Principals of Unani medicine

1. Tibb-e-Unani in the New Millennium Aftab Saeed Hamdard University Madinat al-Hikmah Karachi-74700 Pakistan

2. The Basic Theory : 4- Humors- Protomodel Fundamentals of Unani Medicine AK H L A T

4. Qualitative Temperaments Based on 4-Humors

5. Humors in Natural State

6. Brain as Controller of Various Activities

7. Temperamental Characteristics

8. Personality Attributes- Typology Characteristics

9. Personality Exhibition– Constitutional Types Melvyn Kinder's Four Temperaments Readily Correlate with those of Humoral Theory Eysenck's model

10. Qualities Associated with the Temperaments Sanguine Phlegmatic Choleric Melancholic Skin color Ruddy Pale Yellow Brown Skin texture Smooth / firm Smooth / soft Rough Rough / dry Skin quality Warm / moist Cold / moist Warm / dry Cold / dry Hair color Dark brown /fair Dark blond/Blond Dark brown /red Dark brown/black Hair quantity Hairy Hairless Very hairy Balding Stature Medium Short Short Medium Body build Muscular Flabby / fat Lean Slim Pulse Strong / even Soft / deep Fast / sharp Deep small Appetite Good Poor Strong Large Digestion Quick / good Slow / weak Overactive Slow Urine Light yellow Thin / pale Orange / thick Thick / pale Faeces Brown / firm Pale / loose Dry / yellow Dry / black Dreams Happy / red Water / pale Quarrel / fire Fears / dark Emotions Happiness Apathy Anger Worry / grief

11. Signs and Symptoms of the Dystempers Warm Moist Cold Dry Skin Red / firm Pale / puffy Pale / smooth Rough / yellow Taste Bitter Metallic Salty Sour Pulse Fast Wide Slow Narrow Thirst Thirsty Thirstless Thirstless Thirsty Digestion Normal Weak Weak Slow Urine Brown / thick Pale / thin Clear / thin Orange / thick Faeces Dark Loose Constipated Constipated Sleep Disturbed Increased Heavy Reduced Emotions Irrational Apathetic Depressed Irritable

12. SIGNS OF IMBALANCES OF THE HUMORS Cont……. Blood Phlegm Yellow Bile Black Bile Headache Headache Headache Headache Delirium Lethargy Delirium Delirium Lethargy Insomnia Insomnia Stiffness Weak limbs Melancholy Nose itching Insomnia Nose itching Madness Hard eyelids Hallucinations Poor vision Forgetfulness Boils on eyelid Canker sores Enlarged tongue Paralysis Canker sores Diphtheria Canker sores Weak limbs Dull teeth Cancer Swollen palate Convulsions Discolored teeth Excess appetite Trembling lips Muscular tension Coughing Swollen stomach Loose teeth Trembling limbs Pleurisy Vomiting Tooth spaces trembling “ Smoke“ Feeling Heartburn

13. Blood Phlegm Yellow Bile Black Bile Slackness of uvula Swollen eyelids Heart attack welling of liver Diphtheria Shedding eyelashes Excessive appetite Jaundice Coughing Conjunctivitis Vomiting Swelling of spleen Pleurisy Styes Swelling of liver Flatulence Swelling of liver Dilation of pupils Jaundice Arthritis Hemorrhoids Dandruff of eyelids Hemorrhoids Gripe Constant erection Ringing in ears Anal ulcer Colic Swollen testicles Foul odor from nose Gripe Swelling of bladder Convulsion of penis Enlarged tongue Burning urination Excessive libido Cracked nails Bad taste in mouth Swollen testicles Low mother's milk Bad breath Excess menstruation Swelling of womb Canker sores Yellowed nails Varicose veins Swollen palate Thickened nails Whiteness of lips Skin cancer

14. Phlegmatic Dominance in the West Further Phlegmatic Disorders : Swelling of lips, Dull feeling in teeth, Ulcers of gums, Swelling of uvula, Diphtheria, Constriction of throat, Asthma, Coughing, Pleurisy, Heart feels as if being, pulled downward, Deficient appetite, Corrupted appetite, Severe thirst, Vomiting, Upset stomach, Convulsion of stomach, Obstruction of liver, Swelling of spleen, Swelling of liver, Itching of anus, Gripe, Colic, Constipation, Ulcers of kidneys, Swelling of bladder, Retention of urine, Inability to get erection, Swelling of testicles, Excessive menstrual flow, Sour mother's milk , Swelling of womb, Backache, Joint ache, Arthritis, Sebaceous cysts, Pimples, Acne, Baldness, No nail growth, Boils, Scabs, Severe perspiration, Dandruff

19. Twentieth Century Quaternity Attributes related to temperamental differenciation based on humors Four worldviews : Traditional, agnostic, dogmatic, innovative (E. Adickes) Four life types : Theoretical, aesthetic, religious, economic (Eduard Spranger) Four abnormal temperaments : Anesthetic, hyperesthetic, melancholic, hypomanic (Ernst Kretschmer) Four attitude types based on psychological functions: Thinking, intuition, feeling, sensation (CarlJung)

23. Cell & Mucosal Area

35. Detection of invaders & defence which is triggered by that detection

36. Defence through the membranes

37. Vis Medicatrix Naturae on cellular Level

40. Herbal/ Alternative Medicines Global & Regional Trend Global Market for herbal products is exploding, estimated to touch $5 trillion by 2020 Annual Growth Rate : Chemical-based (Pharma) drug industry @ 3-5% Plant-based drug industry @ 10-15% worldwide South Asia - Conservative yearly estimates of economic value of Medicinal, Plants related trade equals to about US $200 illions United States 4/10 ten persons are using what they call 'alternative medicine’ (even when the cost is not covered by medical insurance) Sale of herbal products is in the vicinity of 21 billion US $ Japan Demand for pharma products in Japan, in recent years has tripled whereas for herbal products the growth in demand is over 15 fold Europ’ Union : Herbal products sale raised from US 1.6 billion to 3.3 billion before 2000 China Sales of herbal products is in the range of Rs.25000 Crore India Only 1% of global market selling roughly Rs.500 Crore worth of products, Indian Govt. charted Vision 2010 Document for Unani System of edicine

50. Phases of a clinical trial A step by step approach is usually followed in the development of new herbal medicines, but may ordinarily be less necessary for a study to validate the safety and efficacy of traditional herbal medicine. The point of entry to the phases will be determined by the nature and history of the herbal medicines being studied Phase I: First trials for a new compound or a new formulation that are generally carried out with a small number of health volunteer or patients suffering from the disease for which the herbal medicine is intended. The main purpose of a phase I trial is to observe tolerance to the herbal medicine and therefore to get medication of the dose that might be used safely in subsequent studies. Continue next slide

51. Studies on a limited number of patients to determine clinical efficacy and to further confirm safety. Such trials are preferably designed as randomized, double-blind, controlled studies , using for control groups either an existing alternative treatment or a placebo. The dosage schedules established in such studies are then used for a more extensive clinical study. Phase-III: A larger patient group is usually studied at several centers using a randomized double blind design to validate preliminary evidence of efficacy obtained in earlier studies. Ordinarily, such trials are conducted under conditions which are as close as possible to the anticipated conditions of normal use. Phase-II:

52. Studies performed after the dosage form is available for general use. The main purpose of such studies is to detect toxic events that may occur so rarely that they are not detected earlier. Market surveillance studies Phase IV:

53. Sub-continental Species with known standard marker/ biomarker components 1. Adhatoda vasica (0.5% Vasicine ) 2. Andrographis paniculata (10% Andrographolide) 3. Azadirachita indica (2% Azadirachtin) 4. Boswellia seratta (40% & 70% Boswellic Acid) 5. Centella asiatica (3% Asiaticoside) 6. Commiphora mukul (5% Guggulsterones) 7. Curcuma longa (95% Curcumin) 8. Glycyrrihiza glabra (20% Glycyrrhizin) 9. Gymnema sylvestre (25% Gymnemic Acid). 10. Momordica charantia (3% bitters). 11. Picrorrhiza kurroa (10% bitters ) 12. Shilajit (5% Fulvic Acid) 13. Tribulus terrestris (20% & 40% Saponin) 14. T t rigonella foenum- graceum (10% Saponin) 15. Withania somnifera (1.5% Withanolides/1% alkaloid) 16. Zingiber officinale (5% Gingerols).

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