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1. National Income
Accounting
1

2. Gross Domestic Product
(GDP):
• GDP is the market value of all final goods
and services produced in a nation during a
period of time, usually a year
• GDP consists of many puzzle pieces to fit
together, including markets for products,
resources, consumers, workers, and
businesses
• The most widely reported measure of a
nation’s economic performance
2

3. GDP is the most widely used measure
of a nation’s economic performance. GDP
is the market value of all final goods
produced in the U.S. during a period of
time regardless of who owns the factors of
production. Secondhand and financial
transactions are not counted in GDP. To
avoid double counting, GDP also does not
include intermediate goods. GDP is
calculated by either the expenditure
approach or the income approach.
3

4. GDP excludes:
1. sale of a second hand goods such as
used car or home constructed some
years ago
2. intermediate goods
3. purely private or public financial
transactions such as giving gifts, stocks,
bonds, or transfer payments
4. transfer payments – payments made
not in exchange for goods or services
currently produced
4

5. Gross National Product (GNP):
• GNP measures the market value of all
final goods and services produced by
a nation’s residents, no matter where
they are located
5

6. GNP is the market value of final
goods and services produced by U.S.
residents, no matter where they are
located. To reflect the increasing
integration of the U.S. into the global
economy, the Department of
Commerce changed its emphasis to
GDP in 1991.
6

7. Intermediate Goods vs. Finished
Goods:
• Intermediate goods are goods
and services used as inputs for
production of final goods
• Finished goods are goods and
services produced for the
ultimate user
7

8. The circular flow model is a
diagram representing the flow of
products and resources between
businesses and households in
exchange for money payments.
Flows must be distinguished from
stocks. Flows are measured in units
per time period, for example, dollars
per year. Stocks are quantities that
exist at a given point in time
measured in dollars.
8

9. Product
markets
Basic
Circular
Businesses Flow Households
Model
Factor
markets
9

10. Flow vs. Stock
Flow - A rate of change in a
quantity during a given time
period
Stock - A quantity measured at
one point in time
10

11. Sectors in a complex
Circular Flow Model
• Household
• Firm
• Financial markets
• Government
• Foreign markets
11

12. What Leakages are
present in the more
Complex Model?
• Household saving
• Household taxes paid
• Income spent on
imports
12

13. What Injections are
present in the more
Complex Model?
• Business spending
• Government spending
• Foreign spending
13

14. Methods used to measure GDP?
1. Expenditure Approach
2. Income Approach
3. Product Approach
14

15. What is the
Expenditure Approach?
The national income
accounting method that
measures GDP by adding
all the spending for final
goods and services
15

16. The expenditure approach sums
the four major spending components
of GDP: consumption, investment,
government, and net exports.
Algebraically, GDP = C + I + G +
(X-M), where X equals foreign
spending for domestic exports and
M equals domestic spending for
foreign products.
16

17. What are the four sectors
of GDP?
• Consumption
• Investment
• Government
• Foreign (X - M)
GDP = C + I + G + (X - M)
17

18. What is the
Income Approach?
The method that
measures GDP by
adding all incomes
earned by all FOP
in the country
18

19. The income approach sums the
major income components of GDP,
consisting of compensation of
employees, rents, profits net interest
and nonincome expenses for
depreciation and indirect business
taxes. Indirect business taxes are
levied as a percentage of product
prices and include sales taxes,
excise taxes, and customs duties.
19

20. What are the Income
components of GDP?
GDP = Compensation of
employees + rents +
profits + net interest +
nonincome adjustments
20

21. What are
Nonincome Adjustments?
• Capital consumption
allowances
• Indirect business taxes
21

22. What are Shortcomings
of GDP?
• Nonmarket transactions
• Distribution, kind, & quality
of products
• Neglect of leisure time
• Underground economy
• Economic bads
22

23. What other national accounts
measure economic performance?
• Net National Product
• National Income
• Personal Income
• Disposable Personal Income
• Nominal and Real GDP
• GDP Chain Price Index
23

24. What is
National Income?
NI is the total earned
by resource owners,
including wages,
rents, interest, and
profits
= NNP(fc) 24

25. National income (NI) is total
income earned by households and is
calculated as NNP at fc (NNP at mp
minus indirect business taxes plus
subsidies)
25

26. What is
Personal Income?
PI is the total income
received by households
that is available for
consumption, saving, and
payment of personal
taxes
26

27. Personal income (PI) is the total
income received by households and
is calculated as NI minus corporate
taxes and Social Security taxes plus
transfer payments, net interest, and
dividends.
27

28. What is Disposable
Personal Income?
DI is the amount of income
that households have to
spend or save after
payment of personal
taxes
28

29. Disposable personal income
(DI) is personal income minus
personal taxes. DI is the amount of
income a household has available to
consume or save.
29

30. What is Nominal GDP?
The value of all final goods
based on the prices
existing during the time
period of production
30

31. Nominal GDP measures all
final goods and services produced in
a given time period of production.
31

32. What is Real GDP?
The value of all final goods
produced during a given
time period based on the
prices existing in a
selected base year
32

33. Real GDP measures all final
goods and services produced in a
given time period, valued at the
prices existing in a base year.
33

34. nominal GDP x 100
Real GDP =
GDP price index
34

35. Key Concepts
35

36. Key Concepts
• Who was Simon Kuznets?
• What is Gross Domestic Product?
• What does GDP measure?
• What is an advantage of using GDP?
• Does GDP measure the whole economy?
• What are the two approaches we use to measur
• What is the Expenditure Approach?
36

37. Key Concepts cont.
• What are the four sectors of GDP?
• What is the Income Approach?
• What are the Income components of GDP?
• What are Nonincome Adjustments?
• What are Shortcomings of GDP?
• What is Net Domestic Product?
• What is National Income?
37

38. Summary Key Concepts cont.
• What is Personal Income?
• What is Disposable Personal Income?
• What is Nominal GDP?
• What is Real GDP?
• What is the Chain Price Index?
38

39. Summary
39

40. Product
markets
Basic
Circular
Businesses Flow Households
Model
Factor
markets
40

41. Net domestic product (NDP) is
GDP minus depreciation
41

42. The GDP chain price index is a
broad price index used to convert
nominal GDP to real GDP. The GDP
chain price index measures changes
in the prices of consumer goods,
business investment, government
spending, exports, and imports. Real
GDP is computed by dividing
nominal GDP for year X by year X’s
GDP chain price index and then
multiplying the result by 100.
42

43. Chapter 15 Quiz
©2000 South-Western College Publishing 43

44. 1. The dollar value of all final goods and services
produced within the borders of a nation is the
a. GNP deflator.
b. gross national product.
c. net national product.
d. gross domestic product.
D. GDP is the most widely reported measure
of a nation’s economic performance. GDP
excludes production abroad by U.S. firms.
44

45. 2. Based on the circular flow model, money
flows from businesses to households in
a. factor markets.
b. product markets.
c. neither factor nor product markets.
d. both factor and product markets.
A. Money flows from household to
businesses in product markets. The
reverse is true for factor markets.
45

46. 3. The circular flow model does not include
which of the following?
a. The quantity of shoes in inventory on
January 1.
b. The total wages paid per month.
c. The percentage of profits paid out as
dividends each year.
d. The total profits earned per year in the
U.S. economy.
A. The quantity of shoes in inventory is a
stock at one point in time rather than a
flow over a period of time.
46

47. 4. The expenditure approach measures GDP
by adding all the expenditures for final
goods made by
a. households.
b. businesses.
c. government.
d. foreigners.
e. all of the above.
E. One method national income
accountants use to calculate CDP is to
add all spending for the four sectors of
the economy during a period of time.
47

48. 5. GDP is a less-than-perfect measure of the
nation’s economic pulse because it
a. excludes nonmarket transactions.
b. does not measure the quality of goods
and services.
c. does not report illegal transactions.
d. all of the above.
D. GDP only measures legal market
transactions and adjustments for quality
changes are very difficult or impossible.
48

49. 6. Subtracting an allowance for depreciation
of fixed capital from gross domestic
product yields
a. real GDP.
b. nominal GDP.
c. national income.
d. net domestic product.
D. Real GDP and nominal GDP include
an estimate of depreciation. National
income is equal to net national product
less indirect business taxes (e.g. sales
taxes, federal excise taxes).
49

50. 7. Adding all incomes earned by households
from the sale of resources yields
a. intermediate goods.
b. indirect business taxes.
c. national income.
d. personal income.
C. Intermediate goods and indirect
business taxes have nothing to do with
adding incomes. Personal income is
the total income received by
households. For example, PI includes
transfer payments and NI does not.
50

51. 8. Personal income equals disposable
income plus
a. personal savings.
b. transfer payments.
c. dividend payments.
d. personal taxes.
D. Disposable income is the amount of
income that households actually have to
spend or save after payment of personal
taxes.
51

52. 9. Disposal personal income
a. is the income people spend for
personal items such as homes and cars.
b. includes transfer payments.
c. excludes transfer payments.
d. includes personal taxes.
B. DPI equals PI minus personal taxes.
Since PI includes transfer payments,
DPI also includes transfer payments.
52

53. 10. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Leakages in an economy equal savings plus taxes plus
imports.
b. National income is total income earned by households,
whereas personal income is total income received by
households.
c. Disposable personal income equals personal income
minus personal taxes.
d. The expenditures approach and the income approach
yield the same GDP figure.
e. all of the above are true.
E. When money leaves the system, a leakage occurs.
Personal income is both earned and unearned income.
Disposable income is income left over after taxes.
Expenditures will always equal income.
53

54. 11. Gross domestic product data that reflect
actual prices as they exist in a given year are
expressed in terms of
a. fixed dollars.
b. current dollars.
c. constant dollars.
d. real dollars.
B. Nominal GDP is also referred to as
current dollar or money GDP and is not
adjusted for inflation.
54

55. 12. The GDP chain price index is
a. widely reported in the news.
b. broadly based.
c. adjusted for government spending.
d. a measure of changes in consumer prices.
B. The GDP chain price index not only
measures price changes of consumer goods,
but also price changes of business
investment, government consumption
expenditures, exports and imports.
55

56. 13. Which of the following statements is true?
a. The inclusion of intermediate goods and
services in GDP calculations would
underestimate our nation’s production level.
b. The expenditures approach sums the
compensation of employees, rents, profits,
net interest, and non-income expenses for
depreciation and indirect business taxes.
c. Real GDP has been adjusted for inflation or
deflation.
d. Real GDP equals nominal GDP multiplied by
the GDP deflator.
C. The word real in front of any term means
that the value has been adjusted.
56

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58. END
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