The document provides information about APA referencing style including its history and purpose. It was created in 1929 to standardize the documentation of sources in research. It establishes guidelines for both in-text citations and reference lists. In-text citations provide brief information within the body of the paper to identify the source, while the reference list appears at the end with full bibliographic details of all cited sources. The document reviews the key components and format of both citations and references in APA style.

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APA Referencing
Style
U m m e R u b a b 2 5
F a i z a l i a q a t 3 9
U r o o j F a t i m a 3 1
S h a h b a n o 0 2
M a r y a m a t h a r 1 6
U m a i r a Z i a 3 4

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Information About APA
• The American Psychological Association is an organization created
for individuals in the psychology field. With close to 121,000
members, they provide educational opportunities, funding, guidance,
and research information for everything psychology-related. They
also have numerous high-quality databases, peer-reviewed journals,
and books that revolve around mental health.

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• The American Psychological Association is also credited with
creating their own specific citation and reference style. Today, this
format is used by individuals not only in the psychology field, but
many other subject areas as well.

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APA (American Psychological Association)
• is used by
Education,
Psychology,
 Sciences.

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Why was this style created?
• This format was first developed in 1929 to form a standardized way
for researchers in science fields to document their sources. Prior to
the inception of these standards and guidelines, individuals were
recognizing the work of other authors by including bits and pieces of
information in random order. There wasn’t a set way to format
citations and references. You can probably imagine how difficult it
was to understand the sources that were used for research projects!
• Having a standard format for citing sources allows readers to glance
at a citation or APA reference and easily locate the title, author, year
published, and other critical pieces of information needed to
understand a source.

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Why use APA?
Allows others to access your sources
Helps you stay organized
Establishes credibility
Prevents plagiarism

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When to use text citations
Faiza Liaqat
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The evolution of this style
• 6th edition
• 7th editions (released in 2020.)

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Two parts to referencing:
the citations within the text of your paper
the reference list at the end of your paper.

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When to use in text citations
• Use in-text citations when. . .
• Quoting
• Paraphrasing
• Summarizing

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• The APA referencing style is an "author-date" style, so the
citation in the text consists of the author(s) and the year of
publication given wholly or partly in round brackets.
• Use only the surname of the author(s) followed by a
comma and the year of publication. Include page, chapter
or section numbers if you need to be specific, for example
if you are quoting, paraphrasing or summarizing:

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Example
• Paraphrase of the source in your own words
• Encouraging students to memorise information and then testing their
memory has been a consistent criterion of pedagogy (Broudy,
1998).
• Broudy (1998, p. 8) explains that memorisation does not result in an
ability to solve problems.
• Quotation (exact words from the source)
• Broudy (1998, p. 9) argues that “on the common criteria for
schooling, our sample citizen has failed because he cannot replicate
the necessary skill or apply the relevant principles”.

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References
Maryam Athar
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At the end: References
• At the end of the text, include a list of references; a single list of all
the sources of information you have cited in your assignment. Begin
the reference list on a new page and title it “References”. Centre the
title on the page. Each entry should have a hanging indent.

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• Each list item requires specific bibliographic information. For
example, in the case of a book, ‘bibliographical details’ refers to:
author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, place of publication
and publisher, as found in the title pages (some details will vary).
• Wolpe, A. (1988). Within school walls. London, England: Routledge.
• Woods, C. & Griffiths, A. (1995). The real McCoy. Design World,
12(3), 2-13.
• List each item in alphabetical order (by author surname). Titles
should be in italics. All of the references included in the list must
also be cited in the text.

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• When to include page numbers?
When you quote a source (reproduce material word for word), page
numbers are required. When paraphrasing or referring to an idea
contained in another work, the APA publications manual 6th edn. (p.
171) encourages you to provide page numbers, to help the reader
locate the information in a long text. However, this is not a
‘compulsory’ requirement.

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Complete List of Examples
• Assignments
• • You must provide appropriate references when referring to your own
work. For students, this applies if you quote or paraphrase any work you
have submitted for an assessment in another unit.
• • This is necessary as all assignments include the following Student
Declaration:
• Except where indicated, the work I am submitting in this assignment is
my own work and has not been submitted for assessment in another unit.
• • This includes text, figures or tables copied from a completed
assessment in a different Unit without proper acknowledgement of the
original source (even if you are the original author).

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Format
Umaira Zia
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Format
• Standard format for citation
• Author, A. A. (Year). Title of assignment: Subtitle if
appropriate [Unpublished manuscript]. Unit Code: Name of
Unit, Name of University.
• Example
• Assignment from another unit
Reid, S. F. (2016). The importance of scientific method [Unpublished
manuscript]. BSC100: Building Blocks for Science Students, Murdoch
University.

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Book Chapters
Material Type In Text Citation Reference List Entry
Chapter or Article in Edited Book (Payne, 1999) Payne, S. (1999). 'Dangerous and
different': Reconstructions of madness
in the 1990s and the role of mental
health policy. In S. Watson & L. Doyal
(Eds.), Engendering social policy (pp.
180-195). Open University Press.
Article in an Encyclopaedia (Ford-Martin, 2003) Ford-Martin, P. (2003). Cognitive-
behavioral therapy. In E. Thackery &
M. Harris (Eds.), Gale encyclopedia of
mental disorders (Vol.1, pp. 226-228).
Gale.

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Conference Papers
Material Type In Text Citation Reference List Entry
Paper Presentation from the Internet (Balakrishnan, 2006) Balakrishnan, R. (2006, March 25-26). Why aren't we
using 3d user interfaces, and will we ever? [Paper
presentation]. IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces,
Alexandria, VA. https://doi.org/10.1109/VR.2006.148.
Unpublished Paper Presentation (Brown & Caste, 1990) Brown, S., & Caste, V. (2004, May). Integrated obstacle
detection framework [Paper presentation]. IEEE Intelligent
Vehicles Symposium, Detroit, MI..
Paper Presentation in Print Proceedings (Rowling, 1993) Rowling, L. (1993, September). Schools and grief: How
does Australia compare to the United States [Paper
presentation]. In Wandarna coowar: Hidden grief. 8th
National Conference of the National Association for Loss
and Grief (Australia), Yeppoon, Queensland (pp. 196-201).
National Association for Loss and Grief..

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Theses
Material Type In Text Citation Reference List Entry
Unpublished Thesis (Milnes, 1998) Milnes, G. M. (1998). Adolescent depression: The use
of generative instruction to increase rational beliefs and
decrease irrational beliefs and depressed
mood [Unpublished M.Appl.Psy. thesis]. Murdoch
University.
Published Thesis (May, 2007) May, B. (2007) A survey of radial velocities in the
zodiacal dust cloud. Canopus Publishing.
Thesis from a Database (Roemmele, 2018) Roemmele, M. (2018). Neural networks for narrative
continuation (Publication No. 22621448) [Doctoral
dissertation, University of Southern California].
ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
Thesis from a Repository (Ryan, 2014) Ryan, J. (2014). The measurement and meaning of
coping in psychiatric patients [PhD thesis, Murdoch
University]. Murdoch University Research Repository.
https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/242
54/

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Newspaper Articles
Material Type In Text Citation Reference List Entry
Newspaper Article in Print (Kissane, 1998) Kissane, K. (1998, September 5). Kiss or kill:
Who is the victim when a battered woman
kills? The Age: Extra, p. 6.
Newspaper Article with URL (Devlin, 2010) Devlin, H. (2010, January 28). Neuron
breakthrough offers hope on Alzheimer’s and
Parkinson’s. The Times.
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/scienc
e/medicine/article7005401.ece
Newspaper Article from Factiva (Delalande, 2019) Delalande, J. (2019, October 26). Our teens
struggle the most. The West Australian, p.
32. Factiva. https://global-factiva-
com.libproxy.murdoch.edu.au/ha/default.asp
x#./!?&_suid=1576141953014019681669927
131606.

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Abbreviations
ShahBano
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Abbreviations
• Standard APA Abbreviations
• • Standard abbreviations may be used in your citations.
• • A list of acceptable, commonly used abbreviations can be found in
the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association,
7th ed., pp. 306-307.

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Where Do I Find APA Format?
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• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association,
5th ed.
• www.apastyle.org
• Composition textbooks
• OWL website: owl.english.purdue.edu

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Edition ed.
Editor(s) Ed.(Eds.)
et alii, et aliae (and others) -
from Latin
et al.
No date of publication n.d.
Number No.
Page(s) p. (pp.)
Paragraph(s) para(s).
Part Pt.
Revised edition Rev. ed.
Supplement Suppl.
Technical Report Tech. Rep.
Translator(s) Trans.
Volume (as in Vol. 4) Vol.
Volumes (as in 4 Vols.) Vols.
Some of the more often
used examples are listed
here:

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Steps of
Referencing
Syeda Urooj Fatima

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Referencing
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“Acknowledge sources of information”
For example:
1. Websites
2. News Articles
3. Journals
4. Books etc.
*** “Reference list must be added at the end of document.”

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Cont..
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• Step 1: Formatting the author’s name
• Step 2: Placing the Year Your Source was Published
• Step 3: Place the Title of the Source
• Step 4: Cite the publisher of your source
• Step 5: Add the Page or Pages where the Citation was Taken
—Example:
Howard, F. (2009). Chapter 3: The way to write perfectly in three methods
(2nd Rev. ed), pp 43. New York: Press books.

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Four Steps to Referencing
Record
• At the time of reading a document, record all of the
information (descriptive elements) necessary to create a
citation. The data you record should “include the page
numbers” for direct quotations and for journal articles or
book chapters.
• Be careful with photocopied articles from journals or
chapters from books. You must keep a record of the
journal where the article was published or the book where
you found the chapter.

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• Make a File or store the information, and the source documents if you have
them, in a manner and format that can be easily accessed at a later date.
• You may wish to write all details on the print copy of an article you are using; or
you may wish to keep a system of filing cards for each reference item you use.
• Alternatively, you may decide to maintain a master reference list on your
computer, which you add details to as required. There are a number of software
packages now available.
Example: EndNote, which you can use to manage your references. These
programs can be used to produce reference or works cited lists in a specified
style. Please see the EndNote Guide for information about this software.
Organize

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• You need to reference your resources.
• Construct your citations within the text of your essay, using the
appropriate guidelines for the style of citation you are using.
Citation

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Types of Citation
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1. Direct
2. Indirect

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Direct Citation
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• Use exact words from the sources.
• Double Quotation marks around text.
For example:
According to Aulakh (2014) “More than 70% of china’s rivers and ponds are
polluted, and almost half contain water that is unfit for human consumption.”

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Indirect Citation
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• Paraphrase the text.
For example:
There were 6.5 million deaths related to Air pollution in 2012, making it to fourth
largest killer behind high blood pressure, dietary risks and
smoking.(www.weforum.com).

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• Create either a reference or works cited list at the end of your
essay or thesis. Titles of books and journal titles should
be italicized. The use of capitals and punctuation should be
consistent and will vary according to the citation style being
used.
• The usual arrangement for a reference list in APA style is a
single sequence in alphabetical order by author, with the
author's surname preceding the initials. Where an item has no
author, it is usual to list it alphabetically by title in the reference
list in sequence by the first significant word of the title.
List

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References
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Gahan, February, (2019) Scribber
https://www.workscited4u.com/apa/book.php
• https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/direct-quotations/
• https://www.thoughtco.com/direct-quotation-composition-1690461
• Https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-reference-page/