1. EUROPEAN RESEARCH CONFERENCE
Housing First. What’s Second?
Berlin, 20th September 2013
Profiles of tenants at risk of
eviction: a latent class analysis
Marieke Holl, Linda van den Dries, Dorieke
Wewerinke, Judith Wolf
Netherlands Centre for Social Care
Research (Omz)

2. EUROPEAN RESEARCH CONFERENCE
Housing First. What’s Second?
Berlin, 20th September 2013
Evictions in Europe
 2009: 5,022 evictions in the Netherlands*
 2009: 3,040 evictions in Sweden*
 2010-2011: 9,735 evictions in the housing
association sector in England, 7,188 due
to rent arrears**
*Stenberg,Van Doorn, et al., 2011
**Fitzpatrick, Pawson, et al., 2012

3. EUROPEAN RESEARCH CONFERENCE
Housing First. What’s Second?
Berlin, 20th September 2013
Objectives
1. Describe profiles of subgroups within the
population of tenants at risk of eviction
due to rent arrears;
2. Determine to what extent these
subgroups differ regarding care needs

4. EUROPEAN RESEARCH CONFERENCE
Housing First. What’s Second?
Berlin, 20th September 2013
Target population and sites
 Tenants at risk of eviction due to rent arrears:
 At least 18 years old
 Renting independent accomodation from housing
association
 2 or more summons from a bailiff because of rent
arrears
 5 cities
 16 housing associations

5. EUROPEAN RESEARCH CONFERENCE
Housing First. What’s Second?
Berlin, 20th September 2013
Methods
 Structured interviews (N= 495)
 November 2011 – February 2013
 Latent class analysis

6. EUROPEAN RESEARCH CONFERENCE
Housing First. What’s Second?
Berlin, 20th September 2013
Measures
 Education (lowest/low/middle/high)
 Previous court orders (yes/no)
 Other debts besides rent arrears (yes/no)
 Social support (low/average/high)
 Recent conflicts in personal relationships or with
neighbours (yes/no)
 Frequent alcohol use (yes/no)
 Frequent cannabis use (yes/no)
 Health impediments (no/low/high)
 Depressive symptoms (yes/no)
 Help received regarding rent arrears (yes/no)
 Trust in care (low/neutral/high)

7. EUROPEAN RESEARCH CONFERENCE
Housing First. What’s Second?
Berlin, 20th September 2013
Results: 4 clusters
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4
Cluster size N=219 N=177 N=67 N=32
Education (%) Lowest 10 29 38 0
Low 35 41 45 0
Middle 35 23 17 38
High 20 7 0 63
Previous court orders (%) Yes 28 9 76 65
Other debts (%) Yes 83 97 91 81
Social support (%) Low 55 74 88 63
Average 31 19 11 22
High 14 7 2 16
Recent conflicts (%) Yes 37 35 71 100

8. EUROPEAN RESEARCH CONFERENCE
Housing First. What’s Second?
Berlin, 20th September 2013
Results: 4 clusters (continued)
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4
Cluster size N=219 N=177 N=67 N=32
Frequent alcohol use (%) Yes 1 3 20 3
Frequent cannabis use (%) Yes 5 1 38 0
Health impediments (%) No 69 33 41 25
Low 23 31 26 16
High 8 37 33 59
Depressive symptoms (%) Yes 0 97 62 100
Received help regarding
rent arrears (%)
Yes 25 34 55 19
Trust in care (%) Low 9 11 35 25
Neutral 46 44 29 53
High 46 45 36 22

9. EUROPEAN RESEARCH CONFERENCE
Housing First. What’s Second?
Berlin, 20th September 2013
Description of clusters
 Cluster 1 (N=219; 44%):
few risk factors
 Cluster 2 (n=177; 36%):
few risk factors, but almost all have depressive
symptoms

10. EUROPEAN RESEARCH CONFERENCE
Housing First. What’s Second?
Berlin, 20th September 2013
Description of clusters (cont.)
 Cluster 3 (N=67; 14%):
lower level of education, many previous court
orders, majority experienced conflicts, alcohol and
cannabis use, majority depressive symptoms, more
help provided regarding rent arrears, less trust in
care
 Cluster 4 (n=32; 6%):
higher level of education, many previous court
orders, all experienced conflicts, impeded by health
problems, all depressive symptoms

11. EUROPEAN RESEARCH CONFERENCE
Housing First. What’s Second?
Berlin, 20th September 2013
Unmet care needs (13 domains)
 Definition:
Help wanted, but not received
 52.2% no unmet needs, or on only 1
domain
 48.8% unmet needs on 2 or more domains

12. EUROPEAN RESEARCH CONFERENCE
Housing First. What’s Second?
Berlin, 20th September 2013
Unmet care needs on 2 or more
domains (48.8%)
 Cluster 1: 36%
 Cluster 2: 56%
 Cluster 3: 61%
 Cluster 4: 72%

13. EUROPEAN RESEARCH CONFERENCE
Housing First. What’s Second?
Berlin, 20th September 2013
Unmet need in each domain (%)
Domain Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4
Financial 22 39 37 59
Work 24 33 30 34
Housing 27 45 46 44
Daily activities 9 17 27 19
Housekeeping & personal care 7 13 12 16
Social relations 6 9 8 13
Family 3 8 9 9
Physical health 6 17 15 6
Psychological health 7 22 20 38
Alcohol use 1 2 6 3
Drug use 0 1 2 0
Safety 8 15 20 28
Resilience 6 18 26 25

14. EUROPEAN RESEARCH CONFERENCE
Housing First. What’s Second?
Berlin, 20th September 2013
Summary
 High incidence of depressive symptoms in
3 of the 4 clusters
 2 large clusters with few risk factors; 2
smaller clusters with many risk factors, but
very distinct profile (level of education)
 Many unmet care needs in 2 multiproblem
clusters

15. EUROPEAN RESEARCH CONFERENCE
Housing First. What’s Second?
Berlin, 20th September 2013
Targeted interventions
 Unmet care needs in all subgroups
regarding living conditions (income, work,
housing, daily activities)
 Determine care needed: differences in
urgency, intensity, duration & type of care
 But: little is known about effectiveness of
interventions, let alone for specific
subgroups

16. EUROPEAN RESEARCH CONFERENCE
Housing First. What’s Second?
Berlin, 20th September 2013
Thank You!
M.Holl@elg.umcn.nl
J.Wolf@elg.umcn.nl