Unit I
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Introduction to Anatomical Terms & Organization of the Human Body
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Unit I
- 1. Unit I Introduction to Anatomical Terms & Organization of the Human Body SUBMITTED TO MRS. JISHA S. PRINCIPAL, ST. CATHERINE’S HOSPITAL & SCHOOL OF NURSING SUBMITTED BY MR. EARNEST LAMUEL NURSING TUTOR, ST. CATHERINE’S HOSPITAL & SCHOOL OF NURSING
- 3. Anatomy Anatomy is the study of structure of the body. ‘Aristotle’ (384-322 BC) was the first person to use the term ‘anatome’, a Greek word meaning ‘cutting up or taking apart’. Anatomy is the one of the most oldest basic medical sciences. It was first studied formally in Egypt. Human anatomy was taught in Greece by Hippocrates (460-377 BC) who is regarded as the ‘Father of Medicine’.
- 5. Subdivisions Clinical anatomy Gross anatomy Systemic anatomy Regional anatomy Functional anatomy Developmental anatomy Histology and cytology Surface anatomy Clinical anatomy Comparative anatomy
- 6. Physiology Physiology is the branch of science that deals with various functions of living organism and the processes which regulate them.
- 8. Subdivisions Neuromuscular physiology Respiratory physiology Cardiovascular physiology Physiology of excretory system Digestion and metabolism Immunology endocrinology
- 12. Median Plane This is the imaginary vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body from front to back, dividing it into right and left halves.
- 13. Sagittal Plane These are parallel to the median plane. They are named after the sagittal suture of the skull. The sagittal plane that passes through the median plane can be called the midsagittal plane. The sagittal plane which does not pass from center but passes parallel to midsagittal plane is called parasagittal plane.
- 14. Coronal Plane These are imaginary vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing it into anterior and posterior portions. These planes are named after the coronal suture of the skull, which lies in the coronal plane.
- 15. Horizontal Plane These are Imaginary planes passing through the body at right angles to both the median and coronal planes. A horizontal plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts. A horizontal plane is also referred to as the transverse plane.
- 16. Systems of the Human Body
- 18. Introduction The human body has several organ systems that work independently and carry out specific functions. These systems influence each other and work together to maintain health, provide protection from disease, and allow for reproduction of the human species. The various structures constituting these body systems and their functions are vital for the human life.
- 19. Organ Systems Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Endocrine system Urinary system Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Respiratory system Digestive system Reproductive system
- 21. Integumentary System Constituents Skin Hair Nails Functions Protection of body Regulation of body temperature Elimination of wastes
- 23. Skeletal System Constituents Bones Joints Cartilages Functions Provides support and protection to body Helps in body movements
- 25. Muscular System Constituents Skeletal muscles Smooth muscles Cardiac muscles Functions Helps in body movements Maintenance of posture Production of heat
- 27. Nervous System Constituents Brain Spinal cord Nerves Five sense organs Functions Regulation of body activities and body’s internal and external environment by nerve impulses
- 29. Endocrine System Constituents Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Pineal gland Parathyroid gland Pancreas Ovaries/Testes Adrenal glands Functions Regulation of body activities by releasing hormones
- 31. Urinary System Constituents Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Functions Production, storage and elimination of urine Regulation of volume and chemical composition of blood Maintenance of acid-base balance of the body
- 33. Cardiovascular System Constituents Heart Blood vessels Blood Functions Heart pumps the blood through the blood vessels Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and takes away the wastes and carbon dioxide from the cells
- 35. Lymphatic System Constituents Spleen Thymus Tonsils Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels Functions Return proteins and fluids to the blood Removes bacteria, toxins and other foreign bodies from tissue Lymph serves as important route for intestinal fat absorption Sites of maturation and proliferation of B and T cells
- 37. Respiratory System Constituents Pharynx Larynx Bronchial tubes Trachea Lungs Functions Transfer of oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air Regulation of acid-base balance of body fluids
- 39. Digestive System Constituents Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small and large intestines Salivary glands Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Functions Digestion of food Absorption of nutrients Eliminated of wastes
- 41. Female Reproductive System Constituents Ovaries Uterine tube Uterus Vagina Mammary glands Functions Production of gametes Release of hormones that regulate reproduction and help in development of secondary sexual characteristics Mammary glands are for lactation
- 43. Male Reproductive System Constituents Testes Ductus deferens Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Penis Functions Production of gametes Release of hormones that regulate reproduction and help in development of secondary sexual characteristics Penis is the main copulatory organ
- 45. Cavities of the Human Body
- 46. Introduction Body cavities are spaces within the body that help, protect, separate and support internal organs. Bones, muscles, ligaments, and other structures separate the various body cavities from one another.
- 49. Cranial Cavity The 8 fused cranial bones form a hollow space of the head called cranial cavity. They are as follows Anteriorly – Frontal bone Posteriorly – Occipital bone Inferiorly – Sphenoid & Ethmoid bone Superiorly – Parietal bone Laterally – Temporal bones
- 51. Abdominal Cavity It is the largest cavity in the body. It is divided into nine regions. It’s boundaries are Superiorly – The diaphragms, which separates it from thoracic cavity Inferiorly – It is continuous with pelvic cavity Anteriorly – Anterior abdominal wall Posteriorly – Lumbar vertebra and posterior abdominal wall Bilaterally – Muscles of abdominal wall and lower ribs
- 53. Pelvic Cavity The thoracic cavity is one of the major cavities of the body. It’s boundaries are Anteriorly – Sternum and anterior parts of ribs and their costal cartilages Posteriorly – Bodies of the 12 thoracic vertebrae and posterior parts of ribs Bilaterally – 12 pairs of ribs and the intercostal muscles Superiorly – By the structures forming the root of neck Inferiorly – By a muscular sheet known as ‘Diaphragm’
- 55. Thoracic Cavity The pelvic cavity extends from the lower end of the abdominal cavity Superiorly – It is continuous with abdominal cavity Inferiorly – Pelvic floor Anteriorly – Pubic Bones Posteriorly – Sacrum and coccyx Bilaterally – Hip bones
- 57. Thank You!