process of autoimmune disease

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semoga bermanfat..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Salud y medicina

• Central tolerance is not
efficient,
there are still lymphocytes that
recognize self antigens that
pass the negative selection
• Peripheral tolerance is
inhibited by several factors

cellular and humoral immune responses in autoimmune
diseases

• Estrogen inhibits the
expression of the AIRE gene
which plays an important role
in negative selection in the
thymus

reference
1. Lee, D. S. W., Rojas, O. L., & Gommerman, J. L. (2021). B
cell depletion therapies in autoimmune disease: advances
and mechanistic insights. Nature reviews. Drug
discovery, 20(3), 179–199.
2. Kucuksezer, U. C., Aktas Cetin, E., Esen, F., Tahrali, I.,
Akdeniz, N., Gelmez, M. Y., & Deniz, G. (2021). The Role of
Natural Killer Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. Frontiers in
immunology, 12, 622306.
3. Murphy K. Weaver C. & Janeway C. (2017). Janeway's
immunobiology (9th ed.). Garland Science.

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Dr. Faiza delivers an insightful lecture on the distinguishing characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles, offering a comprehensive understanding of their histology, physiological anatomy, electrophysiological properties, and contractile mechanisms. Through meticulous tabulation and comparison, she aims to equip learners with a detailed comprehension of the unique features and functionalities of each muscle type. Beginning with a detailed exploration of histological differences, Dr. Faiza outlines key distinctions such as multinucleation in skeletal muscle, mononucleation in smooth and cardiac muscles, and the presence of striations in skeletal and cardiac muscles. She meticulously elucidates the structural arrangement of each muscle type, highlighting their cellular morphology and organization within tissues. Transitioning to physiological anatomy, Dr. Faiza navigates through various aspects including innervation, level of control, initiation of contraction, and modification by hormones. By delineating the role of the somatic nervous system in skeletal muscle control, and contrasting it with the autonomic nervous system's influence on smooth and cardiac muscles, she offers a nuanced understanding of neural regulation in muscle physiology. Furthermore, Dr. Faiza delves into electrophysiological properties, elucidating the mechanisms underlying action potential generation, duration, and ionic basis in each muscle type. Through insightful analysis, she reveals how differences in action potential characteristics contribute to variations in muscle contraction speed, duration, and resistance to fatigue. Finally, Dr. Faiza meticulously examines the contractile mechanisms of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles, shedding light on the sliding filament theory, mechanisms of calcium action, and speed of contraction. By comprehensively comparing these mechanisms, she provides learners with a deep understanding of the intricate processes governing muscle contraction and function. Through engaging presentation and meticulous analysis, Dr. Faiza's lecture serves as a valuable resource for students seeking a thorough understanding of the fundamental differences between skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.

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process of autoimmune disease

1. process of autoimmune disease

2. • Central tolerance is not efficient, there are still lymphocytes that recognize self antigens that pass the negative selection • Peripheral tolerance is inhibited by several factors

3. cellular and humoral immune responses in autoimmune diseases

4. • Estrogen inhibits the expression of the AIRE gene which plays an important role in negative selection in the thymus

5. reference 1. Lee, D. S. W., Rojas, O. L., & Gommerman, J. L. (2021). B cell depletion therapies in autoimmune disease: advances and mechanistic insights. Nature reviews. Drug discovery, 20(3), 179–199. 2. Kucuksezer, U. C., Aktas Cetin, E., Esen, F., Tahrali, I., Akdeniz, N., Gelmez, M. Y., & Deniz, G. (2021). The Role of Natural Killer Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. Frontiers in immunology, 12, 622306. 3. Murphy K. Weaver C. & Janeway C. (2017). Janeway's immunobiology (9th ed.). Garland Science.

process of autoimmune disease

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process of autoimmune disease