This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
17th Century Problems Sources and Strategies rootstech 2019
1. RT9597
Finding 17th
Century English
Ancestors
problems and
solutions
• Else Churchill
• Society of Genealogists
• www.sog.org.uk
• (exhibitor stand 1339 opposite the cyber café)
• genealogy@sog.org.uk
• @SoGGenealogist
3. Immigration
Chronology 1600s
• 1607 Jamestown, VA founded by English colonists
• 1620 Mayflower carrying Pilgrims arrives in Massachusetts
• 1629-1640 The Great Migration - Puritans migrate to New England
• 1634 Lord Baltimore founded Maryland as haven for English
Catholics
• 1642 Outbreak of Civil War in England brought decrease of Puritan
migration
• 1650s Royalist sympathisers escape Parliament to Colonies and
Americas
• 1660 Charles II restored to the Monarchy and officially discourages
emigration from England
• 1670s English Courtiers settle in the proprietary colonies of the
Carolinas
• 1681 Quakers founded Pennsylvania
• 1697 Slave trade monopoly of Royal African Company ended – slave
trade expands rapidly
4. Few passenger lists
Most important survival 1634-5 from London Port Books 1635
Licences to Pass Overseas 1635
The Complete Book of Emigrants 1607-1660 etc
The Original Lists of Persons of Quality
Planters of the Commonwealth
7. The Commonwealth Gap?
“In the time of the Civil Wars he was, by the power of the sword, violently kept out
of his living from 1646 till Michaelmas 1660, when by Law he was restored and in
that compass of time the register had been kept very imperfectly “
Memorandum in PRs by Mr Antram, Vicar of Helton, Dorset
“Confused times of war occasioned some confusion in the register”
St Giles Reading, PRs 1646
“In time of Warre, people made use of whom they could get,
without minister,clark or bell “ St Mary’s Reading, PRs 1641-2
8. The Commonwealth Gap
Parish registers of Sholden Kent reconstructed from 1630s
“This book was lost five yeares being carried away (ut dicit) by Mr Nicols when
he was sequestrated and came nott to our hands till Anno 1662 after my
sequestration and restoration. Witness my hand Jams Buville Vicar ibid. Divers
who were baptized at Sholden about these years were at Northborn in the register
books there as you may see”
9.
10. State Papers & Parliamentary
Committees
Records at TNA
• SP 20 Committee for Sequestrations 1643-53
• SP 23 Committee for Compounding with
Delinquents 1643-60*
• SP22 Committee of Plundered Ministers
• SP 19 Committee for Advance of Money*
• Woodcut of a parliamentary committee, take
from A perfect Dirunal of the Passages in
parliament. 1643 (PRO, SP 9/245)
* =not on State Papers Online
11. Sequestration and Compounding
Sequestration Committee:
Books & Papers 1643-1653
Papers of the committee for Sequestration 1643-9
which administered the seized estates of those
accused of having voluntarily helped the royalist
cause or of being Catholics and whose lands were
thereby confiscated to the service of the state.
Moveable goods were to be inventoried and sold,
the landed property leased for the profit of the
state. Based on an informant’s information rather
than detection, if delinquency was proven the owner
was permanently deprived of his estates and
property but allowed back a fifth for the
maintenance of his children while another fifth went
to the informant. In cases of recusancy the
offender was allowed one third of his estate back.
When it was merged with the Committee for
Compounding its working papers were absorbed by
the new committee (SP23). The 13 volumes are
largely the order books and are an important and
neglected source.
Committee for Compounding
with Delinquents: Books &
Papers 1643-1660
Papers of the Committee for Compounding with
Delinquents 1643-59 responsible for negotiating the
conditions upon which the delinquents regained their
estates. Sat in Goldsmiths’ Hall, London. Initially Catholics
and the Kings political advisors were not permitted to
compound although some certainly did. From 1644, after
sequestration of their estates, most royalists and non
combatant catholic delinquents who were prepared to
sacrifice part of their estate to safeguard the rest and
protect themselves could/were permitted to pay
compensation and were allowed to “compound or appeal
to have their lands restored in return for a fine expressed
as a fraction of the capital value of the property”. Can
contain “vast amounts of information about marriage
contracts, dower rights, annuities to younger sons, etc.
which were deductible from the pre composition
assessment in certain circumstances Contains most of the
papers of the Committee for Sequestration. 266 volumes
(once known as Royalist Composition Papers. W P W.
Phillimore Royalist Composition Papers Index Nominum:
BRS Index Library Vol. 3 (1889). Only A-F published)
11
14. Charges on the
Estate
• “the records of the delinquent
royalists and the fortunes lost in
encumbered debt-ridden estates
seized by Parliament”
15.
16. Many local records
published
• Robert Barlow of Urmston.
• Letter dated at Wigan, 22, May, 1650, signed by Peter
Holt, Robert Cunliffe, and George Pigot, mentioning that
they had received the information enclosed touching the
delinquent, Robert Barlow, of Urmston, …
• The information of Richard Starkey, of Urmston, gentleman,
taken at Wigan, the 22nd of May, 1650, who informed and
said that he had by relation from James. Heys, of Urmston,
and John Shawcrosse, of Flixton, that Robert Barlowe, of
Urmston, gentleman, at such time as Prince Rupert with his
forces marched through that county joined in arms with
those forces and marched along with them to the battle at
York, and was there at the battle, and continued a long time
after in arms with the said forces.
19. Heraldic Visitations 16th & 17th Centuries
• Ormerod’s History of Cheshire
drawn from Heraldic Visitation
Pedigrees
• Visitation records at College of
Arms, copies occasionally at
BL
• Often published by the
Harleain Society – eg London
visitations 1568, 1593,1634,
1666 and 1687
20. Links to online copies of Heralds Visitations on
Medieval Genealogy website
http://www.medievalgenealogy.org.uk/sources/visitations.shtml
20
22. Quakers
• Quaker registers at TNA in RG6 –
• ONLINE on BMD Registers 1578-1841
• Digests at Friends House and on film at SoG
23. Nonconformity?
According to the Compton Census The Rector of Frittenden in Kent anatomised nonconformity in
his parish in 1676 as:-
Professed Presbyterians wholly refusing
society with the Church of England
Obstinate dissenters
Anabaptists
Quakers
Brownists
Newtralists between Prebysterians and Conformists
Conformists
Licentious or such as profess no religion
Infrequent resorters to their parish
The Curate of Ash reports
“Sectaries of all sects and particular persons that do follow them …
willfully absenting themselves from publike services and communion of the church”
25. Recusant Rolls
• At TNA (E376 -379). Fines imposed for
non attendance at church. Recorded
names, rents, descriptions, date of
seizure and payments or arrears.
27. Protestation Returns
Parliamentary Archives
Census of Adult Males
Thomas Huss who comptemtuously refused it himselfe & sayd openly in the
Churchyard …The next time he came to church he was forsworne, besydes his wayling
in the church and at service, spoke saying it was stinking ? or relique of Popery. This
man did openlye in the Morning disrupte the whole Congregation in the middle of
Divine Service at the saying of the Lord’s Prayer
28. Taxing Times 17th Century
• Subsidies
• Free and Cheerful Gift 1625
• Ship Money 1630-40
• Aid for Distressed Protestants 1641
• Poll Taxes 1641-1697
• Free and Voluntary Present to ChasII 1661
• St Paul’s Cathedral Fund 1677/8
• Hearth Tax 1662-1689
29. TNA E 179 database
(Faversham – lists with names)
30. Graduated poll tax for disbanding the
armies granted by Parliament,
• 1641-1660 (TNA E179) described in Lists
& Index Society Vols. 44, 54, 63, 75, 87.
Laid down prescribed sums from every
one over the age of sixteen and not in
receipt of alms according to status in
life. Lowest contribution six pence, the
highest £100. Catholics paid double,
widows a third. For printed returns see
Texts & Calendars I & II (Mullins).
Listed in Gibson & Dell.
• This shows the assessment for
Waddesdon “The Ladye Dormer being
rated £20 being a recusant paid £40”.
(TNA, E 179/244/4)
•
31. Hearth Tax TNA E 179 & CROs
1662- 1689.
• Collected twice yearly at Michelmas (29 September)
and Lady Day (25 March)
• Copies at TNA and CRO
• Levied on all houses above 20 shillings rent and
whose occupiers paid poor and church rates.
• Poor people in receipt of alms and those who
inhabited houses worth less than twenty shillings a
year, were exempt as were, at the beginning,
hospitals, alms houses and industrial hearths.
• Tax was paid by the occupier of the house not the
landlord and was assessed on the occupier’s ability to
pay, but landlords with Poor tenants had to pay their
tax for them.
• Very unpopular. It was thought to be intrusive as the
inspectors came into your property
• The Hearth Tax was inefficient. surviving returns are
remarkably useful and there also many lists of those
who claimed exemptions from the tax which are to be
found at TNA.
• The British Record Society is publishing at least one
earth tax return for each county and many have been
published by local record societies.
34. Who governed the lives of our ancestors
in the 17th century?
The Vestry and Parish Officials – incumbent,
overseers of the poor, churchwardens, constable
Quarter Session & Assize Courts – criminal courts – justices of
the peace & magistrates
Manorial Courts – customary lores and laws of the manor –
lord of the manor, steward or reeve, jury, constable
Equity Courts – courts of chancery, exchequer, requests,
star chamber, wards & liveries
The Diocese and Archdeacon – Prerogative (Archbishops),
Consistory (Bishops) & Archdeaconry Church Courts,
proctors, summoners, apparators
35. Parish
Registers
• Baptisms
• Marriages
• Burials
• From 1538 in England & Wales
• Note only 800 parishes with registers
that survive to 1538
• Originals in local county record offices
• Copies & indexes online, on Family
Search & in library
36. Did they marry or not?
• Some historians now beginning to think that most people married
and if we are able to look hard enough, using modern indexes
and finding aids most marriages were recorded somewhere.
• Some historians believe that the history and structure of marriage
laws in England and Wales provided a disincentive to marry
resulting in a high level of cohabitation or under recording of
marriage.
• I think genealogists have enough evidence to prove that searches
are hard and lots of marriage records remain elusive.
37. The poor often cohabited
• Morgan Percival “one Rebecca to whom he says he was married” and their daughter were sent back to Oxford from
Salisbury in 1599.
• In the same year Thomas Wheler, a wandering vagrant was sent back to Romsey, Hampshire from Salisbury with
Elizabeth Carpenter “ a lewd woman whom he alleges to be his wife”.
• Humphrey Pearce and Margaret Hooper “living lewdly together and not married” were sent back to Southampton.
• In 1631 James Groce, wandering with Anne Wooddes, affirmed that she was his wife (which on examination proved not
to be the case) that they had had one child who had died and that she was pregnant”.
• “Joan Grobbyn is to be whipped openly since she was lately delivered in St Edmund’s parish Salisbury of a third bastard
child , begotten upon her as she affirms and confesses by one Thomas Whyattt, late a servant to John Voucher of
Salisbury. She says that one Battyn a joiner, deceased, is the father of the first child, a son yet living but she does not
remember the name of the father of the second child, a daughter because he was a stranger to her. Also she says she
had had no punishment for the same”
38. New Ideas 1645-
1660?
• Church Courts in abeyance from 1645
– hence no licences
• Directory of Common worship replaces
Book of Common Prayer
• Every Parish or Chapelry in the realm
to have a fair register book for the
names of all married and to take a
copy and produce a certificate thereof
39. New Ideas – Civil
Marriages?
• 1653 “act touching of the marriage and
registering thereof” appointed a register
(registrar) to record marriages by JPs –
Civil Registration of Marriages
• “The above mentioned Parliamenthad no colour of a
Parliament, but a Convention by Oliver Cromwell when
General without a choyce of the people AD 1653; and
soe their act for a Register in every parish was noe act;
and since made voyde by the soe called Parliament”
Cerne Abbas PRs
40. Civil Entries in Registers?
• “The ffourth day of October 1655 John Greaway of the parish of
Bitton and Mary England of this parish being published in our
church at Marshfield according to the Act were married at
Marshfield before John Goslett Est, JP”
– Marshfield PRs
41. Gaps in Registers?
Justices Note book of Captain John Pickering 1656-60 (Thoresby
Society vol 11)
Marriage 15 September 1657
Md That Will Barber & Marye Swindell was this day in the prsence
of Will Swindell of Merefield;Thos Barker of the same; Edward
Barker of the same Clothrs duly marrid at West Ardsley before
me.
42. 1660
On the Restoration of Charles II pre Civil War legislation was
largely reinstated. Old PRs were brought out of service if they
survived. The entries recorded by registrars are often
retrospectively recorded into the old PRs 1653-60. Church courts
reinstated
43. Places Free of the Bishop of London
• *St James Dukes Place (1664 -1691 = 40,000 marriages) nb in 1686 the rector of St James
Dukes Place was suspended for three years for marriages without banns or licence
• *Holy Trinity Minories
• St Botolph Aldgate
• (After dissolution of the Priory of Holy Trinity land owned by the Priory formerly
within the parish of St Botolph became a precinct and parish of HTM with the Priory
chapel forming the new parish church. St JasDP claimed it was a liberty because the
Lord Mayor and Citizens of London were the Lords of the Manor) HTM and SJsDP
accounted for half the wedding taking place in London before 1696.
• Tower of London
• The Mint
• Liberties of the Fleet Prison
– Taverns, alehouses and brandy shops
– See also list of chapels in J S Burn Registrum Ecclesiae Parochialis The History
of the Parish Registers of England 1842 and History of the Fleet Marriages
44. Licensed Clandestinity?
• Surrogates issued with blank licences from the Diocesan Registry
notoriously abused their position.
• Licences to marry in “foreign” [distant] churches
– Dale Abbey, Derbyshire (an extra – parochial liberty)“the
curate conducted weddings at a shilling a couple”
45. Vicar of Tong’s penance
for clandestine marriage
• “Dishonoured my ministry by a
constant & habitual course & practice of
marrying all sorts of people both of my
own and other parishes … Without banns
or licence” Consistory Court of
Canterbury
46. Church Courts
Sin, Sex & Probate
• Probate/Marriage Licences
• Matrimonial Disputes
• Incest/Fornication/Adultery
• Scolding/Unseemly Behaviour
• Heresy/Witchcraft
• Clergy Discipline
• Licensed Midwives, Schoolmasters &
Surgeons
47. What to Read?
• Records of the Established
Church by Dorothy M. Owen,
• British Records Association
• Church Court Records by Ann
Tarver, Phillimore & Co
• Sin Sex & Probate by Colin
Chapman
• Hatred Persued Beyond the
Grave by Jane Cox
48. Making & Breaking a Marriage
• Church Courts
• Invalid marriages
• Marital Disputes
• Divorce
• Separation of Bed and Board/Nullity
• Restitution of Conjugal Rights
• Parliamentary Divorces
• Civil Divorce 1858
49. Locating Licence Information
• Most records are held in Diocesan
Record Office which usually are
also County Record Offices and
copied by FamilySearch
• See Jeremy Gibson's Bishops
Transcripts & Marriage Licences
which list published indexes and
finding aids as well as original
records.
50. Printed Calendars for other Ecclesiastical Jurisdictions include
• Archdeaconry of Sudbury, Suffolk 1684-
1839 Harleian Society Vols 69-72
• Leicestershire Marriage Licences
abstracts of Bonds & Allegations ...
1570-1729. BRS Index Library Vol.38
•
• Paver's Marriage Licences [Abstracts
from the Archdiocese or Archbishop of
York's Registry 1567-1715 (gap 1646-
59) made from registers long since
vanished, Yorks Archaeological Soc. Vols
7, 9-14, 16-17, 20,40,43 & 46 indexed
on FMP]
52. Other Probate Documents
Inventories, Accounts, Tuition and Curation Bonds
Inventories can accompany wills up to mid
1700s. Values the contents room by room
Administration & Tuition Bond Tuition
Bond for Thomas Churchman of St
Weonards issued to Eleanor Vaughan
natural and lawful sister of Thomas
Churchman … she is appointed
guardian to provide tuition and curation
are for his only son Thomas 1664
54. Sabbath Breaking and
misbehaving in church
• the records of the Nottingham Archdeaconry court show people fighting for
seats, turning up drunk, allowing children to run around and cry, arguing with
the minister or churchwardens, and larking around on consecrated ground.
• Parishioners reported to the church court for 'Sabbath-breaking' were shown
to be enjoying a variety of community entertainments, ranging from simple
gatherings in the alehouse, games of 'nine holes', quoits and bowling, to
music, dancing and theatricals. In 1637 John Sprigg of Tuxford, for example,
hired a musician, Thomas Haggs, to play in his house, and was presented for
allowing young people to dance there while a church service was going on
(AN/PB 341/4/45).
55. In a very base and
bawdy manner
• “It being proved by Mary
Fry and Ewen Kissack that
Isabel Kissack reflected on Alice
Kissack in a very base and
bawdy manner calling her the
wife of him that had the stone
privy member “ Consistory
Court of Sodor & Man
56. 17th century insults
'I pray to god thou mayest lye above ground as blacke as a toade'
'[he] lied in his throat'
'a very bould impudent and a clamourous woman'
'Thou art a naughtie fellow, thou diddest never anye good in this town'
'you are a swaggerer'
'dunce asse calfe blockhead and foole'
'villaine and Rascaldy knave'
'scurvie pawtrie knave'
'base rascally preist lowsye slave'
'filthy and scurvy Cockes combe'
57. Depositions
Consistory of Canterbury (East Kent)
Duncan Harrington
Sussex Church Deponent 1556-1694
Michael Burchall
706. On behalf of William STURT, [1618] (ref Ep/I/11/13, f.20-21)
Parish not named [Petworth], testamentary, will of Elizabeth
HAWKINS of Petworth.
Deponents: Robert HILL, gent of Petworth where lived 30 years,
before Broadclyst,
Devon where born, aged 60, sign.
John NALDRETT of Tillington where lived 2 years, before Kirdford
where born, aged 23, sign.
711. Jane wife of John WORSFOLDE of Horsham v Edward STURT of
Horsham, [1618]
(ref Ep/I/11/13, f.36-37, 41)
[Horsham], defamation.
Deponents: Matthew WHITE, yeoman of Horsham, where born and
lived, aged 35, sign.
Richard WHITE, blacksmith of Horsham where born and lived, aged
37, sign.
On 28 November 1618, John WRIGHTE, carpenter of Horsham
where born, aged 50, sign.
On 16 January 1619, Richard CONSTABLE, yeoman of Horsham
where Lived 12 years, before Capel, Surrey where born, aged 40,
sign.
59. What else?
• Parish Accounts
• Constables
• Church Wardens
• Overseers
• Vestry
• Tudor Poor Law & Settlement Act 1662
• see“All embarqued in one bottom”. An introduction to
sources for soldiers, administrators, and civilians in civil
war Britain and Ireland. Martin Bennet in the
Genealogists Magazine. vol. 25 no. 8, Dec. 1996
(contains an overview of useful sources including
constables accounts [as collectors and compilers of local
tax lists], parish rating lists, accounts of the parish
overseers and church wardens.)
60. Quarter Sessions
Simon Horne, the reputed father of a bastard
child begotten on the body of Elizabeth Scarlett,
to pay 18d. weekly and the mother 6d. weekly for
keeping of the said child for 7 years.- It is
ordered that Simon Home, being the reputed
father of a bastard child begotten of the body of
Elizabeth Scarlett, shall pay eighteen pence
weekly towards the keeping of the said child and
the said Elizabeth shall also pay sixpence weekly
towards the keeping of the same child, both the
said payments to continue for the space of seven
years. And the said Simon Home is to secure the
parish of Tanworth where the said child was born
from the charge of the said child. And the several
recognisances by them severally acknowledged
are to continue in force for the performance of
this order.
61. • Thomas Clarke, late a trooper under lieutenant Hunt, to have 40s. paid to him by John
Parsons, gentleman, one of the Treasurers etc.-Upon consideration had of the distressed
estate of Thomas Clarke was a trooper under the command of lieutenant Hunt and who
hath received divers wounds in the service of the Parliament, it is ordered that John
Parsons, gentlemen, one of the Treasurers for the King's Bench and Marshalsey, shall upon
sight hereof pay to the said Thomas Clarke the sum of 40s. for his present relief and at the
next Sessions this court will faire order for the settling of a pension upon him towards his
relief hereafter and the said Thomas Clarke is to subscribe the receipt of the same 40s.
and leave this order with the said Mr. Chambers for his discharge herein.
• Edward Wisdoms, a foot soldier, John Greenhill, a trooper, William Mason, a foot soldier, to
have 40s. a piece paid them by the Treasurers ete.--Upon consideration had of the
distressed estate of Edward Wisdome who was a foot soldier under the command of major
Hawford and who hath received divers wounds in the service of the Parliament, it is
ordered that John Parsons, gentleman, one of the Treasurers etc., ut supra for twenty
shillings and that Mr. Chambers, the other Treasurer, shall pay the other 20s.
63. www.civilwarpetitions.ac.uk
• Elizabethan Statute of 1593 ”for necessary relief of maimed
soldiers and mariners” placed financial responsibility on each
county through a weekly levy on each parish. Continued in
the 17th Century as reloef for soldiers and their families. Paid
through Quarter Sessions
• During and after the Civil Wars, wounded soldiers, war
widows and other military family members submitted
petitions to the state for financial relief.
• Civil War Petitions is a fully-searchable digital edition of over
4,000 petitions for relief from maimed soldiers and war
widows. It includes the accompanying certificates from
military commanders, medical practitioners and local
communities in support of their cases. There are additional
details of tens of thousands of names of those who received
military welfare for injuries and bereavement sustained
during the Civil Wars in all English and Welsh counties.
• The material is organised by county with ten counties
currently online. Four more will be added every quarter until
completion in June 2021.
• For the Twitter and Facebook pages, or email us at
civilwarpetitions@leicester.ac.uk for all enquiries.
69. 17th Century Chancery Indexes on
Findmypast
Charles I Chancery Index
This unique resource, created by Peter Wilson Coldham makes available for the first time an index to all 82,000 Chancery Cases launched
during the reign of Charles I (1625-49). Chancery records are a particularly important source of information for descendants of early
migrants to North America.
Proceedings in Chancery were instituted mainly, though not exclusively, by those with money and property. The aggrieved party (the
Plaintiff) would have his lawyer draw up a Bill of Complaint setting out in stiff, formal language, and always at great length, the substance of
his complaint. This document always begins with the plaintiff’s name, title or occupation, and place of residence, names the offending parties
(the Defendants), and seeks the Court’s authority to require the Defendants to provide written Answers to a series of specific questions. So
the next document which would appear would be the Answer(s), and the wheels of law would begin to grind. The Plaintiff might submit
objections to the Answers, called a Replication, which would be followed by further Answers. The Defendants might enter a Demurrer to the
Bill of Complaint, saying that the case was defective in law and required no Answer.
Bills of Complaint and Answers are often not filed together under the same reference, which explains, at least partly, why many of the cases
have multiple references.
TNA Reference
If you wish to search the source documents yourself at TNA, Kew, they are held in Class C2, subclass Chas1. The references here give only
the piece and folio numbers (eg H77/40), since the Class & subclass is always the same. The full references would be, for example,
C2/Chas1/H77/40.
70. Sample C2 Chas 1 Abstract
• Abstract of Chancery Case Documents
Provided by Helen Osborn Research Ltd
This is an abstract of original documents held in Class C2 at The National
Archives, Kew, England
Origins References
Bannister v. Somerscales
B110/27
B110/27
94384_4093101.rtf
Date Abstract Made 7/7/06
Condition & Size of Document(s)
2 membranes parchment, A1 size and A2 size
very good condition
Document Type (bill of complaint, etc)
Bill of complaint
Joint and Several answers
Short Extract of Names and Places together with any date mentioned in the
document(s)
29 May 1628
Richard Bannister of Barnoldswicke in the Co. of York, gent.
Richard Frankland of Pasehowse in the Co of York, gent, son and heir of Raphe
Frankland, Margaret and Joan Frankland
Thomas Somerscales of Gisborne, York, uncle to Margaret and Joan, brother to
Bridget their mother
John Bannister
Opinion on Reproduction of Document
These documents give a wealth of detail about the Bannister and Frankland
families.
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