3. A variety of settings for drug development Metastatic, hormone-naïve Metastatic CRPC Non-metastatic CRPC Metastases Pre-Doc With Doc Post-Doc Symptoms Zoledronic acid Docetaxel Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC): Progression while on Androgen Deprivation Therapy
7. The cemetery of dead drugs in the struggle against prostate cancer Atrasentan Calcitriol G-VAX Oblimersen Satraplatin Bevacizumab
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11. Time to PSA progression Figg WD, J Urol 2009, 181:1104-13 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 Months from start of oral Phase B Months from start of oral Phase A Percent progression-free Percent progression-free
12. Targeting Endothelin-1 Proportion of patients alive 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0 ZD4054 15 mg versus placebo: HR=0.65 80%CI=(0.49, 0.86); P =0.052 ZD4054 10 mg versus placebo: HR=0.55 80%CI=(0.41, 0.73); P =0.008 Time to death (days) James N, Eur Urol 2008 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 500 450 400 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 ZD4054 10mg ZD4054 15mg Placebo
13. Prostvac: Poxviral-based PSA targeted immunotherapy Post hoc survival assessment ? ASCO 2009 Abstr # 5013 Kantoff et al. PFS OS
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18. Randomized Phase 2 Study Docetaxel-OGX-011-03 R A N D O M I Z E Arm A Docetaxel (75 mg/M 2 IV) q 21 days and OGX‑011 (640 mg IV ) weekly plus Prednisone (5 mg po bid) daily. Arm B Docetaxel (75 mg/M 2 IV) q 21 days plus Prednisone (5 mg po bid) daily. Continue treatment until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. If removed from treatment for any reason, follow until death. P R D O I G S R E E A S S S E I O N S F U O R L V L I O V W A L U P n = 82 n = 41 n = 41 Chemonaïve HRPC Patients
19. Median for OGX-011: 23.8 95% C.I. [16.2 - .Inf] Median for Std Trt: 16.9 95% C.I. [12.8 - 25.8] 1 Variables predictive of OS on multivariate analysis: PS 0 vs 1 (P < 0.0001), presence of visceral metastasis (P = 0.01) and treatment assignment Unadjusted HR=0.61 [0.36-1.02], P=0.06 Multivariate analysis 1 HR=0.49 [0.28-0.85], P=0.01 First-Line CRPC Phase 2 Study OGX-011-03: Kaplan-Meier Survival Curves as of April 2009 Median survival times now final with only one patient lost to follow-up prior to 24 months Treatment completed
21. MDV 3100: Phase II trial Chemotherapy-Naïve (n=65) Post-Chemotherapy (n=75) 62% (40/65) > 50% Decline 51% (38/75) > 50% Decline PSA Change from Baseline Scher HI et al. Clin Oncol 2009;27(15suppl):abstr 5011
22. Phase II trial of Ipilimumab in CRPC (MDX010-21) Slovin et al., ASCO 2009 Rationale : Anti-CTLA4 monoclonal Ab capable of enhancing anti-cancer immunity -28 1 IPI 22 IPI 43 IPI 64 IPI 85 421 (Days) (14 months) Or until PD -2 Screening 1 st Treatment Cycle Dosing q 3wk x 4 Follow Up or Additional Treatment Cycle(s); Assessments q 3 mos XRT XRT + 10 mg/kg IPI Chemo experienced n = 18 XRT + 10 mg/kg IPI Chemo naïve n = 16 10 mg/kg IPI n =16 Cohort 3 XRT in CHEMO Cohort 2 XRT in NoCHEMO Cohort 1 Mono
23. PSA response 11/43 responses (26%) 25/43 PSA control (58%) Slovin et al., ASCO 2009 10 mg/kg a Prior Chemotherapy +XRT Chemotherapy- Na ï ve +XRT Prior Chemotherapy a a a a
24. Standard of care in advanced prostate cancer before 2010 Docetaxel re-challenge None CRPC progressing after docetaxel Doc + estramustine Docetaxel Symptomatic CRPC Docetaxel, Endocrine manipulations None Asymptomatic CRPC Zoledronic acid Bone metastases Metastatic CRPC CAB ADT Metastases, hormone-naive Endocrine manipulations None (ADT) Non-metastatic CRPC Options Standard treatment Sub-setting Clinical setting
27. Sipuleucel-T autologous vaccine: Overall Survival p = 0.032 ( Cox model ) HR = 0.7 8 [95% CI: 0.61, 0.9 8 ] Kantoff PW, NEJM 2010, 363: 411-22 Small EJ, J Clin Oncol 2009; 24: 3089-94 Sipuleucel-T (n = 341) vs Placebo (n=171) Median OS: 25.8 vs 21.7 months
28. Docetaxel and Cabazitaxel ++ - Brain penetration ++ - Activity on Doc-resistant cells +++ +++ Activity on Doc-sensitive cells +++ +++ Anti-microtubule activity Caba Doc
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30. Progression-free survival Number at risk PFS (%) 80 60 40 20 0 100 0 months 3 months 9 mont h s 15 mont h s 18 mont h s 21 mont h s 6 mont h s 12 mont h s PFS endpoint composite: progression du PSA, progression de la douleur, progression tumorale, deterioration des symptômes, ou mort. 2.8 1.4 Median PFS (mo) 0.65–0.87 95% CI <.0002 P -value 0.75 Hazard Ratio CBZP MP De Bono et al. Lancet In Press 2010 26% risk reduction MP 377 115 52 27 9 6 4 2 CBZP 378 168 90 52 15 4 0 0
31. Cabazitaxel vs Mitoxantrone: Overall Survival Median FU: 13.7 mo MTX+PRED CBZ+PRED Proportion of Overall Survival 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 6 12 18 24 30 377 378 300 321 188 231 67 90 11 28 1 4 Number at Risk MTX + PRED CBZ + PRED 28% risk of death reduction Time (months) De Bono et al. Lancet 2010 MP CBZP Median OS (months) 12.7 15.1 Hazard ratio 0.72 95% CI 0.61–0.84 P -value <.0001
32. Denosumab may interrupt the “vicious cycle” of bone metastases PDGF, BMPs TGF-β, IGFs FGFs Osteoblasts RANKL RANK Denosumab Tumor Cell Formation Inhibited Apoptotic Osteoclast PTHrP, BMP, TGF-β, IGF, FGF, VEGF, ET1, WNT Adapted from Roodman D. N Engl J Med . 2004;350:1655.
33. RANKL and OPG Expression in Osteoblasts When Co-cultured With Prostate Cancer Cells OPG RANKL CTR CTR OSB + 2b OSB + 2a OSB + LNCaP OSB + PC3 Fizazi et al, Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:2587–2597
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35. Denosumab vs bisphosphonate: Time to achieve uNTx < 50 Study Week Probability (%) of Subjects Achieving uNTx < 50 nM BCE/mM Cr IV BP Q4W 180 mg Q4W Dmab 180 mg Q12W Dmab Total Dmab 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 Fizazi et al., J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 1564-71 uNTX normalized in 71% vs 29%; p<0.001
36. Skeletal Related Events (SRE) in men with bone metastases from prostate cancer Pathologic Fracture 25% Pain requiring Radiation to Bone 33% Surgery to Bone 4% Spinal Cord Compression 8% Saad, et al. J Urol 2003;169(Suppl).
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38. Time to First SRE Subjects at risk: 0 1.00 Proportion of Subjects Without SRE 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 0.25 0.50 0.75 KM Estimate of Median Months Denosumab Zoledronic acid 20.7 17.1 HR 0.82 (95% CI: 0.71, 0.95) P = 0.0002 (Non-inferiority) P = 0.008 (Superiority) Study Month Risk Reduction Fizazi et al., Lancet 2011 Zoledronic Acid 951 733 544 407 299 207 140 93 64 47 Denosumab 950 758 582 472 361 259 168 115 70 39 18%
39. Time to First and Subsequent SRE *Events occurring at least 21 days apart Rate Ratio = 0.82 (95% CI: 0.71, 0.94) Study Month 0.0 2.0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 Cumulative Mean Number of SREs per Patient 30 33 36 0.2 0.6 1.0 1.4 1.8 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 Denosumab Zoledronic acid 584 494 Events P = 0.008 Risk Reduction Fizazi et al., Lancet 2011 18%
40. Placebo Median time to first SRE (months) Zoledronic acid Zoledronic acid Denosumab 10.7 16.0 17.1 20.7 10 20 Saad, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96:879-82; Fizazi, et al. J Clin Oncol 2010;28 (suppl 18) LBA4507. Denosumab (120 mg Q4W) is not approved for use in patients with advanced cancer to delay SREs. Denosumab is investigational in that setting. 2000-2010: A decade of progress in preventing SRE in men with prostate cancer
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42. Androgen Receptor, the Target, is Still Expressed in CRPC Prostate cancer in intact animal After castration Castration-resistant Xenograft model of MDA PCa 2b prostate cancer Navone and Fizazi, unpublished data Androgen Receptor
53. What about the (near) future? Clinical trial None (ADT) CRPC progressing after caba/abi Docetaxel Cabazitaxel Abiraterone MDV? TAK 700? Ipi? CRPC progressing after docetaxel Doc +estramustine Docetaxel + VEGF-Trap? + Zibotentan? + Dasatinib? Symptomatic CRPC Docetaxel Sipuleucel-T Abiraterone? Asymptomatic CRPC Zoledronic acid Denosumab Alpharadin? Bone metastases Metastatic CRPC CAB ADT Docetaxel? Metastases, hormone-naive Endocrine manipulation None (ADT) Denosumab? Non-metastatic CRPC Options Standard treatment Sub-setting Clinical setting
54. There Is Not Just One Prostate Cancer Move toward personalized, biologically-oriented medicine in prostate cancer? About 50% of CaP Do gene fusion-positive prostate cancers react differently to hormone manipulations than gene fusion-negative prostate cancers?
55. PTEN loss AR amplif. mutation MYC amplification Molecular classification and Target-oriented therapy BRACness ERG transl ? Early metastatic prostate cancer Prostate Tumor (PR, biopsy, metastases) Circulating Tumor Cells VERIDEX: CellSearch™ System ISET TM System (Isolation by Size of Epithelial Tumor cell) Personalized Medicine +other biomarkers
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Notas del editor
There was also a significant improvement in PFS with cabazitaxel with an hazard ratio of 0.74. PFS was in this study a composite end-point which takes into account PSA progression, pain progression, tumor progression, symptom deterioration or death. TROPIC slide deck. Slide24
Changes in renal function drive dose adjustments for zoledronic acid
Efficacy analyses are vs. the most potent bisphosphonate used in clinical practice, and the only one approved for use in prostate cancer bone metastasis. This is NOT a comparison vs. placebo, as has been done in Novartis registration trial The primary endpoint is represented on a Kaplan Meier curve. Denosumab was superior to zoledronic acid and reduced the risk of a first on-study SRE by 18% with a confidence interval from 0.71 to 0.95. The P value was equal to 0.0002 for noninferiority and equal to 0.008 for superiority. The median time to first on-study SRE was 20.7 months for denosumab and was 17.1 months for zoledronic acid, a 3.6 mo difference . The 2 most common components of SREs were fractures and radiation to bone. 727 subjects experienced a first on-study SRE; subject incidence was 341 (35.9%) in the denosumab arm and 386 (40.6%) in the zoledronic acid arm.
For the secondary endpoint of time to first and subsequent SRE (multiple event analysis) denosumab was also superior to zoledronic acid and reduced the risk of multiple events by 18% (rate ratio: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.71–0.94; P=0.004). Only events which were at least 21 days apart from each other were counted, matching a similar analysis reported for zoledronic acid in its registration trial (Saad et. al., JNCI 2004)
This was a phase III, multinational, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted at 147 sites in the United States/Europe/Australia/Canada comparing the efficacy and safety of AA plus prednisone with placebo plus prednisone in men with mCRPC who had failed 1 or 2 chemotherapy regimens, one of which contained docetaxel. Subjects were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive AA plus prednisone or placebo plus prednisone, respectively, and were stratified according to Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS; 0-1 vs 2), worst pain over the past 24 hours on the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)-Short Form (0-3 [absent] vs 4-10 [present]), prior chemotherapy regimens (1 v. 2), and type of progression (PSA only vs radiographic progression with or without PSA progression). Subjects could receive treatment until documented disease progression (of all 3 types including 1) PSA progression, 2) radiographic progression, and 3) symptomatic or clinical progression) or unacceptable toxicity. Efficacy analysis set: ITT (intent-to-treat). Primary efficacy end point: overall survival (OS). Secondary efficacy end points: prostate‑specific antigen (PSA) response rate, time to PSA progression, and radiographic progression-free survival. To determine whether AA, a potent and selective CYP17/lyase inhibitor, is a safe and effective treatment for patients with CRPC post-chemotherapy Specific objectives To determine whether AA plus prednisone is more effective than placebo plus prednisone AA plus prednisone is safe