Nursing- Anesthesia

1. ANESTHESIA
By,
Ekta S Patel

2. Introduction:
Anesthesia is the administration of
medication to allow medical procedures to
be done without pain, and in some cases,
without the patient being aware during the
procedure.
There are a variety of types of anesthesia,
as well as several different medical
professions that are able to give
anesthesia.

3. ✢Anesthesia is used in a wide range of
procedures, from highly invasive surgeries,
such as open-heart surgery, to minor
procedures such as having a tooth
extracted.

4. Definition:
General or local insensibility, as
to pain and other sensation, induced by
certain interventions or drugs
to permit the performance of surgery or other painful
procedures.

5. Types of
Anesthesia
There are four types of anesthesia:
o General Anesthesia
o Regional Anesthesia
o Local Anesthesia

6. GENERAL ANESTHESIA
✢ This type of anesthesia makes the patient
unresponsive in what is essentially a
medically induced coma.

8. ✢ General anesthesia is a combination of
medications that are intended to make the
patient unaware of what is happening
around them, to prevent pain, and to
paralyze the body during a procedure.

9. ✢ General anesthesia not only makes the
person unaware, it also paralyzes the
muscles of the body including the muscles
that make it possible to breathe.
✢ For this reason, patients who receive
general anesthesia require a ventilator to
do the work of the diaphragm and other
muscles that help make it possible to
inhale and exhale.

10. Why Is General Anesthesia Necessary?
General anesthesia is typically used for
more serious surgeries, lengthy
procedures, and procedures that would
typically be very painful.

11. Risks of General Anesthesia
• Malignant hyperthermia
• Confusion
• Difficulty urinating/inability to urinate
• Ileus
• Difficulty getting off the ventilator
• Aspiration/pneumonia
• Blood clots

12. •Nausea/vomiting
•Anesthesia awareness
•Sore throat/hoarseness
•Dry mouth
•Shivering/chills
•Sleepiness
•Muscle aches
•Itching

13. Intubation and Ventilation During
General Anesthesia
✢ The muscles of the body are paralyzed
during general anesthesia, including the
muscles that help the lungs draw breaths,
which means the lungs are unable to
function on their own.
✢ For this reason, it is essential that
a ventilator is used to provide breaths to
the lungs.

14. Monitoring During General Anesthesia
Electronic monitoring devices that
track heart rate,
the amount of oxygen in the blood,
the number of breaths the patient is taking,
and even the patient’s EKG.

15. General anesthesia is typically provided by
either a physician anesthetist, called an
anesthesiologist, or a CRNA, a certified
registered nurse anesthetist.
Both provide safe and effective anesthesia,
and have extensive experience in providing
general anesthesia.

16. REGIONAL ANESTHESIA
In regional anesthesia, only the area of the
body that would feel pain is numbed,
allowing the patient to have the procedure
while awake or while sedated but still
conscious.

18. ✢ Spinal or edipural blocks are examples of
regional anesthesia.
✢ They are injected near the spinal canal to
block sensations in the lower body or limbs.

19. Why Regional Anesthesia Is Used
✢ One benefit of a regional anesthetic is the
patient can be consciously sedated or be
fully conscious.

20. ✢ A C-section is an example of a procedure
performed with the patient awake, with
regional anesthesia (epidural) used to
control the pain of the surgery.
✢ The patient can feel things above the
abdomen, and she is able to carry on a
conversation and see her newborn
immediately after the birth.

21. How Regional Anesthesia Is Given
✢ Depending on the need, the anesthesia may be
given with a needle or a needle may be used to
insert a flexible catheter line through which
anesthetics and other medications can be
administered as needed.

22. ✢ Epidurals or spinal blocks are given
on back.
✢ A peripheral nerve block may be given
in the shoulder-arm, back, or leg regions.
✢ Specific nerve blocks include the
brachial plexus block, paravertebral
block, femoral nerve block, sciatic nerve
block, and popliteal nerve block.

23. Procedures
✢ Gastrointestinal and liver surgeries
including colon resection and stomach
surgery
✢ Gynecologic surgeries
including hysterectomy and Cesarean
section

24. ✢ Orthopedic procedures for bones and joints
✢ Thoracic surgery, especially for pain control
after procedures on the chest or esophagus.
✢ Urological surgery including prostatectomy,
nephrectomy, and bladder surgery
✢ Vascular surgery on arteries and veins

25. LOCAL ANESTHESIA
✢ Local anesthesia is a type of pain
prevention used during minor procedures
to numb a small site where the pain is
likely to occur without changing the
patient's awareness.

27. Why Local Anesthesia Is Used
✢ Local anesthesia allows the patient to
remain awake and alert during a
procedure.
✢ It involves only a small area, whereas
regional anesthesia is used for a whole arm
or leg, for example.

28. ✢ This type of anesthesia is typically used for
minor procedures that can be completed in
a short time and the patient is expected to
return home the same day.
✢ It also is used when the muscles don't need
to be relaxed.

29. How Local Anesthesia is Given
✢ During the administration of local
anesthesia, a numbing medication is either
applied to the skin as a cream or spray or
injected into the area where the procedure
will be performed.

30. Procedures Using Local Anesthesia
Local anesthesia is most commonly associated
with minor procedures that may be painful
but are not serious. Some examples of when
local anesthesia is appropriate:

31. •Dental procedures, such as filling a cavity or
procedures where the gums must be numbed
•Suturing a wound
•Removing an ingrown toenail
•Some pediatric hospitals numb the site where
an IV will be placed to decrease pain.
•To numb the skin before a biopsy is
performed

32. Risks
✢ Local anesthetics are usually safe, but an
individual can be unusually sensitive to the
drug and have problems with a heartbeat,
circulation, breathing, or brain function
that require emergency care.