Components Used In Electrical and Electronic Projects

Electrical and Electronic
Components Used in
Projects

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Introduction
Electrical and Electronic Components
Used in Projects
 There are numerous basic electrical and electronic components
are normally found in numerous circuits of peripherals like hard
disks, mother boards, etc. Several circuits are designed with
numerous components like resistors, capacitors, inductors,
transistors, transformers, switches and fuses etc.

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The Major Electrical and Electronic Components Are
 Resistors, Capacitors, Fuses, Transistors, Integrated Circuits,
Relays, Switches, Motors, Circuit Breakers, Resistors, Inductors,
Transformers, Battery, And Fuse.
 The major electrical and electronic components utilized in electrical
and electronic projects are.

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About Active and Passive Components
1. Active components
 A component that provides and controls energy.
2. Passive Components
 A component that responds to the flow of voltage and either
dissipates or store energy.

Used in Projects
Resisto
r
 A resistor is an electrical component that restricts the flow of a
current in a circuit.

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Resisto
r
 The electrical device may also be used to afford a particular voltage to a
semiconductor.
 Once current flows through the resistor.
 The resistor absorbs the voltage and degenerates within the form of
heat.
 Resistors might have variable or mounted resistances.

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Resisto
r
 The current flow through a resistor is directly proportional to the
voltage across the resistor terminals.
 The relationship is pictured by Ohm’s law.
 Ohms law V=IR from this equation, we are able to get I=V/R
 Where, ‘V’ is that the voltage of the conductor, ‘I’ is the current
through the conductor.
 ‘R’ is the resistance of the conductor.

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Capacitor
 A capacitor is a two terminal linear passive component that is made from 2
conductive plates with an insulator between them.

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Capacitor
 The main function of a capacitor is that, it stores voltage once an
electrical charge is forced onto its terminals from a power supply.
 It maintains the charge even when getting disconnected from the
power supply.
 A capacitor is employed with a resistor and can also be used as a
filter to permit the AC signals and block the DC signals.

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Capacitor
 The stored electrical charge is Q=CV
 Where, “C” is the capacitive reactance and ‘V’ is the applied voltage.
 Thus, the current flow through a capacitor is I= C dv/dt

Used in Projects
Microcontroller
 A microcontroller is a small computer on
a single integrated circuit.
 It assembles all the options which are
found within the microprocessor.
 it has a high concentration of on chip amenities like RAM, ROM, timers I/O
ports, serial port, interrupt and clock circuit.
 These are used in numerous automatically controlled devices like remote
controls, medical devices, automobile engine control systems, power tools,
toys, workplace machines, and different embedded systems.

Used in Projects
Inductor
 An inductor or coil or a reactor is a two-terminal
passive electrical component.
 It stores voltage within the form of magnetic energy.
 Generally an inductor includes of a conductor.
 component wound into a coil that works on the principle of Faraday’s
law of inductance.
 Once a current flows through the coil from the left side to the right
side.

Used in Projects
Inductor
 The coil produces a magnetic field within the clockwise direction.
 The inductance of the inductor is denoted by ‘L’.
 L== (µ.K.N2.S)/I.
 Where,
• ‘L’ is an inductance.
• ‘K’ is a Nagaoka constant.
• ‘µ’ is a Magnetic permeability.
• ‘N’ is the number of turns of the coils.
• ‘S’ is the Cross section area of the coil.
• ‘I’ is the Length of the coil in axial direction.

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Transformer
 A transformer is an electrical device and it consists of 2 coils of wire
that are joined by an iron core.
 It has the capability of changing the current and voltage levels simply.
 The main function of the transformer is that to increase (step-up) or
decrease (step-down) AC voltages.
 The transformer works on the principle of Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction.

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Transformer
 It means that mutual inductance between 2 circuits that is linked by
a common magnetic flux.
 Transformer converts an electrical energy from one circuit to another
circuit.
 With the help of mutual induction between the 2 windings without
electrical connection between them.
 It converts power from one circuit to another circuit without
changing the frequency.

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Transformer
 In a step up transformer, secondary winding
contains a lot of winding than the first coil.
 Transformer has more windings in the primary
than the secondary winding.
 These are one of the main reasons we use AC
current in our homes and not DC.
 DC voltages can’t be modified using
transformers.

Used in Projects
Battery
 A battery is an electrical device that is employed to convert chemical
energy into voltage through electrochemical discharge reactions.
 Batteries are composed of one or more cells where each cell having an
anode (+), the cathode (-) and the solution.
 The anode and the cathode are preserved to an electric circuit.
 Batteries are classified into 2 varieties
1. Primary or disposable batteries
2. Secondary or rechargeable batteries

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Battery
 The primary batteries don’t seem to be reversible.
 The secondary batteries are reversible.

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Fuse
 A fuse is a material or a bit of wire which is employed to protect the
components from destruction due to excessive current flowing through
them.
 When excessive current flows through the circuit, the wires get heated
up and get broken.
 When wire get broken, the current stops flowing.
 When the fuse melts due to overflow of current then, the part of the
fuse absorbs some energy.

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Fuse
 The absorbed energy is given by I2t.
 Where, ‘I’ is the peak value of the current interrupted
 ‘t’ is the time taken to clear the fault.
 When the fuse blows, it offers a signal that there is
some reasonably fault within the circuit.
 A fuse element is made of Zn, copper, silver,
aluminium or alloys to afford sure characteristics.

Used in Projects
Diode/LED (Light Emitting Diode)
 A diode is a device, which is made from semiconductor
material that allows current to flow in one direction.
 It blocks the current that tries to travel against the flow
in a wire.
 These devices are often used in several electronic
circuits that convert AC to DC.
 An LED is the alternative of the diode.

Used in Projects
Diode/LED (Light Emitting Diode)
 Once a current is applied to an LED; it emits light at a specific frequency.
 LEDs are utilized in varied applications like.
 Keyboards
 Hard disks
 TV remote controls

Used in Projects
Transistors
 The transistor is a device, which consists of 3
terminals.
 It fabricated from semiconductor material that
controls the flow of voltage or current.
 It acts as a switch for electronic signals.
 There are 2 varieties of transistors PNP and NPN.

Used in Projects
Transistors
 Most circuits uses NPN semiconductor.
 Transistors are designed in numerous shapes.
 The 3 terminals of the semiconductor are the base (B), emitter (E)
and collector(C).
 The base terminal is responsible for activating the transistor.
 The emitter terminal is the negative lead and collector terminal is the
positive lead.

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Integrated Circuit
 Integrated circuit is also called IC and sometimes it
is additionally known as a chip.
 The integrated circuit is a semiconductor device.
 It has numerous resistors, capacitors, and
transistors are fabricated.
 It will operate as a microprocessor, microchip, amplifier, and timer.
 An IC is classified as either linear or nonlinear depending on its application.

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Integrated Circuit
 Linear ICs or analog integrated circuits have continuously variable O/P.
 It depends on the level of i/p signal.
 These linear ICs are used as audio frequency and radio frequency amplifiers.
 Digital ICs operate at only some defined states, instead of over a
continuous vary of signal amplitudes.
 The basic structure of digital integrated circuits is logic gates.
 Integrated circuits uses in computers, modems, computer networks and
frequency counters.

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Relays
 Relays are switches. It is used to control the circuits by employing a low
power signal.
 The relays comprise of a magnet, a coil, a series of electrical contacts
and a spring.
 There is no electrical connection between the two circuits within the
relay.
 It is connected through the magnetic connection.
 Relays are used to perform logical operations in telephone exchanges
and computers.

Used in Projects
Relays

Used in Projects
Switches
A switch is an electrical device, it is employed to interrupt the circuit.
The switch works with ON and OFF mechanism.
It Interrupt the current and provide the current from one conductor to a
different conductor.

Used in Projects
Switches
 Switches are classified into four varieties like
 (SPST) Single pole single throw.
 (SPDT) Single pole double throw.
 (DPST) Double pole single throw.
 (DPDT) Double pole double throw.

Used in Projects
Motors
 A motor is an electrical device, it converts
electrical energy into mechanical energy.
 The motor contains rotor, stator, bearings,
conduit box, enclosure and eye bolt.
 The motors are competent for the tasks which
they perform when compared to pneumatic or
hydraulic alternatives.

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Motors
 Motors are categorized into different types like.
 AC inductance motors
 DC motors And Stepper motor
 Three phase induction motor
 Brushless magnet electric motor
 Brushed DC motor
 Switched reluctance motor.

Used in Projects
Circuit Breakers
 A circuit breaker is a mechanical switching device
which is operated automatically.
 It used to defend an electric circuit from damage
caused by overload or short circuit.
 The most functions of the circuit breaker is to
interrupt current flow and determine a fault
condition.
 It includes of two contacts like moving & mounted
contacts.

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Circuit Breakers
 Moving contact: It is to interrupt and create the circuit
victimization stored energies in the kind of spring or compressed air.
 Mounted contact: Includes a spring that holds the moving contact
when closing.
 These devices accommodate two coils, closing and tripping coil.
 Wherever closing coil is used to shut the circuit and tripping coil is
employed to trip the circuit.

Used in Projects
Conclusion
 This list offers a quick info concerning different types of
electronic and electrical components that are utilized in
various electronic and electrical projects, embedded
systems.

Components Used In Electrical and Electronic Projects

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