CLT Building Systems Presentation
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The presentation discussed timber building traditions and modern timber construction in New Zealand and Europe. It highlighted several historic and modern timber buildings that demonstrate innovative structural systems, joinery techniques, and the use of materials like glulam beams and cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels. The presentation also summarized research by the Timber Building Studies Group focused on developing structural systems for multi-story CLT buildings that improve open floor plans and seismic performance over traditional shear wall designs.
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CLT Building Systems Presentation
- 1. Universidad de Chile Presenta0on San0ago, 26 April, 2011 th John Chapman School of Architecture & Planning University of Auckland jb.chapman@auckland.ac.nz
- 2. Timber Building Studies Group School of Architecture & Planning, NICAI Faculty The University of Auckland www.creative.auckland.ac.nz/uoa/timber-studies-group The intention of the Timber Building Studies Group is to contribute to the development of multi-level timber commercial buildings Staff Members: John Chapman, Senior Lecturer Dr George Dodd, Head of AcousBc TesBng Service Assoc Prof Uwe Rieger Prof Andrew Barrie
- 3. Timber Buildings from New Zealand • Old Government House, Wellington.
- 4. St Paul's Church, Wellington, NZ Built 130 years ago English style Small roof truss secBons • Small
- 5. Te KooB’s Marae, OpoBki Maori meeBng house, 130 years old TradiBonal Timber carving tells history of the tribe
- 6. Historic mulB-‐storey buildings up to 7 stories, NZ Built 1920’s Britomart buildings, Custom St, Auckland. Images -‐ Heritage Hotel, Hobson St, Auckland
- 7. Recent MulB-‐ storey in NZ • Upper image, Auckland • Lower image Wellington • Engineering by Warwick Banks
- 8. 90% of houses in NZ are Bmber frame construcBon
- 9. Pre-‐nail frames common in NZ • The 3mber frames are made in a factory and trucked onto site.
- 10. Industries around Bmber building • Upper image, glulam factory – 70% glulam is exported from NZ’s largest factory, McIntosh Timber Laminates Ltd • Lower image, driving 3mber pole piles – NZ exports pile driving equipment
- 11. Modern European Timber Buildings Europe has tradi3ons in 3mber building
- 12. Hazelwood School, UK Asian styling Beams built-‐up & intersecBng Columns with pin joints
- 13. Carpenters School, Germany 3D trusses Span along building JoinBng with steel plate and steel pins
- 14. Timber Warehouse & Showroom (1995), Herzag, Germany, by Baumschlager & Eberle External walls curving horizontally & verBcally
- 15. Timber Warehouse & Showroom (1995), Herzag, Germany Hidden moment joints at eaves Steel plate in joint Steel pins to transfer moments o Glulam advantages – predictable strength / s1ffness proper1es – Can be made deeper and longer – Thinner laminates / more curve
- 16. St Benedict Chapel Switzerland Slender columns – short Ridge beam tapers
- 17. Arched roofs. Economical, minimal Bmber LH image -‐ Marlowe Academy., UK RH Image – Pool, Germany, by Julius Naberer
- 18. Expo Hanover Julius NaMerer Timber members are mul3ple layers of thin 3mber, intersec3ng each other With many pieces of 3mber, the effect of weak pieces is much reduced
- 19. Julius Naberrer www.naMererbcn.com Hannover Expo 2000 Saville building, Windsor
- 20. Cross laminated Timber Building Systems
- 21. CLT Systems Background Timber buildings to a height of 9 storeys have recently been built in Europe which rely on prefabricated CLT or ‘cross-‐laminated Bmber’ panels. Timber stress around 4mPa max. Murray Grove Apartments, London CLT shear wall and floor panels
- 22. KLH UK Ltd is part of KLH Massivholz GmbH, Austria
- 23. Orsa, S Katsch, AT
- 25. KLH = KreuzLagenHolz engl. = Cross Laminated Solid Timber Panels
- 26. production method in physical press : pressure 5 to 7 kg/cm2 equivalent 500 kN/m2 500mm 3.0 m 16.55m maximum maximum length width/height maximum size after cutting : 2.95m (2.98) x 16.5m
- 35. Fire Performance • Calculated on charring rate • Top layer burns at 0.67mm / min; subsequent layers at 0.76mm / min • Performance can be improved by allowing for another sacrificial layer of timber or / and with additional layers of plasterboard • Generally 3-layers boards ( layer thickness min 30mm ) can achieve REI 30; 5-layer boards REI 60
- 36. Pinus radiata is suitable for ‘massive’ timber elements because it • Glues easily • Finishes well and has good appearance – A smooth sanded finish is easily achieved • Is not limited by its low strength – Massive panels in cross laminated systems have low maximum bending stresses of around 5 N/sq.mm
- 37. TBSG Project: Study CLT Systems Focus Our research focus: ‘Can systems be developed for CLT buildings to resist horizontal wind and earthquake loads that allow more open and unrestricted spaces than current CLT buildings which require frequent shear walls ?’ Systems studied: A) Frames, of prefabricated CLT columns and beams that are fix jointed on site B) Circular Core, of prefabricated CLT panels connected on site to form a stiff central tube C) Shear Walls, of prefabricated CLT shear panels, 4 no. only
- 38. TBSG Project: Study CLT Systems Conclusions Conclusions of study – Timber stresses are relatively low and the systems are suited to ‘cross laminated timber’ construction - CHH Ltd are looking to establish a CLT plant in Sydney to service Australasia - CLT uses mainly timber below structural grade - Requires relatively low numbers of carpenters (due to prefabrication)
- 40. Poles used for traditional buildings in Japan Todiji Temple, Nara, Japan • Building, 1703 • Replaced 50% bigger building, 752
- 41. Round Timber • natural tree trunks with the bark removed by peeling or shaving – Round Timber also known as poles, logs, & stems • Pacific Island meeting House
- 42. Pinus Radiata Round Timber used successfully as structural elements for over 50 years in NZ • Minimal in-service problems – 5m retaining wall – 7.5 tonne / pole – 20mpa bending stress
- 43. Round Timber for foundations & pole platforms
- 44. Uniform Diameter Roundwood - pole machined to form a uniform diameter -Overcomes problem of pole taper and uneven surface -Allows regular joint cleats
- 47. Uniform diameter round timber for Telecommunication Towers - up to 32m high & 200km/hr winds - 30 tonne member axial loads
- 48. Poles in recent European Architecture • Poles remind the viewer of trees and nature. • Mont-Cenis Academy (1999), Jourda & Perraudin
- 49. TBSG Research Project: Proper3es of pinus radiata poles Background • This research due to weakness of pole joints in tes5ng (for 6 storey building project) • Five suppliers located from typical growing areas, between top of N. Island and top of S. Island, supplied 10 poles each • Bending tests carried out at Scion, Rotorua. Compression tests done at UoA
- 50. Proper3es of pinus radiata poles Results • Table 2 from code NZ3604, and gives the minimum required proper5es for poles • Table 3 shows the true proper5es of the poles • Pole proper5es only 60% of minimum proper5es published in the NZ code
- 51. Proper3es of pinus radiata poles Conclusions • Changes in physical proper5es due to changes in forest management • In the past trees planted 1m apart – Trees competed • Small knots • Now trees grow 4m apart – Pruned region for lumber. Poles come from above pruned region . • Large knots
- 52. Econobuild Structures Timber arches, nail-‐plated together Economical industrial buildings
- 53. University of Canterbury LVL Frame research
- 54. Timber Bridges for Road & Rail Very efficient structures 70,000 built in Australia & 4,000 in NZ
- 55. Historic Timber Road & Rail Bridges, NZ Upper Image -‐ Manganuku Stream Bridge, span 25m, built 1920’s, Waioeka Gorge, Optoki. Howe truss structure, 2000 Howe truss bridges built in NZ.
- 56. Rail Bridge, Williamstown, Australia
- 57. New Pole Bridge Robinvale, Australia Eucalypt poles
- 58. New road bridge, Sneek, Holland Made from pinus radiata, non-‐toxic chemical treatment
- 59. Study area 2: Sound resistant 0mber floors
- 60. 1st Project: Pole Joists General Arrangement • Poles joists used to reduce costs – based on tes[ng 26 previous floors with UoA and Scion
- 61. 1st Project: Pole Joists Tes3ng • Floor test rig, with pole joists placed, and tes[ng finished floor
- 62. 1st Project: Pole Joists Results • Floor complies with NZ code for airbourne & impact sound resistance • Not taken up by industry
- 63. 2nd Project: Timber-‐concrete composite floor Plan & Sec3on • 180mm thick 3mber panels and a 65mm thick concrete topping. • Timber below structural grade
- 64. 2nd Project: Timber-‐concrete composite floor Eleva3on & Proper3es -‐ Rodents cannot live in -‐ U3lises 90*45 non-‐ structural 3mber. Timber has low stresses, around 4mPa -‐ Good fire and water resistance -‐ Possibly good sound resistant proper3es -‐ Concrete slab is heat sink and economical ($180/sq.m) -‐ Able to contain services -‐ Reduced CO2 emissions
- 65. 2nd Project: Timber-‐concrete composite floor Test Floor
- 66. 2nd Project: Timber-‐concrete composite floor Final Arrangement Acous[c test results comply with NZ codes when floor topping increased to 100mm thick: – Floor, with carpet on top surface, passes NZ code for impact sound – Floor passes NZ code for airbourne sound
- 67. 3rd Project: Timber-‐concrete composite floor Vibra3on control S[ffness helps floor vibra[on -‐ reduces deflec[on Mass does not help floor vibra[on -‐ Vibra[on has more ‘momentum’ with increased mass High s[ffness and low mass do not go together -‐ The two factors need to be balanced
- 68. 3rd Project: Timber-‐concrete composite floor Proposed New Arrangement Floor uses 315mm deep * 90mm wide joists at 900mm centres, [mber ceiling Compared to the previous floor this floor is – Lighter by 33% and more economical – Beeer vibra[on characteris[cs – Stronger and can span to 9m easily
- 69. 3rd Project: Timber-‐concrete composite floor Shear connec3on The floor hopefully fails at this joint and failure is gradual Over the following months, this joint will be tested for strength and slip within joint Strength of [mber to concrete bearing 20kN approx; inclined screw 17kN approx.
- 71. • Building based on yacht mast structure 21 Storey Timber and CLT panel technology Building • ‘Mast’ is tube, 11m diameter, 12 no. CLT panels 3.95m wide * 280mm thick • Structure can support sta5c wind load of 2.5kPa. Can it be made duc5le and support earthquake loads?
- 72. Gracias