2. 2
Outline
IFRS Basics: Concepts, Principles and Rules
Purpose, structure, scope and use of IFRS
IASB: The Standard Setting Process
Authoritative IFRS pronouncements: Books
Financial Reporting proclamation and Regulation
AABE and its road map
Similarities and Differences between IFRS and
Previous GAAP
Benefits and Challenges of IFRS
3. 3
What is IFRS?
IFRS: International Financial Reporting
Standards
– single-set of high quality
– globally accepted and enforced set of standards that
require
– high quality, transparent and Comparable
information in financial statements
IFRSs are Issued by IASB [International
Accounting Standards Board]
IFRS
– Standards that require Measurement, Recognition,
Presentation and Disclosure
4. Framework Based: Concepts, Principles and
Rules
Principles RulesConcepts
• Conceptual Framework establish the concepts
• Principles relates IFRS requirements to the
concepts in the Conceptual Framework
• Rules justify reasons why some IFRS
requirements do not maximize those concepts
(e.g. application of the cost constraint)
4
5. 5
Purpose, Structure, Scope and Use
of IFRS
IFRS guide the preparation of General Purpose
Financial Reports
General purpose financial reporting
– aims to provide useful financial information about the reporting
entity to primary users who cannot require the reporting entity to
provide information directly to them.
Special purpose financial reporting
– responds to the requirements of users that have the authority to
require the reporting entity to provide the information that they
need for their purposes directly to them. Examples include:
prudential regulation reporting requirements
tax reporting requirements
6. 6
Why IFRS?
Global
– IFRS Primary Users are Investors and Creditors
– Capital providers are now playing at a global market
– National standards don’t work on a global market
– Cross boarder business is hindered by national
standards
Local
– There were no national standards
– Nor there were officially adopted standards
GAAP was not defined
US GAAP but not updated
7. 7
IASB: The Standard Setting Process
• IFRS is a single set of accounting standards
developed and maintained by the IASB
• (Superseded IASC 2001 onwards),
• a standard setting body of the
• IFRS Foundation
• (Superseded the IASC Foundation
from 2010 onwards)-
• a public interest organization.
• IASB is based in London
7
8. 8
The IASB’s Objective
develop, in the public interest, a single
set of high quality, understandable,
enforceable and globally accepted
financial reporting Standards.
– require high quality, transparent and comparable
information in financial statements
8
10. 10
Authoritative Pronouncements
IFRS Versions: There are 2
1. Full International Financial
Reporting Standards: Full IFRS
2. IFRS for SMEs: International
Financial Reporting Standards
for Small and Medium Sized
Entities.
10
11. Authoritative Pronouncements
IFRS the Full Version
– sets out recognition, measurement, presentation and
disclosure requirements for general purpose financial
statements of profit seeking entities
– Intended to Public Interest Entities and include:
Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting: Not a
standard.
IFRS 1-16=16 Standards [Issued by IASB from 2001]
IAS 1-41=24 Standards [Issued by IASC 1973-2001]
– Both are IFRSs. Effective from January 2016 up to
now there are 40 standards.
IFRIC: IFRS Interpretation Committee’s interpretations.
IFRIC 1-21=21
SIC: IFRC Standing Interpretation Committee
interpretations: SIC 7-32=10 SICs11
13. 13
Authoritative Pronouncements
IFRS for SMEs Version
– Intended to SMEs, private entities or entities with
no public accountability.
– Based on full IFRS with modifications
Relevance, Appropriateness or need
Cost-benefit considerations
– How small is small?
Nature vs Quantity Threshold
– Only 1 standard with 35 sections
13
14. Ethiopia issued a financial reporting law on
December 5, 2014 which requires the use of
IFRS by commercial businesses operating in
Ethiopia.
Proclamation No. 847/2014
Regulation No. 332/2014
14
Financial Reporting Proclamation and
Regulation
15. The proclamation requires:
Commercial organizations to follow
International Financial Reporting Standards
(IFRS), or
International Financial Reporting Standards
for Small and Medium Enterprises (IFRS for
SME)
Charities and societies to follow International
Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)
Public auditors to follow International Standards
for Auditing.15
Financial Reporting Proclamation and
Regulation
16. Public interest entity (PIE) should use the full IFRS.
A PIE is a reporting entity that is of significant
public relevance because of the nature of its
business, its size, its number of employees.
PIE also includes banks, insurance companies, and
any other financial institutions and public
enterprises.
16
Financial Reporting Proclamation and
Regulation
17. Structure, strategic plan, and roadmap of AABE
Accounting and Auditing Board of Ethiopia is
established by Regulation No. 332/2014
It is an autonomous government organ accountable
to MOFEC.
It is headed by the Director General
It has 12-member Board of Directors
17
18. AABE duties
Issue standards and directives relating to financial
reporting and auditing and ensure their
compliance.
Receive and register financial statements of
reporting entities
Review and monitor the accuracy and fairness of
FS to enforce compliance with the reporting
standards
Register and license public auditors
18
19. Oversee professional accountancy bodies
Establish, publish and review a code of
professional conduct and ethics for certified
public accountants and certified auditors
Conduct or arrange for the conduct of
professional examination for the purpose of
registering certified public accountants
19
21. Date What is expected
July 7, 2017 Mandatory reporting by financial institutions
and large public enterprises
Adoption of IFRS by PIE (other than financial
institutions and large public enterprises) and
IPSAS by Charities and Societies.
July 7, 2018 PIE (other than financial institutions and large
public enterprises) and IPSAS by Charities and
Societies issue IFRS and IPSAs based financial
statements respectively
July 7, 2019 Small and Medium-sized Entities in Ethiopia issue
IFRS based financial statements
21
23. Conceptual Framework provides…
a cohesive understanding of IFRSs
– Framework facilitates consistent and logical
formulation of IFRSs
a basis for judgement in applying IFRSs
– Framework established the concepts that
underlie the estimates, judgments and models
on which IFRS financial statements are based
a basis for continuously updating IFRS
knowledge and IFRS competencies
23
24. Conceptual Framework
Concepts underlying general purpose financial
information
Framework sets out agreed concepts that underlie IFRS
financial reporting
– the objective of general purpose financial reporting
– qualitative characteristics
– elements of financial statements
– recognition
– measurement
– presentation and disclosure
Other concepts all flow from the objective
24
25. Objective of financial reporting
“Provide financial information about the
reporting entity that is useful to existing and
potential investors, lenders and other
creditors in making decisions about providing
resources to the entity.”
Those decisions involve buying, selling or holding
equity and debt instruments, and providing or
settling loans or other forms of credit
25
26. Objective of financial reporting
Primary users
– provide resources, but cannot demand
information
– common information needs
Assess the prospects for future net cash
inflows
– buy, sell, hold
– efficient and effective use of resources
26
27. Fundamental qualitative
characteristics
Relevance
– predictive value
– confirmatory value
– materiality, entity-specific
Faithful representation (replaces reliability)
– completeness
– neutrality
– free from error
27
29. Elements
Asset
resource controlled by
the entity
result of past event
expected inflow of
economic benefits
Liability
present obligation
arising from past event
expected outflow of
economic benefits
Equity = assets less liabilities
Income
recognised increase in
asset/decrease in liability in
current reporting period
that result in increased
equity except…
Expense
recognised decrease in
asset/increase in liability in
current reporting period
that result in decreased
equity except…
29
30. Measurement concepts
Measurement is the process of determining
monetary amounts at which elements are
recognised and carried. (¶4.54)
To a large extent, financial reports are based on
estimates, judgements and models rather than
exact depictions. The Framework establishes
the concepts that underlie those estimates,
judgements and models (¶OB11)
IASB guided by objective and qualitative
characteristics when specifying measurements.
30
31. Recognition
The concept: recognise element (eg asset)
when
– probable that benefits will flow to/from the
entity
– has cost or value that can measured reliably
(see ¶4.38)
The principle
– recognise elements (eg asset) when they
satisfy the definition and recognition criteria
(see ¶ IAS1.28)
Applying the principle (see individual IFRSs)31
34. 34
Related Standards
IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and
Discontinued Operations
IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures
IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in
Accounting Estimates and Errors
35. 35
Purpose and Components of
Financial Statements
Comparable statements more useful
IAS 1 looks to enhance comparability
Applies to general purpose financial
statements
– Meets the needs of most users
– “Financial statements are a structured
representation of the financial position and
financial performance of the entity.”
36. 36
IAS 1 - Overview
Statement of financial position
Statement of comprehensive income (this may be
augmented by a separate income statement)
Statement of changes in equity
Statement of cash flows
Notes including significant accounting policies and
explanatory information
Statement of financial position at the beginning of
the earliest comparative period when an entity
applies an accounting policy retrospectively or
makes a retrospective restatement
37. 37
Fair Presentation and Compliance
with IFRSs
Should present fairly - faithful representation
Entity must:
– select and apply appropriate accounting policies keeping in
mind the IAS 8 hierarchy,
– present the information such that it provides, relevant,
comparable and understandable information, and
– provide additional disclosures where necessary.
Note disclosures are not a substitute for proper
accounting
In an extremely rare situations we may depart from
IFRS: Fair Presentation Override
38. Going Concern and Accrual Based
Accounting
Accrual basis
Going concern assumed
If not – new basis of accounting
38
39. 39
Materiality
Omissions or misstatements of items are
material if they could, individually or
collectively, influence the economic decisions
of users taken on the basis of the financial
statements.
Materiality depends on the size and nature of
the omission or misstatement judged in the
surrounding circumstances. The size or
nature of the item, or a combination of both,
could be the determining factor.
40. Presentation
Identify what is included
Must display the following
1. the name of the entity
2. whether the financial statements are
consolidated or not
3. the date of the balance sheet or period covered
4. the reporting currency and
5. the level of rounding (e.g. $000s)
40
41. Frequency of reporting,
comparability and consistency
At a minimum – annual statements
Comparative required unless IFRS permits or
requires otherwise
At least two statements and a third if
retrospective application or restatement
Presentation and classification should
generally stay the same
41
42. Statement of Financial Position
Information to be Presented in the
Statement of Financial Position
– Sufficiently different
Based on size, function, nature and liquidity, nature,
timing
Different measurement bases
– Specific items to be presented separately
– May present relevant subcategories
– Details on share capital
42
43. Current Assets and Liabilities
Segregate current versus non
Order of liquidity
Combined
Amounts beyond 12 months
43
44. Current Assets
An entity classifies assets as current assets
when:
(a) it expects to realize the asset, or intends to sell or consume it, in its
normal operating cycle;
(b) it holds the asset primarily for the purpose of trading;
(c) it expects to realize the asset within twelve months after the reporting
period; or
(d) the asset is cash or a cash equivalent (as defined in IAS 7) unless
the asset is restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a
liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.
44
46. Statement of Profit or Loss and Other
Comprehensive Income
(a) revenue;
(b) finance costs;
(c) share of the profit or loss of associates and joint ventures accounted for using
the equity method;
(d) tax expense;
(e) a single amount comprising the total of:
(i) the post-tax profit or loss of discontinued operations and
(ii) the post-tax gain or loss recognized on the measurement to fair value less
costs to sell or on the disposal of the assets or disposal group(s)
constituting the discontinued operation;
(f) profit or loss;
(g) each component of other comprehensive income classified by nature (excluding
amounts in (h));
(h) share of other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures
accounted for using the equity method; and
(i) total comprehensive income.
46
47. 47
Total comprehensive income
…the change in equity during a period
resulting from transactions and other events,
other than those changes resulting from
transactions with owners in their capacity as
owners.
includes all components of profit or loss and
of other comprehensive income as noted
above
48. 48
Other Comprehensive Income
1. changes in the revaluation surplus for property,
plant and equipment and intangible assets,
2. certain actuarial gains/losses on defined benefit
plans,
3. gains/losses arising on translation of financial
statements of foreign operations,
4. gains/losses arising from remeasuring available for
sale securities and
5. gains/losses on cash flow hedges.
(IASCF, IAS 1.7)
49. 49
Presentation of Profit or Loss
Nature of Expense presentation
Revenue X
Other income X
Changes in inventories of finished goods and work in progress X
Raw materials and consumables used X
Employee benefits expense X
Depreciation and amortization expense X
Other expenses X
Total expenses (X)
Profit before tax X
50. 50
Function of Expense presentation:
Presentation of Profit or Loss
51. Statement of Changes in Equity
This statement presents the following:
1. total comprehensive income
2. for each component of equity, the effects of
retrospective application/restatement
3. reconciliation between the carrying amount
of each component of equity at the
beginning and end of the period.
51
52. Statement of Changes in Equity
Notes:
– augment the basic statements
– include information about the way they have been
prepared
– provide additional descriptive and supportive
information
– should be cross-referenced
– accounting policies
– key sources of estimation uncertainty
– nature and structure of an entity’s capital and how
it is managed52
60. 60
IAS 7 – Objective and Scope
IAS 7 objective: to provide a statement to
help investors assess the prospects for future
cash flows, and to confirm or change their
past expectations
Statement provides historical information on
the entity’s operating, investing and financing
cash flows and how its cash balances have
changed in the period as a result
61. 61
IAS 7 – Cash Flows
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash on hand and on deposit and “short-
term, highly liquid investments that are
readily convertible to known amounts of cash
and which are subject to an insignificant risk
of changes in value”
Can include bank overdrafts if part of cash
management activities and balance
fluctuates between positive and negative
amounts
62. 62
IAS 7 – Reporting Operating
Cash Flows
Operating activities are the principal
revenue-producing activities; and those that
are not investing or financing activities
Operating cash flows are important: surplus
cash flows needed to invest in increased
capacity, pay debt when due, and provide a
return to shareholders
63. 63
IAS 7 – Reporting Operating
Cash Flows
Operating cash flows:
a) Cash received from customers for the sale
of goods and provision of services, or on
account of royalties, fees, or commissions
b) Cash payments to suppliers for goods and
services provided; and to and on behalf of
employees for their services
c) Cash received from or paid for financial
instruments held specifically for dealing or
trading purposes
64. 64
IAS 7 – Reporting Operating
Cash Flows
Two methods:
Direct method
Indirect method
Either allowed although preference for direct
method
67. 67
IAS 7 – Reporting Operating
Cash Flows
Common adjustments to convert profit or
loss to cash from operations:
Changes in working capital accounts
Elimination of non-cash items
Elimination of investing and financing items
68. 68
IAS 7 – Reporting Investing
Cash Flows
Investing activities:
“the acquisition and disposal of long-term
assets and other investments not included in
cash equivalents”
Importance:
Is the entity maintaining its capacity and
increasing the potential for increased
operating cash flows in the future?
69. 69
IAS 7 – Reporting Investing
Cash Flows
Examples:
Cash payments to acquire property, plant, and equipment;
intangibles; and other long-term assets, including capitalized
development costs
Cash receipts from the disposal of items in (a)
Cash payments to acquire debt and equity instruments of other
entities or interests in joint ventures; excluding investments held
for trading or in cash equivalents
Cash receipts from the disposal of items in (c)
Cash advances and loans to other parties and their cash
repayments
Cash payments for and receipts from futures, forwards, options
and swaps unless they are held for trading or are classified as
financing flows.
70. 70
IAS 7 – Reporting Investing
Cash Flows
Example – Wienerberger AG, Austria
71. 71
IAS 7 – Reporting Financing
Cash Flows
Financing activities:
“result in changes in the size and composition
of the contributed equity and borrowings of
the entity”
Importance:
Financing cash flows change the capital
structure of the firm and affect the relative
interests of those with claims to future cash
flows of the entity
72. 72
IAS 7 – Reporting Financing
Cash Flows
Example – Wienerberger AG, Austria
73. 73
IAS 7 – Specific Items
No netting of inflows and outflows
Interest and dividends received and interest
and dividends paid – choice of operating,
investing or financing flows as appropriate
Income tax cash flows – generally operating
flows
Non-cash transactions – not included in
statement; disclosed instead
74. 74
IAS 7 - Disclosures
Operating, investing, financing flows
Change in cash and cash equivalents
Components of cash and cash equivalents
Reconciliation of change to amounts on
statement of financial position
Explanation of significant cash balances not
available for use