2. Cells are the Starting Point
• All living organisms on Earth are divided in
pieces called cells.
• There are smaller parts in cells that include
proteins and organelles.
• Cells work together to make tissues and
systems.
• Cells are small compartments that hold all of
the biological equipment necessary to keep
an organism alive and successful on Earth.
3. Cells are the Starting Point
• A main purpose of a cell is to organize. Cells hold a
variety of pieces and each cell has a different set of
functions.
• It is easier for an organism to grow and survive when
cells are present. If you were only made of one cell,
you would only be able to grow to a certain size. You
don't find single cells that are as large as a cow.
Also, if you were only one cell you couldn't have a
nervous system, no muscles for movement, and
using the internet would be out of the question. The
trillions of cells in your body make your life possible.
4. Cell Membrane
• When you think about a membrane, imagine it is like
a big plastic bag with some tiny holes.
• That bag holds all of the cell pieces and fluids inside
the cell and keeps any nasty things outside the cell.
• The holes are there to let some things move in and out
of the cell.
5. Cell
Membrane
• Outer membrane of cell
• Semi-permeable membrane that controls
movement of materials in and out of the cell.
• Contains proteins
6. Cytoskeleton
• Supports cell and
provides shape
• Helps move
materials in and out
of cells
• Composed of
microtubules
7. Cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm is the fluid that fills a cell.
• The cell organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm.
• The cytoplasm has many different molecules
dissolved in solution. You'll find enzymes, fatty acids,
sugars, and amino acids that are used to keep the cell
working.
8. Cytoplasm
• The cytoplasm in a cell does more than just
suspend the organelles. It uses its dissolved
enzymes to break down materials.
• The products can then be used by the
organelles of the cell.
9. Cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm is the fluid that fills a cell.
• Contains the cell materials
• A thick jelly like substance in which organelles
float.
10. Centrioles
• Paired cylindrical
organelles near nucleus
• Involved in cellular
division
• Are at right angles to
each other
• Composed of nine tubes,
each with three tubules
11. Nucleus
• The cell nucleus acts like
the brain of the cell.
• It helps control eating, movement, and reproduction.
• If it happens in a cell, chances are the nucleus
knows about it.
• The nucleus is not always in the center of the cell. It
will be a big dark spot somewhere in the middle of
all of the cytoplasm. You probably won't find it near
the edge of a cell because that might be a
dangerous place for the nucleus to be.
12. Nucleus
• It is the largest
organelle.
• One or more per
cell.
• The cell nucleus acts like the brain of the cell
- controls cell activities.
• It helps control eating, movement, and reproduction.
13. Chromosomes
• Found in the nucleus of
each cell, the DNA
molecule is packaged
into thread-like
structures.
• Holds the code that
control the cell. Contains
genetic information
• Composed of DNA
• Set number per species
(i.e. 23 pairs for human)
14.
15. Nuclear membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Composed of two
layers
• Controls movement
of materials in and
out of the nucleus.
18. Mitochondrion
• Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the
cell.
• They are organelles that act like a digestive system
that takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and
creates energy for the cell.
• The process of creating cell energy is known as
cellular respiration.
19. Mitochondrion
• The process of creating cell energy is known as
cellular respiration.
• Most of the chemical reactions involved in cellular
respiration happen in the mitochondria. A
mitochondrion is shaped perfectly to maximize its
efforts.
• Mitochondria are very small organelles.
There are cells with several thousand
mitochondria. The number depends on
the cell’s function.
20. • Located in the
cytoplasm
• Rod-shaped bodies that release energy for cell
use.
• they are the sites of cellular respiration which
generates fuel for the cell's activities
• are also involved in cell division
21. Golgi Bodies
• The Golgi bodies or Golgi complex is
found in most cells.
• It is a packaging organelle.
• The Golgi complex gathers simple molecules and
combines them to make molecules that are more
complex.
• It then takes those big molecules, packages them,
and either stores them for later use or sends them
out of the cell.
22. Golgi Bodies
• It is also the organelle that
builds lysosomes
(
cell digestion machines).
• Golgi complexes in the
plant may also create
complex sugars .
• The Golgi complex is a
series of membranes
shaped like pancakes.
23. Golgi Bodies
• Packages and move protein to the outside of the
cell.
• Molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell
components or for removal from the cell.
• Stores and release chemicals for cell use.
24. Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)
• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for
the production of the protein and lipid components of
most of the cell's organelles.
• The ER is additionally responsible for moving
proteins and other carbohydrates to the Golgi
apparatus, to the plasma membrane, to the
lysosomes, or wherever else needed.
• It creates a network of membranes found through the
whole cell.
25. Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)
• The ER may also look different from cell to cell,
depending on the cell's function.
• Rough ER looks like sheets of bumpy membranes
while smooth ER looks more like tubes.
• Smooth ER acts as a storage organelle.
• Rough ER are very important in the synthesis and
packaging of proteins.
26. • Tube network in
cytoplasm where cell
substances are made.
• Goes through
cytoplasm
into cell membrane
• Stores, separates,
and serves as cell's
transport system
• Smooth type: lacks ribosomes
• Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in
surface
• Breaks down lipids, and packages proteins for
release from the cell.
27. Ribosomes
• Each cell contains
thousands
• Miniature 'protein
factories’
• Composes 25% of cell's
mass
• Stationary type:
embedded in rough
endoplasmic reticulum
• Mobile type: injects
proteins directly into
cytoplasm
29. Lysosomes
• Lysosomes hold enzymes that were
created by the cell.
• The purpose of the lysosome is to digest things.
• They might be used to digest food or break
down the cell when it dies.
30. Lysosomes
• The lysosomes float in the cytoplasm
until they are needed.
• Since lysosomes are little digestion machines,
they go to work when the cell absorbs or eats
some food.
• Once the material is inside the cell, the lysosomes
attach and release their enzymes. The enzymes
break down complex molecules that can include
complex sugars and proteins.
31. • Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, lipids, and
carbohydrates It digests
food particles, wastes,
cell parts and foreign
invaders.
Lysosome
• Moves undigested material to cell membrane for
removal
• Varies in shape depending on process being
carried out
• Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes
• “garbage man”
32. Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and
waste removal
• Stores water and dissolved materials in the cell.
• Vacuoles are found in
plant and animal cells they are LARGER in plants!
34. Cell Wall
• Plant cells are easier to identify because they have
a protective structure called a cell wall made of
cellulose. Plants have the wall; animals do not.
• The tough wall gives added stability and protection
to the plant cell.
35. Cell Wall
• Surrounds the plant cell; gives shape and
provides support for the plant
• Controls turgidity (turgor pressure)
• Not found in animals, animals have bones
that provide support
36. Chloroplast
• Chloroplasts are the food producers of
plant cells. This is where photosynthesis
occurs.
• They are only found in plant cells and
some protists. A protist is any organism
that is not a plant, animal or fungus, like
algae.
• Animal cells do not have
chloroplasts.
37. Chloroplast
• Every green plant you see is
working to convert the energy
of the sun into sugars. This
process is called
photosynthesis.
• They create sugars, and the byproduct of that
process is the oxygen that we breathe. That
process happens in the chloroplast.
38. Chloroplasts
• Found in plant cells
• Controls green chlorophyll to captures
sunlight to make food for the cell.
(photosynthesis)
• Animal cells do not have chloroplasts.
44. Videos
Cell Organelles And Their Function
(BOTH 3D AND MICROSCOPIC VIEWS )
http://www.microscopy-uk.net/vidplanet/video/show/LP7xAr2FDFU/online
Cell Structure and Function - Advanced Biotechnology Podcast 1.2
http://youtu.be/o1GQyciJaTA
A Tour of the Cell
