

Main steps of wastewater treatment

Main components of wastewater
treatment plants

Irrigation reduction technique

Irrigation reduction technique
• Replacing all irrigation sprinklers with high efficiency.
• Installing time programmed irrigation control panel.
• Avoid irrigating during windy periods of the day.
• Avoid irrigating during the sunny times of the day.
• Selecting plants and trees need low water
• Installing time programmed irrigation control panel.
• It is advisable to use:
• irrigation (raw water) for cooling towers to safe about 360 m3/day potable water.
• Cooling towers chemical Management to minimize bleeding to 40% .

Using time programmed irrigation control panel

Using variable speed drive pumps & pressure
sensors to control and minimize irrigation water

Exhaust Gas Control
and
Treatment Systems

Gaseous control and treatment systems
• Exhaust gases

Gaseous control and treatment systems

Particulate Control Techniques

• Fig.15. General Applicability of Particulate control system

Residence time
• Residence time (also known as removal time) is the average amount of
time that a particle spends in a particular system. The residence time is a
representation of how long it takes for the concentration to significantly
change in the sediment.
• Residence time is a widely used term that is mostly seen in science,
technological and medical disciplines. Every discipline that uses residence
time in some way adapts the definition in order to make it more specific
to the application to which it is referring. The base definition for
residence time also has a universal mathematical equation that can be
added to and adapted for different disciplines..

Residence time
• This is as follows:
• Residence time begins from the moment that a particle of a particular substance enters the
system and ends the moment that the same particle of that substance leaves the system. The
system in question is arbitrary and can be defined as needed according to the application. If the
size of the system is changed, the residence time of the system will be changed as well. The
larger the system, the larger the residence time, assuming the inflow and outflow rates are held
constant. The smaller the system, the shorter the residence time will be, again assuming steady-
state conditions.

Residence time
• Inflow and outflow will also have an effect on the residence time of
a system. If the inflow and outflow are increased, the residence
time of the system will be shorter. However, if the inflow and the
outflow of a system are decreased, the residence time will be
longer. This is assuming that the concentration of the substance in
the system and the size of the system remain constant, and
assuming steady-state [1] conditions

Relaxation time
The Stokes number (Stk), named after George Gabriel Stokes, is a dimensionless
number corresponding to the behavior of particles suspended in a fluid flow.
Stokes number is defined as the ratio of the characteristic time of a particle
(or droplet) to a characteristic time of the flow or of an obstacle, or

Relaxation time
where is the relaxation time of the particle (the time constant in
the exponential decay of the particle velocity due to drag), is the
fluid velocity of the flow well away from the obstacle and is the
characteristic dimension of the obstacle (typically its diameter).
Particles with low Stokes number follow fluid streamlines (perfect
advection) whereas for large Stokes number, the particle's inertia
dominates so that the particle will continue along its initial
trajectory.

Relaxation time
In case of Stokes flow, which is when the particle (or droplet) Reynolds
number is low enough that the particle drag coefficient is inversely proportional
to the Reynolds number itself the characteristic time of the particle can be
defined as
where is the particle density, is the particle diameter and is the
gas dynamic viscosity

Fig. 1. Top-Inlet Large Diameter Cyclone

Fig. 2. Small-Diameter Multi-cyclone collector

Fig. 3. Small-Diameter Multi-cyclone collector (Small, wood-fired boiler)

Fig. 4. Adjustable-Throat Venturi Scrubber

Fig. 5. Impingement Plate Scrubber

Fig. 7. Example of a Particulate wet Scrubbing system

Fig. 8. Efficiency of Several Types of Particulate wet Scrubbers

Fig.9. Conventional Electrostatic Precipitator

Fig.10. Arrangements of fields and chambers in an ESP

• Fig.12. Partical Size-efficiency curve for Esps

Fig.13. Reverse Air fabric Filter

Fig.14. Pulse jet fabric filter

NOx Control Techniques
NOx Formation under Normal conditions and low Excess Air

Sox Control Techniques
NOx Control Techniques

•Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOC) Control Techniques

www.iso.org
International Organization
for Standardization

ISO 14001 in briefe
 ISO 14001 is among ISO's most well known standards ever.
 It is implemented by some 887 770 organizations in 161 countries.
 ISO 14001 helps organizations to implement environmental management

Environnemental management
 ISO 14001 is for environmental management. This means what the
organization does to:
 minimize harmful effects on the environment caused by its activities,
 to conform to applicable regulatory requirements, and to
 achieve continual improvement of its environmental performance

Generic standards
ISO 14001 is generic standard.
Generic means that the same standard can be applied:
 to any organization, large or small, whatever its product or service,
 in any sector of activity, whether it is a business enterprise, a public
administration, or a government department

Management systems
Management system means what the organization does to manage its processes, or
activities in order that its products or services meet the organization’s objectives,
such as
1- satisfying the customer's quality requirements,
2- complying to regulations
3- meeting environmental objectives
 To be really efficient and effective, the organization can manage its way of doing
things by systemizing it.
 Everyone is clear about who is responsible for doing what, when, how, why and
where.

Processes, not products
ISO 14001 concerns the way an organization goes about its work.
 They are not product standards.
 They are not service standards.
 They are process standards.
 They can be used by product manufacturers and service providers.
 ISO 14001 gives the requirements for what the organization must do to
manage processes affecting the impact of its activities on the environment

Certification and registration
 Certification is known in some countries as registration.
 It means that an independent, external body has audited an organization's
management system and verified that it conforms to the requirements
specified in the standard (ISO 14001).
 ISO does not carry out certification and does not issue or approve
certificates,

Accreditation
 Accreditation is like certification of the certification body.
 It means the formal approval by a specialized body - an accreditation body -
that a certification body is competent to carry out ISO 14001:2004 certification
in specified business sectors.
 Certificates issued by accredited certification bodies - and known as
accredited certificates - may be perceived on the market as having increased
credibility.
 ISO does not carry out or approve accreditations.

Certification is a business decision
 Certification is a decision to be taken for business reasons:
 if it is a contractual, regulatory, or market requirement,
 If it meets customer preferences
 it is part of a risk management programme, or
 if it will motivate staff by setting a clear goal.

ISO does not certify
 ISO does not carry out ISO 14001 certification.
 ISO does not issue certificates.
 ISO does not accredit, approve or control the certification bodies.
 ISO develops standards and guides to encourage good practice in
accreditation and certification.

The ISO 14000 family
 ISO 14001 is the standard that gives the requirements for an environmental
management system.
 ISO 14001:2004 is the latest, improved version.
 It is the only standard in the ISO 14000 family that can be used for
certification.
 The ISO 14000 family includes 21 other standards that can help an
organization specific aspects such as auditing, environmental labelling, life
cycle analysis…

Benefits of ISO 14001
 International, expert consensus on state-of-the-art practices for quality and
environmental management.
 Common language for dealing with customers and suppliers
 Increase efficiency and effectiveness.
 Model for continual improvement.
 Model for satisfying customers and other stakeholders.
 Transfer of good practice to developing countries

"Waste Management Vision For Future" - م.15- مبادرة #تواصل_تطوير- أ.د. مصطفى إسماعيل

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"Waste Management Vision For Future" - م.15- مبادرة #تواصل_تطوير- أ.د. مصطفى إسماعيل