Sistemas de información para la gestión ambiental en la agricultura
1. Tercer Seminário Regional Agricultura e cambio Climático:
Nuevas tecnologias em la mitigacion y adaptation de
La agricultura al cambio climatico
27 y 28 de septembre 2012
Sistemas de informacion para la gestion ambiental em la agricultura
Eduardo Delgado Assad
Embrapa - Brasil
2. Una vision integral de la gestion ambiental, la
gestion de riesgo y la adaptation de la
agricultura y los cambios climáticos
Eduardo Delgado Assad
Embrapa Informática agropecuária
3. EVOLUTION OF BRAZILIAN MITIGATION TARGETS
NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY (PNMC)
DECREE 7.390/2010
• Sanctioned right after COP-15, when the Brazilian government
announced voluntary GHG emissions reduction targets, later
included in the Copenhagen Accord.
• Sets up a reduction target between 36.1 and 38.9% in relation to
the baseline projected to 2020.
–The baseline was calculated using data from the Second National
Emissions Inventory released in 2010.
• Establishes sectoral mitigation and adaptation plans
• Defines the National Climate Change Fund (Climate Fund) as
main financial instrument
• Regulated by Decree no. 7.390/2010.
4. EVOLUTION OF BRAZILIAN MITIGATION TARGETS
NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY
DECREE 7.390/2010
• According to Decree no. 7.390/2010, the revised National
Climate Change Plan will be composed of the following sectoral
mitigation plans:
–Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the
Legal Amazon (PPCDAm)
–Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Deferestation and
Wildfires in the Cerrado (PPCerrado)
–Ten Year Energy Plan (PDE, from 2007-2016)
–Low Carbon Agriculture Plan (Plan ABC), and
–Emissions Reduction in the Iron and Steel Industry.
5. EVOLUTION OF BRAZILIAN MITIGATION TARGETS
NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY
DECREE 7.390/2010
• Emissions projections in 2020: 3.236 millions tCO2-eq
• Reduction target:
–Art. 6: actions will be implemented in order to reduce between
1.168 milhões tCO2-eq and 1.259 milhões tCO2-eq of the total
projected emissions
•1.168 millions tCO2-eq – 36,1%
•1.259 millions tCO2-eq – 38,9%
7. Reducing emissions in the Amazon CO2
(million tons per year)
projected
emission
For 2020
Reduction
equivalent to
67% of
projected
emissions for
2020
8. Related issues, but diferent nature
Each four
years
Commitment
by the
UNFCCC
(Specific
Guidelines)
Estimates
Inventory
commitment
made under
Decree
7.390/2010 year
Monitoring
Actions
associated
with the
Sectorial
Plans
?
23. Balance Hídrico Secuencial
+
Análisis frecuencial de los resultados
Precipitacion
Diária
ETP
Promedio decendial
Fecha de siembra
Tipo de suelo
Tamaño del Ciclo
Datos Fijos
Metodologia (1/2)
ISNA = ETR/ETM
Datos Variábles
AnoAno ValorValor
11 ISNA(Ano1)ISNA(Ano1)
22 ISNA(Ano2)ISNA(Ano2)
...... ......
NN ISNA(AnoN)ISNA(AnoN)
N Anos
X estaciones
La cartografia
De lo ISNA
Fase III
25. Resulta
• 44 culturas con zonificación hecha todos los años
• Enlace directo con la ciencia , tecnología y las políticas
públicas
• Parte de la evaluación de los impactos económicos
hecho con la base de la zonificación climática
• 17 años de la política pública y la orientación del
crédito agrícola in ejecución
• www.agritempo.gov.br
26. Impactos del cambio climático sobre la
agricultura
• simulación de ocho modelos diferentes (tres
en downscale)
• cinco culturas
• pastos
• Período de 2010 a 2030
35. Figure 2. rd29A:DREB1A / ahas transgenic soybean plants (left, T2) and the original veriety, BR16 plants (right)
after applied drought stress (5% of humidity:29days, then 2.5%:17days). The plants without stress (15.0%) were
growing normally like the plants left of this picture. This picture was taken in April 17, the day before 9th evaluation
in Figure 3.
P58: 2.5% BR16: 2.5%
BR-16 siensien gene
2.5% Umidad del suelo
P58 (BR-16 concon gene)
2.5% Umidad del suelo
Expresión de genes tolerantes a la sequía en soja
36. 0 1 4 5 7 8 9 10
Anos
Cronograma para obtenção de uma variedade de soja
X
AB
Hibridação Avanço Seleção Ensaios Semente Semente Semente Produtor
de de de genética básica certificada rural
gerações progênies competição fiscalizada
(F2 a F4)* F5
A B
* Duas gerações ao ano
Caderno Caderno Registro Licenciamento
de de SNPC
cruzamento avaliação
Tiempo para tener un cultivar adaptado
40. Mes de noviembre Actual Mes de noviembre 2070
Mes de noviembre de 2070 con
reducción del consumo de agua en 20%
Estratégia biotecnologica
Mes de noviembre 2070 con
Ciclo de 110 dias
42. Emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O in tonnes of CO2
equivalents by Brazilian agriculture for 1990, 1994, 2000
and 2005, according to the Second Brazilian Inventory of
GHG Emissions and Removals (MCTI, 2011).
Grains
Area
Production and planted area with grain crops from
1990 to 2011
Brazilian agriculture has experienced a continuous increase in grain production, but
with a limited increase in cropped area, which is attributed to technology adoption.
This scenario has resulted in an increase in GHG emissions.
43. A - Methane emissions
B - Nitrous oxide emissions
Nitrous oxide
emissions
represented about 35
% of the overall
emissions from
Brazilian agriculture
Brazilian GHG inventory for the agriculture sector (2005)
GHG estimates are based on IPCC 1996 guidelines (Tiers 1 and 2) especially for the N2O
inventory.
44. Arable crops Cattle ranching Biofuel production
N Fertilizer
Legume species
Grazing animals –
excreta deposited
on pasture
Vinasse from
bioethanol
production from
sugarcane
Research are under way to develop emission factors for the
different cropping environments in Brazil.
Issues under evaluation
IPCC direct EF = 1.25% IPCC direct EF = 2.0%
N2O CH4N2O
Investigated GHGs
46. Static chamber
Top-base type
W-40 x L-60 cm
12 cm height
8 cm inserted in soil
Rubber – aluminum coated top
to improve insulation
The 20 mL glass vials are promptly
evacuated (-80 kPa) to receive 25 mL of
the chamber headspace sample taken by
using polyethylene syringes
Fonte :Bruno Alves Embrapa Agrobiologia
47. Sampling procedure
• Gas sampling once a day, always in the morning
between 9:00 h and 10:00 h.
• Daily sampling during the first 10 days after fertilizer
application.
• Most of the results were obtained from a
crop season and not necessarily from a
whole year.
Fonte :Bruno Alves Embrapa Agrobiologia
48. Land use
Evaluation
period1
(dias)
N-Fertilizer
(source - kg N
ha-1
)
Soil type
EF based on
reference area
(%)
Londrina, PR Red Latosol
Maize, SP rotation (yr 1, 2) 136/141 Urea – 80 0.08/0.04
Maize, zero tillage,ZT)(yr 1,
2)
136/141 Urea – 80 0.13/0.08
Passo Fundo, RS
Dark Red
Latosol
Wheat ZT rotation 137 Urea – 40 0.13
Soybean/wheat ZT (yr 1, 2) 1 year Fert+Res –
120/116
0.56/0.81
Soybean/wheat PC (yr 1, 2) 1 year Fert+Res –
126/133
0.47/0.52
Maize/wheat ZT 1 year Fert+Res – 162 0.41
Maize/wheat CT 1 year Fert+Res – 141 0.70
Sorghun/wheat ZT 1 year Fert+Res – 193 0.24
Sorghun/wheat CT 1 year Fert+Res – 193 0.29
Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO
Dark Red
Latosol
Maize ZT rotation 140 Urea – 80 0.22
Highland rice ZT (yr 1, 2) 133/132 Urea – 90 0.13/0.14
Irrigated common bean ZT 149 Urea – 80 0.12
Seropédica, RJ
Maize CT 120 Urea – 50 0.16
Maize CT 120 Urea – 100 Red-Yellow
Argisol
0.35
Maize CT 120 Urea – 150 0.33
Elephant grass 180 Urea – 40 0.18
Elephant grass 180 Urea – 80 0.22
Elephant grass 180 Urea – 120 0.22
Elephant grass 180 Urea – 160 0.37
Emission factor of N2O
from Brazilian
agricultural systems
Emission factor of N2O
from Brazilian
agricultural systems
Direct emission factor of
N2O obtained in Brazil
General mean and
confidence interval
0.30 % (0.20 – 0.47%)
Direct emission factor of
N2O obtained in Brazil
General mean and
confidence interval
0.30 % (0.20 – 0.47%)
Direct Emission Factor
recommended
in the IPCC 2006 guidelines
1% (0.3 – 3%)
Direct Emission Factor
recommended
in the IPCC 2006 guidelines
1% (0.3 – 3%)
Data from Embrapa Agrobiologia, Soybean,
Wheat and Rice and Bean Centers
Data from Embrapa Agrobiologia, Soybean,
Wheat and Rice and Bean Centers
Fonte :Bruno Alves Embrapa Agrobiologia
49. N2O emissions derived from cattle excreta in
pastures
IPCC: 2% of N-excreta is lost as N2O
Fonte :Bruno Alves Embrapa Agrobiologia
50. Soil N2O emissions from cattle urine and faeces
Preliminary data indicates that the N2O direct emission factor for
urine is between 1.2 to 1.4 % and for faeces it is between 0.1 to 0.2
%.
N2O-EF1 from “Tier 1” of IPCC guidelines is 2 % of the total N in
cattle excreta .
For the Brazilian savannah region that concentrates about 40 %
of cattle herd, the weighed average emission factor would vary
from 0.5 to 0.7 %, assuming no more than 60% of excreted N is in
the urine form.
Fonte :Bruno Alves Embrapa Agrobiologia
54. Coordination:
Embrapa Southeast
Cattle – São Carlos,
SP
Participant
institutions:
Animal Sciences
Institute – Nova
Odessa, SP
Embrapa Environment
– Jaguariúna, SP
PA 4.1. Evaluation of
methane emission
from ruminants
4.1.1. Evaluation of
methane emission from the
rumen of dairy cattle
4.1.2. Evaluation of
methane emission from the
rumen of beef cattle in the
Southeast region
4.1.3. Evaluation of
methane emission from the
rumen of crossbreed dairy
cattle with controled
ingestion of forage
4.1.4. Evaluation of
methane emission from the
rumen of beef cattle in the
Pantanal region
4.1.4. Methane analysis and
sulfur hexafluoride by gas
chromatography
58. recuperación de las pasturas
Degradacion de las pasturas
Recuperacion de 15 millones de hectareas
59. Rotação lavoura-pasto
Anos
75 76 78 82 86 87 88 89 90 91 92
Matériaorgânica(%)
0
2
3
4
5
Rotação contínua de soja/milho
Pasto depois de lavoura
Lavoura depois de pasto
Sousa, et al., 1997
Sucessão soja/milho
Pasto depois de
lavoura
Lavoura depois de
pasto
Teores de matéria orgânica do solo