Capacity Development Program in Environment Management

1. Capacity Development
Program in Environment
Management (CDEM)
Module 4: Integrated
Solid Waste
Management
6th February to 10th February
2017
K.J.Somaiya College, Mumbai

2. Overview of
Waste
Streams
Malavika Gopinath, IIT- Bombay
Pranay Krishnan, EMC
6th February 2017

3.  ‘substances or objects which are disposed of or are
intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed
of by the provisions of national law’
– Basel Convention, 1989
 Working definitions vary from country to country- we will
focus on definitions in the Indian context
 Urban wastes primarily consists of waste generated from
residential, commercial, and institutional entities
It includes municipal solid waste, bio-medical waste, e-
waste, commercial & institutional wastes and construction
& demolition wastes.
3
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

4. Municipal Solid Waste
 ‘Solid or semi-solid
domestic waste, sanitary
waste, commercial
waste, institutional
waste, catering and
market waste and other
non residential wastes,
street sweepings, silt
removed or collected
from the surface drains,
horticulture waste,
agriculture and dairy
waste, treated bio-
medical waste.’
-Solid Waste Rules, 2016
 Exclusions: industrial waste,
bio-medical waste and e-waste,
battery waste, radio-active
waste generated in the area
under the local authorities
4
Source: Moss et.al, 2010
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

5. 5
As per the latest CPCB data available (2014) the net MSW generation in the
country is estimated to 143,000 tonnes/day (52.2 million tonnes annually)
For Maharashtra, the daily generation is around 21,000 tonnes/day and for
MCGM, it is estimated to be 8,600 tonnes/day
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

6. 6
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

7. 47%
8%
8%
1%
1%
5%
30%
MSW Composition for
India
(CPCB, 2014)
Organic
material
Paper
Rubber
Metal
Glass
Rags
Others
& Inert
Daily MSW Generation for India (CPCB, 2014)
7
•waste composition varies greatly across the world, depending on the
level of socio- economic development
•as income levels increase % of organic fractions tend to decrease
•even within India, across rural and urban areas, the MSW composition
differs greatly

8. E-waste
 ‘electrical and electronic equipment, whole or in
part discarded as waste by the consumer or bulk
consumer as well as rejects from manufacturing,
refurbishment and repair processes’
 E-waste generation has increased significantly due
to the frequent upgrades in the electronic goods &
rapid obsolescence
8
• As per CPCB estimates, India
generated around 800,080
tonnes of e-waste in 2014
(Jindal, 2016)
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

9. 9
• Globally, it is estimated that the total amount e-waste generated in
2014 was 41.8 million metric tonnes (MMT) which is forecasted to
increase to 50 MMT per annum in 2018
• In Asia, e-waste generated was 16.0 MMT in 2014 with China
generating the highest (6 MMT) followed by Japan (2.2 MMT) and
India (1.7MMT)
Note:
• Additionally,
0.05 MMT is
imported
• E-waste
generation is
expected to
reach 5.2 MMT
as per
ASSOCHAM
MMT – Million
metric tonnes per
annum
0.15
0.33
0.43
0.8
1.7
3.2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
2005 2007 2009 2012 2014 2015
WastegenerationinMillionMetricTons
E-waste generation estimates in India
CPCB
MAIT-
GTZ
ELCINA
CPCB
UNU
Leading
recycler
ASSOCH
AM1.8
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

10. 10
• India sold 300 million CFLs in 2010, and considering that the average life of a
CFL in India is 4 years10, about 300 million CFLs would have entered the
waste stream in 2014 alone.
• 1066 million CFLs would have been disposed of by 2014, in the next 2 years,
another 748 million CFLs will enter the waste stream.
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

11. Biomedical Waste
 ‘Any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis,
treatment or immunisation of human beings or animals or
research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or
testing of biological or in health camps’
Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016
 Exclusions- radioactive wastes ,wastes covered under the
MSW Rules, lead acid batteries, hazardous wastes, e- waste,
hazardous microorganisms.
 BMW is not the same as hospital waste
 definition of BMW varies vastly across countries -most
common health care wastes generated are used bandages,
syringes, scalpels and laboratory wastes
11
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

12. •For Maharashtra, the generation of BMW in 2010
was reported to be 47 tonnes/day (MPCB,2010)
•average BMW generation per bed in hospitals is
reported to be 1.5 kg/day for India (range: 0.5-2
kg/day) (Rameshbabu et.al, 2009)
40%
10%
1%4%
45%
Healthcare Waste Composition for India
Bandages, linen and
other infectious waste
Plastics
Sharps & metal waste
Glass
General waste
Source: Patil and Shekdar, 2001
12
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

13. Hazardous Waste
 ‘Any waste which by reason of characteristics such as
physical, chemical, biological, reactive, toxic,
flammable, explosive or corrosive, causes danger or is
likely to cause danger to health or environment,
whether alone or in contact with other wastes or
substances’
Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2016
 Examples of HW include spent catalysts, used oils,
spent chemicals, sludge from wastewater treatment
etc. 13
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

14.  Daily hazardous waste generation in India (for
2014) was reported to be 21650 tonnes/day (CPCB,
2016)
 For Maharashtra, the HW generation in 2015 was
reported at 4503 tonnes/day & for MCGM, it is
around 466 tonnes/day (MPCB, 2016)
 Hazardous waste can also be generated from
homes (spent medicines, used batteries, lamps,
insect repellants, aerosol spray, home cleaning
chemicals etc.)- contamination of MSW due to
these household hazardous waste streams is of
concern because they can affect MSW treatment
processes
14
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

15. Construction & Demolition
Waste “Building materials, debris and rubble resulting from
construction, re-modelling, repair and demolition of any civil
structure.”
C&D Waste Management Rules, 2016
 Components of C&D waste are typically concrete, asphalt, wood,
metals, gypsum wallboard, and roofing
 C&D waste generation for India (2012) was around 188,000
tonnes/ day (AWMO,2017)
15
Source: Bhattacharya et.al., 2013
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

16.  C&D waste quantity is influenced by the rate of
urbanization involving factors such as
development of public infrastructure projects,
growth of residential and commercial properties,
and foreign direct investments (GWMO, 2015)
16
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
kg/capita/annum
Per capita C&D waste generation for select Asian Countries (2012)
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

17. Source: Jindal, 2016
Total Solid Waste Generation (2014)
17
MSW is the most significant in terms of quantity!
However, if C&D waste is also considered, it will dominate in terms of
quantity. Why?
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

18. Non-urban waste
streams
 Non-urban waste generation is highly influenced by economic
activities or geographical factors an area as opposed to urban
waste streams such as MSW i.e., some regions generate
certain specific waste types while others may not
 Ship-breaking waste is only generated in regions that have
ports and shipyards, while mining wastes are produced in
regions with large mining activities
 Other examples include agricultural waste, disaster wastes ,
marine litter & debris etc. 18
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

19. Wastewater
Wastewater is defined as “a combination of one or more
of:
 Domestic effluent consisting of blackwater (excreta,
urine and faecal sludge) and greywater (kitchen and
bathing wastewater);
 Water from commercial establishments and
institutions, including hospitals;
 Industrial effluent, stormwater and other urban run-off;
 Agricultural, horticultural and aquaculture effluent,
either dissolved or as suspended matter” (Corcoran et
al. 2010).
19http://www.unwater.org/fileadmin/user_upload/unwater_new/docs/UN-Water_Analytical_Brief_Wastewater_Management.pdf
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

20.  Constituents of wastewater may include:
 Plant nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium)
 Pathogenic microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, protozoa
and helminths)
 Heavy metals (e.g. cadmium, chromium, copper,
mercury, nickel, lead and zinc)
 Organic pollutants (e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls,
polyaromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides); and
biodegradable organics (BOD, COD)
 Micro-pollutants (e.g. medicines, cosmetics, cleaning
agents)
20
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

21. 21
“Waste Intensity Map” showing
Intensity/Risks and Relative Mass for Key
Waste Streams in India
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

22. Waste Collection
 MSW collection is the obligatory responsibility of local
governments
 They may be contracted to private operators or collectives
of informal workers through various PPP models (for e.g.
In Pune, the collection is carried out by KKPKP)
 Collection rates vary across countries and even across
cities within the same countries- in low-income countries,
it is not uncommon to find collection rates below 50
percent), while high-income countries reach close to 100
percent (e.g., Singapore and South Korea)
 In India, data for 105 cities show that collection rates vary
between 40 to 100 percent
22
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

23. Waste Transportation
 MSW maybe transported to transfer stations from
where they are taken to treatment locations (mostly
in the case of centralized processing) or directly to
landfills for disposal
 Waste transportation accounts for the maximum
expenditure in MSW management!
23
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

24. Sorting & segregation
 Waste sorting centers, also known as materials recovery
facilities, receive, separate and prepares recyclable
materials
 Waste sorting centers play a key role in ISWM, and
therefore should be considered a key element in modern
sustainable waste management
 They provide waste pickers a safer environment to work
in, encourage communities to recycle, reduce the amount
of reusable and recyclable material that is sent to a
landfill, thereby increasing the life of the landfill, and
reduce GHG emissions.
 The waste is separated by product, and the various items
are then prepared for recycling, composting, treatment,
and/or disposal
24
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

25. MSW Treatment
25
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

26. Decentralization in MSWM
26
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

27. MSW collection & treatment in
India
27
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 AndhraPradesh/…
ArunachalPradesh
Assam
Chhattisgarh
Delhi
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
HimachalPradesh
Jammu&Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
MadhyaPradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
TamilNadu
Tripura
UttarPradesh
Uttrakhand
WestBengal
%
Collection % (out of total generated) Treatment % (out of total generated)
National average -82% Collection -26% Treatment
For MCGM- 100% collection- 40% treatment
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement

28. MSW Disposal
28
IntroductiontoWastestreamsOverviewofMSWmanagement
 all waste management system requires a final
disposal- therefore landfills are inevitable
 the trend shows that more developing countries in
Asia are investing in the establishment of sanitary
landfills than on the treatment of waste
 Landfill mining and reclamation (LFMR) - solid wastes
which have previously been landfilled are excavated
and processed

29. MSWM in Mumbai
Population -12.5 million
Net area -603 sq. km
MSW generation - 6600
MT/day (0.528
kg/capita/day)
Mumbai Ward Map- Source: MCGM
Source: Zurbrügg et al. 2004
-Rs15-20lakh per day on collecting and
transporting garbage and debris
-municipal and private vehicles making
about 2,000 trips every day(Gokaldas 2012)
-lack of treatment and direct dumping of
MSW (also BiomedicalWaste)
-frequent fires in landfills
-in several wards of Mumbai, a growing
movement to formalize the waste-picking
sector
- NGOs such as Sthree Mukti Sanghatana,
FORCE are actively involved inWM
-Advanced Locality Management (ALM) is
local management of solid waste by citizens
who organise themselves to manage their
waste
-many private service providers (eg. RUR
Greenlife, Flycatcher technologies,
Sampurn(E)arth Solutions, Mumbai Goes
Green )

30. Snapshots from decentralised MSWM in Mumbai
RUR’s Tumbler Composting
Unit, Ashok Towers, Mahim
Earthen Composter at Dr.
Roshani Sanghani’s Clinic in
Khar West
Sunsaar’s Bin Composter at
Blooming Heights, Pali Hills SMS worker at TISS Biogas
plant maintained by
Sampurn(E)arth

31. Module Coordinator:
Dr.Prasad Modak, Ekonnect
Knowledge Foundation
Address:
504/505, 5th Floor, Balarama Building,
Bandra Kurla Complex, Near MMRDA Office
Bandra (East) Mumbai – 400 051
Tel : 91 022 6221 5944/5946
Website:
www.ekonnect.net
Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/EkonnectKnowl
edgeFoundation/?ref=hl
Ekonnect Knowledge Foundation is a not for profit company offering
education and awareness on Environment, CSR & Sustainability.
CDEM is a program conceived and organized by
K.J.Somaiya in partnership with and support of MMR-EIS.
This module 4 is part of the 5 module diploma certificate
offered under this program.
31