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1. Dynamics of Illegality.
The case of Mafia systems
Rosaria Conte1
Federico Cecconi1
Barbara Sonzogni2
1 LABSS (Laboratory of Agent Based
Social Simulation), Roma, ISTC-CNR
2 RISMES, Roma, Univ. Sapienza
2. Features of Complex Systems
Far-reaching and accelerated diffusion
Multiple levels with multidirectional connections
Heterogeneous interfering networks
ICT-driven innovation
Fuzzy confines
Competitive evolutionary processes (economic
growth ≠ demographic growth)
3. One major problem
With globalization and liberalization
Increasing spread and prosperity of illegality
Illegal systems contribute to national and
worldwide wealth!
4. In this paper
Call attention to dynamics of Mafia systems, a
serious social pathology insufficiently perceived at
the international level, also by research funding
agencies
Pizza, computer and finance: Discuss the new
character of Mafia systems
Why bother with Mafia in complexity?
Simulation potential for the study of this
phenomenon
Potential application to theory-driven policy modeling
5. Dynamics of
(Il)legallity
Ilegal systems
flourish in typologies,
frequency,
spreading, and
related costs
Corruption
Organized crime
Extortion racketeering
Terrorism
6. A myopic and
hypocritical view
EU Cooperation research funding agency lists
terrorism and corruption as the highest priorities
in crime fight and prevention (both SSH and
Security)
A submitted project on extortion racketeering (in
particular, Mafia) was rejected under the main
consideration that “Mafia is mainly an Italian
problem”
False assumption and wrong order of priority!
7. Terrorism
Financial costs and casualties are lower when compared with the
costs of other forms of illegality (source: the World Bank, 2008:
http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=97805218
87588&ss=exc )
Victims:
• 2001 shows terrorismʼs highest peak (3250 victims, from Frey et al. 2004)
• against organized crime 16,000 murders per yr in the last decade:
• 6 times the number of people who died on 9/11
• more than a 1000 times greater than the number of Americans who died in terrorist
incidents in a typical year prior to 2001
Ecomomic costs:
• Enders and Sandler estimate of the economic costs of terrorism to the U.S.
economy = $90 billion of lost output),
• Anderson (1999) estimated the cost of organized crime in the United States
to be more than $1 trillion annually.
8. Corruption
Costs dear to public administration (its costs are evaluated around 4% of
GDP in high-corruption countries like Italy or Greece)
Generally, corruption entails a severe loss of competitiveness (see data from
the World Economic Forum
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2007/0416/062a.html
But is strongly path-dependent: it tends to increase in countries which score
high on TI cross-national comparison (see Conte, 2010; see also Svensson,
2005; Della Porta, 2009; and TI data at http://www.transparency.org/ )
No matter how fast it increases and spreads in those areas, traditionally low-
corruption countries - like Northern European ones - tend to have corruption
as a marginal phenomenon, usually kept under control.
And if they see some increase, this is mainly due to other forms of illegality
taking root (like for example, Mafia or ʻNdrangheta organizations; cf.
Forgione, 2010; Gratteri, 2009))
9. Mafia
Many territorial systems
Cosa Nostra
ʻNdrangheta
Camorra
Sacra Corona Unita
Stidda
Basilischi
Which migrated to regions characterized by
richer markets!
Lets hear Paolo Borsellino (Italian
magistrate who played a major role in Anti
Mafia investigations) on 26 January 1989, 3
ys before being killed by Cosa Nostra.
10. In 21 ys from Borsellinoʼs lecture,
the Mafia export made progress…
In2010
Forgione,
former
President of
Antimafia
Commission,
published the
geo-criminal
maps of mafia
export
Data from
sentences
and trials
Legal
documents
and judiciary
activity
reports.
11. As a present to our hosts :-)…
Geo-criminal
map of
Camorra in
Spain and
Portugal
At the
international
level
Camorra
conquered
all the
markets of
falsification
12. Unlike
corruption…
Mafia systems prosper
even in Northern
European countries
ʻNdrangheta became
the major international
broker of cocaine (see
also Gratteri, 2009)
‘Ndrangheta in Germany
13. In the US
Obviously,
Mafia
export is
particularly
evident,
thanks to
first wave
migration
of Cosa
Nostra in
the 30s.
14. How about fight
against Mafia
systems?
181 round-ups executed
Arrested 50 fugitive bosses
(included Giuseppe Nirta, the
responsible for the Duisburg
slaughter, 6th August 2007)
Arrested 104 dangerous
criminals and 2.080 affiliates
to Mafia systems
confiscated a value equal to 4
billion Eur
15. National fight insufficient
However, Mafia systems are endowed with an
extraordinary reproductive power, mostly due to their
penetration in the rest of the world
Mafia bosses invest out of Italy
In the processes of liberalization that prevailed in Western
societies in the last ys, the Mafia systems have become
dynamic factors of globalization, not only criminal but also
economic-entrepreunurial.
ʻNdrangheta got ahold of narco-traffic monopoly once it
acquired an international dimension
Once capitals are so large, Mafia systems can but land at
wealthy countries,
Hence Mafia systems easily expanded
16. Mafia enterprise
Mafia systems are exported not
only in the criminal dimension
but also in its economic-
financial dimension
Mafia systems are no more only
criminal systems but also large
holdings: globalization
represented a very good
opportunity, determining a great
expansion for the Mafia
systems with respective
specializations:
17. Some figures
in Italy
Mafia in Italy is the 1st
enterprise (source:
Eurispes and Sos-
Impresa)
yearly sales = 120-180
billions (5-7% of GDP), Only 40-50% of such gains is
reinvested in traditional criminal activity
net income of 70-80 billions
Affiliatesʼ salaries
give work to 10% of active
pop. in Southern Italy Assistence to affiliates in prison and
their families
Economic costs Purchase of drugs and weapons
250 millions p.d. from legal
to illegal economy The remaining is legalised
equivalent loss of fiscal They contribute to the world GDP with
entries economic strength of small countries
18. In the world
Mafia systems share of world GDP 3-5% - simulations about potential
gains from all illegal businesses: Drugs, weapons, counterfeited goods,
trade of humans, prostitution, trade of organs
Global amount > global sales of world-wide trade of iron and steel
No surprise if one considers the amount of wealth produced p.y. by the
cycle of cocaine:
From producers, 1 k of cocaine costs about 1300-1500 eur.
Same quantity wholesale goes up to 40,000 eur
According to UN 994 tons were produced in 2008
994 times 4,5 (from pure to cut cocaine)= 4473 tons introduced into the
global market
Retail price goes up to 70 eur p.g.
Proceeds = 313,110 billions eur.
If we consider of trade passages and some fixed costs of intermediation,
we can conclude that in one year the market of cocaine produces about
354,661 billions eur.
19. Mafia Vs other forms of ilegality
All are fast spreading
Network-based (this is true also for Mafia
systems that were originally territorial)
Unlike corruption and terrorism, Mafia systems
are culture-insensitive
although originally the culture of honor mattered in
Mafia systems
current recruitment is indifferent to cultural,
ideological, religious affiliation
20. Mafia as institutional systems
Mafia systems combine local hierarchies and global
networks
At the global level, network-based enterprises
At the local level institutional systems
• Social order (Pax mafiosa: see the Rosarno event) around a
• Respected authorities based on
• Terror, culture of honor and social capital (trust networks)
• Normatve code
• Centralised and distributed control
• Satisfaction of individual needs
• Etc.
The fundamental role of trust (see Borsellino, 2008;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ChgP2YbBR5s&fe
ature=related )
21. Evolving systems?
Can we say that Mafia systems are
evolving systems in a social evolutionary
sense?
Ever since it made its first appearance in
Spain in the 16th century, it started to migrate
soon to other regions and penetrate deeply
into them
22. Still about
European hypocrisy 1/2
After Duisburg, Petra Reski writes the story
of Mafia penetration in Germany.
Mafia. Of Gofathers, pizzashops and false
priests - the German Gomorra - appears in
German bookshops in 2008
A few days from publication, the book is
censored with a double sentence by
Duisburgʼs and Munichʼs Courts: magistrates
protect the reputation of people who,
according to both Italian authorities and BKA,
are associated to ʻNdrangheta.
Why this sentence? Those people have a
clean record in Germany because in this
country there is not (yet) a law against
“associazione a delinquere di stampo
mafioso” (association in Mafia system)
23. European hypocrisy 2/2
We should get rid of the hypocrisy, to use
Forgioneʼs words, to say that “mafia does not
exist until streets are not blood-stained”
Indeed, we should search for mafia criminals
before streets are stained with blood! We
should not wait Duisburg slaughter to
understand that ʻNdrangheta makes business
and investment in Germany since at least 20
ys.
24. Efficient fighting
policies are not
obvious
There is a growing Arrests amount to not
need to endow much: the systems
governments and regenerate
intelligences of Even
different countries counterproductive:
with common costs of legal
instruments both assistence for
for investigation affiliates in prison
for penal and judiciary embitter racketeering
activity and protection-money
25. What is going to happen where
and how?
So far no investigation of the dynamics of
Mafia systems
Under what economic, institutional, social,
cultural conditions do they succeed in taking
roots in one society
When do they migrate
Where are they most likely to move to
Which policies are most efficient
26. Need for innovative scientific
instruments
At the theoretical
Methodological
Technical level
Simulation techniques and platforms are
needed
To investigate dynamics
Within society: beside economic conditions, which
social-cognitive factors favor the penetration of
Mafia systems
Between societies
27. Not any simulation model
In particular, agent based models are needed
Where complex aspects of autonomy agency
can be implemented
Generate own beliefs and goals
Recognize norms and authorities
Adopt norms (see EMIL-A, Conte et al., 2011; EMIL-
S from Troitzsch and Gulyas, 2011)
28. DyLEG-1: A preliminary model of the intra-societal
dynamics of Extortion Racket Systems (ERSs)
1. how does a settlement with ERS behave over time?
2. equilibrium or dynamic trends?
3. Which one does better? ERS or PP and POs?
4. Under what conditions ERS withdraw or grow up?
5. which policies work better?
n Prosecute ERS affiliates, comparing entity of sanction, certainty of
sanctions, frequency of arrest, time elapsed between arrest and
sanction
n Prosecute victims yielding to extortion
n More licence and infrastructures
n Reduced probability to be punished
n Better salaries to PO (to discourage bribery)
n Reduce taxation, and favor firms' survival
n Run protection programs for collaborating ERS affiliates etc.
29. The model
World = One settlement (town or village) ie., one set
of agents. No topological representation
It includes a public pool (revenues from tax payers
plus possible extraordinary resources) and a certain
number of firms. Taxes and racket are
parameterised. If the public pool is above a
threshold, public officials (fighters and
administrators) and infrastructures for investments
are available. If it is below, no policy can be made.
30. Parameters
Number of agents per type (see below)
Number of firms
PP threshold
Demand
Discount factor
Capital multiplier
Salaries (for employees and POs)
Tax (amount)
Bribe (amount)
Racket (amount)
Punishment (amount and probability)
Sanction (amount and probability)
31. Events
At each tournament agents accomplish one simple action (part
of a complex action).
When firms give no revenues, they exit the settlement. The main
behavior for firms is: to hire/to fire
Revenues depend on
• Demand
• Infrastructures, automatically set up as a share of public pool (PP). PP acts
as a multiplier of the firms' product if it exceeds the threshold. In the
opposite case, it acts as discount factor.
• Racketeering
• Taxes. These are automatically and regularly issued.
Bribes inflate the capital needed for investment. Large firms survive,
small firms extinguish
Increased PP lead to more infrastructures and PO units.
32. Measures
Revenue computation. Each
firm has a demand for his production. InvD = a – Demand
GrossRevenue = ln (InvD · NEmpoloyees) · K
If demand increase, then firms tend Taxable = InvD · NEmpoloyees
to take on workers, otherwise tend to
fire them. Costs = c · NEmpoloyees + b ·Taxable
FirmRevenue=GrossRevenue-
Cost-RacketPaid
Public Pool = ∑ Taxable i - ((c · NPos) + Bribes + Infrastructure Costs)
for each firm i
ERS Revenue = ∑ RacketPaid i - (Punishment + Sanction )
for each firm i
33. Agent typologies
ERS affiliates
PO: Public officials (policemen,
magistrates)
A: administrators
V: victims
firm employers,
employees,
may intersect with PO
B: bribes (subset of PO)
34. Goals Propensities
AG: make money Survive > freedom > parsimony
MG1: survive Freedom > survival > parsimony
MG2: don't go to jail Freedom > parsimony > survival
Survival > parsimony > freedom
MG3: don't lose money
Parsimony > freedom > survival
MG4: don't waste time
Parsimony > survival > freedom
MGs are here arranged in a
decreasing order of
importance. Order can
change according to
individual propensities (see
below).
35. Very preliminary but…
Already useful to investigate effects of racketeering on firmsʼ
revenues
The critical level of resources (PP and PO) for containing
expansion of ERSs
Short-term upates, DyLEG-2
the role of infrastructures
bribery in administration
Mid-term updates, DyLEG-3
External settlements and migration: will ERSs migrate? Where will
they move to and when?
Compare different ERSs based on real database from Univ. of
Palermo and Fondazione Rocco Chinnici
36. Conclusions 1/2
Mafia = organized crime at world level!
Although its costs > other form of criminality, media and
governments seem to pay more attention to the latter
And yet, we cannot afford wait further! Only coordination at
international level will achieve efficient fight, if not
prevention
Mafia is NOT a consequence of poverty. Mafia prospers in
wealthy societies
Mafia systems are evolving systems
Large pool grants selection
A subset of systems replicates and grows
Needs new markets to conquer and hybridates
37. Conclusions 2/2
What makes some ERSs outcompete other (legal)
systems?
Santi Romano (1947) spoke about a “parainstitutional”
system. What did he mean? Operational translation!
Simulation can provide one.
Long-term update (DyLEG-4):
• Implement model on EMIL-S
• Under what conditions mafia-antagonist norms
emerge and spread?
• Compare “institutional” and “para-institutional”
systems and check conditions under which one is
more efficient than the other
• Check efficacy of more complex policies