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ZEPHIR @PassiEXPO 2013
- 2. The importance of
Climatic Data
Dr. Phys.
Francesco Nesi
Zero Energy and
Passivhaus Institute
for Research
Αθήνα 25/10/2013
©
ZEPHIR 2013
- 3. The ZEPHIR Institute is the Italian iPHA Affiliate.
PH Certification
Solar modeling
PHPP, CEPH Training
Dynamical
thermohygrometrical
simulations
Research
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Web http://www.zephir.ph
Αθήνα, 25/10/2013
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ZEPHIR 2013
- 4. The Climate sheet in PHPP 8
Among the first sheets, this stresses the
importance of climatic data
Source: PHPP8
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ZEPHIR 2013
- 5. The Climate sheet in PHPP 8
Let's take a closer look!
Source: PHPP8
Average values for the different
months of the year
Extreme values worst cases
throughout the year (2 days)
Annual Heating/Cooling demand
Heating/Cooling Load
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ZEPHIR 2013
- 6. The climate data set
Ambient temperature
Month
Days
• Dry bulb temperature
• Easy to get
• Available in all the
meteorological station
1
31
2
28
3
31
User data - Coredo MN7
Latitude:
46.3
Longitude °
Ambient temp
North
East
South
West
Global
Dew point
Sky temp
-1.7
12
39
123
41
53
-6.7
-17.2
0.3
16
49
123
51
72
-5.7
-15.6
4.0
25
78
139
84
121
-3.2
-12.3
Source: PHPP8
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ZEPHIR 2013
- 7. The climate data set
Solar Radiation
• Global solar radiation on a
horizontal surface and on a
vertical surface oriented
towards North, East, South and
West
• More difficult to get
• Usually available only the
global radiation on the
horizontal plane
• The radiation on the vertical
surfaces is not directly
measured and has to be
derived using theoretical
models
(Erb's Model, Perez Model)
Month
Days
1
31
2
28
3
31
User data - Coredo MN7
Latitude:
46.3
Longitude °
Ambient temp
North
East
South
West
Global
Dew point
Sky temp
-1.7
12
39
123
41
53
-6.7
-17.2
0.3
16
49
123
51
72
-5.7
-15.6
4.0
25
78
139
84
121
-3.2
-12.3
Source: PHPP8
Diffuse
Direct
Reflected
Global = Diffuse + Direct + Reflected
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ZEPHIR 2013
- 8. The climate data set
Dew Point temperature
• Required for
dehumidification calculation
and, if so, for calculation of
sky temperature
• Calculated from relative
humidity and ambient
temperature
Month
Days
1
31
2
28
3
31
User data - Coredo MN7
Latitude:
46.3
Longitude °
Ambient temp
North
East
South
West
Global
Dew point
Sky temp
-1.7
12
39
123
41
53
-6.7
-17.2
0.3
16
49
123
51
72
-5.7
-15.6
4.0
25
78
139
84
121
-3.2
-12.3
Source: PHPP8
where
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ZEPHIR 2013
- 9. The climate data set
Sky temperature
• Required for radiation
correction in heat transfer
calculations
• Can be estimated by PHPP
from dew point temperature
and ambient temperature
Month
Days
1
31
2
28
3
31
User data - Coredo MN7
Latitude:
46.3
Longitude °
Ambient temp
North
East
South
West
Global
Dew point
Sky temp
-1.7
12
39
123
41
53
-6.7
-17.2
0.3
16
49
123
51
72
-5.7
-15.6
4.0
25
78
139
84
121
-3.2
-12.3
Source: PHPP8
Email info@zephir.ph
Web http://www.zephir.ph
Αθήνα, 25/10/2013
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ZEPHIR 2013
- 10. The climate data set
Heating Load data
• Difficult to get, a dynamical
simulation is needed
• Different from standard
design data
• The heating loads data are
represented by two set of
temperatures and radiations
corresponding to the most
unfavorable days of the year
Month
Days
[IT] - Trentino-Trento
Ambient temp
North
East
South
West
Global
Heating load
Cooling load
Weather 1 Weather 2 Weather 1 Weather 2
Radiation: W/m²
...
Radiation: W/m²
-7.1
16
44
156
49
68
19.3
71
172
129
145
259
-2.2
13
21
58
26
37
19.3
71
172
129
145
259
Source: PHPP8
Day 1
Cold, sunny
Day 2
Moderate cold, cloudy
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- 11. Heating Load Data
• Depending on the south facing window area of the building the maximum
heating load occurs on Day 1 or on Day 2
• The dependence on other parameters is linear
13
Day 1 Cold and sunny Day 2 Moderate cold, cloudy
Periode 2: mäßig kalt, bewölkt
Heat load
Day 2
Day 1
Heat load
12
Heat Load [W/m²]
11
10
9
Day 1
8
Day 2
7
6
0
10
20
30
40
Window area [m²]
50
60
70
Source: CEPH Course
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80
©
ZEPHIR 2013
- 12. Heating Load Data
Source: Bisanz, Carsten: "Heizlastauslegung im Niedrigenergie- und Passivhaus", diploma thesis 1998
Analogous procedure for cooling load data
Source: www.passivhaustagung.de
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ZEPHIR 2013
- 13. Which data to use?
Possible source: GROUND STATIONS
Source: PCE Italia
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ZEPHIR 2013
- 14. Which data to use?
Possible source: METONORM
Source: Meteonorm 7
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ZEPHIR 2013
- 15. Which data to use?
Possible source: PASSIPEDIA [NASA]
Source: Passipedia
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ZEPHIR 2013
- 16. Which data to use?
Possible source: NATIONAL NORMS
Source: UNI 10349:1994
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ZEPHIR 2013
- 17. Example: influence of climatic data on a PHPP calculation
Location: Coredo, Trento, Italy (Lat. 46.347 Lon. 11.09 Elevation 815 m)
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Source: Google Earth
©
ZEPHIR 2013
- 18. Example: influence of climatic data on a PHPP calculation
Location: Coredo, Trento, Italy (Lat. 46.347 Lon. 11.09 Elevation 815 m)
Specific building demands with reference to the treated floor area
• Source:
Passipedia
Treated floor area
Space heating
Heating demand
Heating load
Space cooling
137.0
15.8
11.8
Primary energy
Pressurization test result n50
W/m
no
no
-
-
W/m
13.0
-
-
%
-
-
2
kWh/(m a)
2
DHW, space heating and auxiliary electricity
Airtightness
2
2
dehumidification, DHW,
lighting, electrical appliances
Specific primary energy reduction through solar electricity
Fulfilled?*
15 kWh/(m²a)
10 W/m²
kWh/(m a)
2
Cooling load
Heating, cooling,
auxiliary electricity,
Requirements
2
kWh/(m a)
Overall specif. space cooling demand
Frequency of overheating (> 25 °C)
m²
kWh/(m a)
2
41.9
kWh/(m a)
0.4
1/h
120 kWh/(m²a)
-
-
-
-
0.6 1/h
yes
* empty field: data missing; '-': no requirement
• Source:
Meteonorm 7
Specific building demands with reference to the treated floor area
Treated floor area
Space heating
Heating demand
Heating load
Space cooling
137.0
5.9
10.5
Heating, cooling,
auxiliary electricity,
dehumidification, DHW,
lighting, electrical appliances
DHW, space heating and auxiliary electricity
Specific primary energy reduction through solar electricity
Source: PHPP8
Airtightness
Pressurization test result n50
kWh/(m a)
2
15 kWh/(m²a)
10 W/m²
W/m
2
Fulfilled?*
yes
-
44.8
18.5
-
W/m
0.0
-
2
Cooling load
Primary energy
Requirements
2
kWh/(m a)
Overall specif. space cooling demand
Frequency of overheating (> 25 °C)
m²
-
-
%
-
-
2
kWh/(m a)
2
kWh/(m a)
2
48.8
kWh/(m a)
0.4
1/h
120 kWh/(m²a)
yes
-
-
-
-
0.6 1/h
yes
* empty field: data missing; '-': no requirement
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ZEPHIR 2013
- 19. Example: influence of climatic data on a PHPP calculation
Large difference in the South Radiation, especially in the coldest month of the year
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ZEPHIR 2013
- 20. Example: influence of climatic data on a PHPP calculation
Energy balance heating (annual method)
•
Source: Passipedia
•
Source: Meteonorm 7
Solar gains: 28.1 vs 44.3
Source: PHPP8
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ZEPHIR 2013
- 21. Example: influence of climatic data on a PHPP calculation
Location: Ancona, Italy (Lat. 43.616 Lon. 13.519 Elevation 34 m)
Source: Google Earth
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ZEPHIR 2013
- 22. Example: influence of climatic data on a PHPP calculation
Location: Ancona, Italy (Lat. 43.616 Lon. 13.519 Elevation 34 m)
Specific building demands with reference to the treated floor area
• Source:
Passipedia
Treated floor area
Space heating
Heating demand
Heating load
Space cooling
Overall specif. space cooling demand
Cooling load
156.0
Heating, cooling,
auxiliary electricity,
dehumidification, DHW,
lighting, electrical appliances
kWh/(m a)
16
16
kWh/(m a)
63
DHW, space heating and auxiliary electricity
21
38
Pressurization test result n50
15 kWh/(m²a)
2
10 W/m²
W/m
2
0.2
Fulfilled?*
yes
-
15 kWh/(m²a)
W/m
no
10 W/m²
2
%
Specific primary energy reduction through solar electricity
Airtightness
Requirements
2
9
12
Frequency of overheating (> 25 °C)
Primary energy
m²
no
2
120 kWh/(m²a)
kWh/(m a)
2
yes
-
2
kWh/(m a)
1/h
-
-
kWh/(m a)
-
0.6 1/h
yes
* empty field: data missing; '-': no requirement
Specific building demands with reference to the treated floor area
Treated floor area
• Source:
Meteonorm 7
Space heating
Heating demand
Heating load
Space cooling
Overall specif. space cooling demand
Cooling load
156.0
Heating, cooling,
auxiliary electricity,
kWh/(m a)
17
11
kWh/(m a)
Pressurization test result n50
15 kWh/(m²a)
2
2
yes
18 kWh/(m²a)
W/m
yes
10 W/m²
2
yes
W/m
-
-
-
-
2
120 kWh/(m²a)
kWh/(m a)
2
DHW, space heating and auxiliary electricity
Airtightness
Fulfilled?*
%
dehumidification, DHW,
lighting, electrical appliances
Specific primary energy reduction through solar electricity
Requirements
2
8
9
Frequency of overheating (> 25 °C)
Primary energy
m²
-
40
0.2
2
kWh/(m a)
1/h
-
-
kWh/(m a)
-
0.6 1/h
yes
* empty field: data missing; '-': no requirement
Source: PHPP8
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ZEPHIR 2013
- 23. Example: influence of climatic data on a PHPP calculation
Difference in the dew point temperature, especially in summer
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ZEPHIR 2013
- 24. Example: influence of climatic data on a PHPP calculation
Certification Criteria
Heating Demand
15 kWh/(m²a)
or: Heating Load
10 W/m²
Overall specif. space
cooling demand
(cooling+dehumidification)
15 kWh/(m²a)
+ 0.3 W/(m²aK) * GHS
o: Cooling Load
10 W/m²
Yearly
average
and
external
Overall specif. space
temp.
cooling demand.
4 kWh/(m²aK) * Te
[if sensible cooling demand + 2 * 0.3 W/(m²aK) * GHS
is lower than 15 Wh/(m²a)]
- 75 kWh/(m²a)
45 kWh/(m²a)
+ 0.3 W/(m²aK) * GHS
Dry
degree
hours
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- 26. Possible problems
Meteonorm
• Heating and cooling loads not calculated according to the PHI prescription
One should perform a dynamical simulation for
heating and cooling loads, this is not done by
Meteonorm
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ZEPHIR 2013
- 27. Which data to use?
One should not rely on a single data source!
Consider as many data sources as possible and make a comparison in
order to verify the reliability of the climatic data!
Possible procedure
• collect all the available climatic data from different sources
• convert the data in the PHPP format
• compare the datasets and exclude possible wrong data, i.e data
which are numerically distant from the others: this can be done by
means of a mathematical procedure called "outlier detection"
Random error analysis
Grubbs test
Chauvanet's criterion
• consider the dataset which better reproduces the average value of
the correct datasets
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ZEPHIR 2013
- 28. Generation of a set of climatic data
300
MN7
CTI
250
Global Radiation
Passipedia
UNI 10349 1
200
UNI 10349 2
Final Set
150
100
50
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Month
8
9
10
11
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ZEPHIR 2013
12
- 29. Conclusions
• Climatic data play a central role in the design of a Passivhaus
• One cannot rely on a single source. Consider and compare as many
sources as possible
Outlook
• We are working in order to validate new climatic data and enhance
the available climatic data for Italy
• Ongoing collaboration with PHI and Meteonorm
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ZEPHIR 2013
- 30. Let's do something better……
THANK YOU!
Dr. Phys. Francesco Nesi
Director
Mobile: +39 346 6247437
Email: f.nesi@zephir.ph
Email info@zephir.ph
Web http://www.zephir.ph
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©
ZEPHIR 2013