This article aims to present the great inventions that occurred with the means of river, lake and maritime transport, aiming at the transport of people and cargo throughout history and its future evolution. The use of boats constituted one of the first means of locomotion invented by man and was crucial for the development of humanity. Since ancient times, boats have been used as a means of transport. In the beginning, canoes were used for fishing activities and short-distance transport. Canoes are considered the first vessels used to transport people and cargo. Taking advantage of the current of the water or using oars, the navigators moved the canoes, covering small distances. Over time, sailing boats were invented, which moved driven by the force of the wind. The development of ships and the discovery of new navigation techniques made it possible for human beings to cross rivers, seas and oceans, overcoming long distances in the transport of passengers and cargo, in addition to using them as weapons of war. From wooden canoes to large vessels such as modern ocean liners, there has been a lot of progress. In the future, vessels will benefit from increasingly sophisticated technologies. Smart ships will become an integral part of the reality that surrounds us.

1. 1
THE GREAT INVENTIONS IN WATERWAY TRANSPORT THROUGHOUT
HISTORY AND THEIR FUTURE EVOLUTION
Fernando Alcoforado*
This article aims to present the great inventions that occurred with the means of river,
lake and maritime transport, aiming at the transport of people and cargo throughout
history and its future evolution. The use of boats constituted one of the first means of
locomotion invented by man and was crucial for the development of humanity. Since
ancient times, boats have been used as a means of transport. In the beginning, canoes
were used for fishing activities and short-distance transport. Canoes are considered the
first vessels used to transport people and cargo. Taking advantage of the current of the
water or using oars, the navigators moved the canoes, covering small distances. Over
time, sailing boats were invented, which moved driven by the force of the wind. The
development of ships and the discovery of new navigation techniques made it possible
for human beings to cross rivers, seas and oceans, overcoming long distances in the
transport of passengers and cargo, in addition to using them as weapons of war. From
wooden canoes to large vessels such as modern ocean liners, there has been a lot of
progress.
The invention of the first canoes and sailing boats
There are records of vessels found in a primitive camp that are about 40,000 years old,
and discoveries in Crete in Greece dating back to 130,000 years ago. The oldest found by
archaeologists are 7 to 10 thousand years old. At the Drents museum in Holland, it is
possible to visit a boat built with pine trunks, between 8,200 and 7,600 BC. [1]. The
ancient Egyptians first excelled in the development of river vessels that, over time,
various types of boats and ships were built for fishing, trade, transport (especially of
stones for building the pyramids), processions and travel. The River Nile provided an
excellent means of transport. All cities and the region could be reached by boat. One of
the oldest boats in the world, around 4,500 years old, was found in the pyramid of Cheops.
Some researchers believe that the pharaoh intended to use it after his death. When Cheops'
boat was found, it was dismantled. The boat had more than 1,200 pieces and the vessel
did not use any type of metal to fix it. The first record of a sailing ship is depicted on an
Egyptian pot dating back to 3200 B.C. One of the most notable advances in boat building
was the use of pieces of wood that fit together, and the use of ropes to join the parts
together. These boats were made from native or coniferous woods from Lebanon. Cedar
was important as a shipbuilding material. They also used sailboats with square sails [2].
Three types of boats for different purposes were made in ancient Egypt. Simple reed rafts
were mainly used for hunting in swamps. Eventually, stronger wooden boats were used
for long ocean excursions, as well as to transport stone blocks in the construction of
monuments such as the pyramids weighing many tons. For use in building their ocean-
going ships, the Egyptians imported cedar from coastal areas of Lebanon or Syria. The
third type of boat was made with papyrus. The boats were used for daily activities like
hunting or religious ceremonies. They were made from bundles of papyrus rushes joined
together. The Egyptian navy participated in the war and supported land forces during
times of empire expansion, such as against the Hittites. A combination of rudder, oars and
square sails made Egyptian warships highly maneuverable. Hull designs included raised
guns to defend against enemy archers, raised platforms to fire arrows, and front claws to
sink enemy ships. Egyptian sailors had to rely on the stars when penetrating the sea.
Around 2500 BC, Egyptian ships established trade between the mouth of the Nile River

2. 2
and the Land of Canaan, while the Sumerian civilization sailed between the Euphrates
and Tigris Rivers, leaving the Persian Gulf and establishing trade with India. In 800 BC
the Phoenicians established colonies in Spain and North Africa [2].
The use of sailing boats made it possible to navigate greater distances than those covered
by rowing boats. Galleys, initially powered by oars, gained a square sail on a single mast.
They could thus sail with the wind [4]. Guidance and navigation techniques by stargazing
were already common in early Christianity. These techniques were lost by Europeans
during the Middle Ages, but preserved by the Arab civilization and re-learned by the
Portuguese and Spanish in the Age of Discovery. The development of astronomy, of
spherical geometry by the Greeks and the demonstration of the sphericity of the Earth by
Eratosthenes, made possible the development of concepts of latitude and longitude. In the
early Middle Ages, ships became larger, sturdier and more ingenious. Navigation, in the
Middle Ages without the stimulus of commerce, evolved little. With the Renaissance,
which originated in the 14th century in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe and was in
force until the 16th century, and with the Commercial Revolution, which transferred the
old economic axis existing in the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean and
represented a great period of transformations that took place in Europe between the 16th
and 18th century, the golden age of sailing ships begins. The improvement of sailing ships
gave rise to caravels [5]. They were invented by the Portuguese around 600 years ago.
The caravels were more agile and faster vessels, and made it possible to carry out large
sea voyages. The Portuguese caravel is one of the first examples of a small but highly
reliable ship for ocean voyages, allowing the beginning of maritime expansion and the
discovery of the rest of the world by Europeans. It was aboard caravels that the voyages
of the discovery of America with Christopher Columbus took place, from Vasco da Gama
to the Indies and the discovery of Brazil by Pedro Álvares Cabral. With the invention of
the sailing boat and the use of wind power, it became possible to move people and goods
over ever greater distances [3]. The crossing of the Atlantic Ocean was only possible,
however, with the discovery of the North Atlantic and South Atlantic sea currents [20].
China was already a maritime power long before the Portuguese and Spanish explored
the oceans. The Chinese mastered the technique of navigation and shipbuilding [19]. Its
greatest exponent was Zheng He (1371-1433). In the period from 1405 to 1433, he sailed
seven times to Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean. His fleet was the largest in the world
at the time. It consisted of over 200 ships and around 27,800 sailors and soldiers. The
Chinese called them “treasure ships”. The ships used throughout the Indian Ocean, the
junks, retraced some of the same routes taken by Ibn Battuta (called the traveler of Islam
and the greatest traveler of pre-modern times). Marco Polo, also described Chinese junks
stating that they were mostly constructed of wood that is called spruce or pine and had a
floor, called a deck. On this deck there were usually 60 rooms or cabins, and in some
more and in others less, and four masts with sails, which often added two masts, which
were raised and stowed whenever they wished, with two sails, according to the weather.
. The School of Sagres in Portugal also developed, in the 15th century, the technology of
construction of caravels as well as the techniques of seamanship and navigation,
necessary for the great voyages of the discoveries [18]. With the advent of the steam
engine, ships no longer had to rely on wind and other weather conditions to make their
voyages.
The invention of the steamship
After the caravels came the first steam ships, which appeared about 200 years ago with
vessels using steam engines that were developed to move large ships. A steamship is a

3. 3
vessel powered by a steam engine. The operation of the steam engine is based on the
principle of steam expansion that, generating a decrease in temperature and internal
energy, this internal energy lost by the gas mass reappears in the form of mechanical
energy, by the force exerted against a piston. The burning of coal was used to promote
the expansion of water vapor until the beginning of the 20th century, when coal was
replaced by diesel oil. The first steamships allowed sea travel to become faster and foreign
trade to expand. They are typically characterized by having large chimneys. The spread
of the invention of the steam engine since James Watt, gave rise to the dream of moving
large ships without depending on the winds, which is usually associated with Robert
Fulton and his voyage on the Hudson River in 1807 [6]. Currently, diesel engines are used
on ships. Currently, cargo ships transport a large amount of the most varied products,
from perishable foods to automobiles, ores and oil.
There are also ocean liners that navigate the oceans and are intended to transport many
passengers. An ocean liner is a ship that can carry cargo or mail and be used for other
purposes (such as pleasure cruises, hospital ships, troop transport, etc.). Transatlantic
voyages began in the 19th century. Intercontinental trade over ever-increasing distances
also necessitated an improvement in travel. At the beginning of the 20th century, voyages
were already well developed and with this development came competition for naval
supremacy. Germans, British and French compete with each other in terms of speed,
luxury, size, and comfort. During the 1st and 2nd World War, ocean liners were used as
troop transports and hospital ships [7]
The invention of ships as weapons of war
Ships were and are also used as weapons of war. The same vessels used for transport by
primitive man such as ferries or canoes, made with animal skins, may have been used
during the tribal wars. The Carthaginians inherited their naval tradition from the
Phoenicians and imposed defeats on the Romans during the so-called Punic Wars (264
BC – 146 BC). Rome, a land power, takes war from land to sea, adopting the approach of
the enemy as a preferred tactic. Some Roman ships carried catapults on board [8].
Modernly, a warship is any type of vessel, river or sea, that can be used in combat. Usually
they belong to a country's armed forces. As civilizations developed, larger ships were
built and specialized warships emerged, distinct from those used for trade. The use of
muzzle-loading cannons, initially with stone bullets and later with metal and with the use
of gunpowder, gave a great stimulus to European expansion in the 15th century. Small
fleets, such as the Portuguese, can dominate the Indian Ocean, facing less developed local
sailboats. The improvement of these vessels, from the 16th to the 19th centuries, occurred
with the construction of ships with four or five masts armed with batteries of cannons on
the sides. Some of them had over a hundred cannons. The development of steam
propulsion, cannons capable of firing explosive grenades, and the construction of iron
and steel armor revolutionized naval warfare. The change takes place gradually. The first
iron-armored “battleships” are employed to attack strongholds in response to the
vulnerability of highly incendiary wooden ships [8].
The invention of the submarine
The invention of the submarine, a specialized vessel to operate underwater, gives a new
dimension to naval warfare. The submarine was first widely used in World War I and is
employed by all major navies today. Civilian submersible submarines are also used for
scientific purposes in both fresh and salt water to work at very great depths. In the 15th
century, the Italian genius Leonardo da Vinci, responsible for the creation of numerous

4. 4
inventions, developed the idea of an underwater ship, in addition to a series of other
projects for aquatic exploration. However, it was the English mathematician William
Bourne who was responsible for analyzing all the practical aspects of using a ballast tank
for submersion, paving the way for the creation of the first prototypes of a vessel capable
of operating underwater. Submarines use ballast tanks which are either open and
completely filled with water during submersion or completely filled with pressurized air
to surface. The first model in the history of the submarine was created in 1620 by
Dutchman Cornelis Drebbel. Between 1578 and 1801, several improvement projects were
carried out, such as the USS Turtle and Nautilus. Around 1890, with the creation of the
internal combustion engine and the improvement of electric motors, the submarine had a
dizzying advance. Submarines encompass a wide range of vessel sizes, from two-person
vessels to nuclear submarines. There are also submarines specializing in submarine rescue
and small submarines powered by one person. German submarines were used during both
world wars [9].
From 1955 onwards, the first nuclear submarines appeared, a reality that significantly
changed the way they functioned. If before they needed to return to the atmosphere
frequently, they would now be able to remain underwater for several years in a row. The
use of nuclear propulsion brings great advantages in these types of vessels as it allows the
submarine to remain fully submerged for long periods of time, which is not possible when
it is powered by the diesel-electric system due to the need for air or powered by electricity
because the batteries do not last long. There are more military submarines in operation
than civilian ones. Submarines are useful militarily because they are difficult to locate
and, when below the surface, they are difficult to destroy. A great deal of effort goes into
the design of a submarine to enable them to cross the water as silently as possible, so as
to avoid detection. Every submarine has positive buoyancy conditions, weighing less than
the water it displaces. To submerge hydrostatically, a ship must gain negative buoyancy,
either increasing its own weight or decreasing water displacement. To control their
weight, submarines are equipped with a ballast tank which can be filled with water or
emptied with pressurized air [17].
The invention of aircraft carriers
An aircraft carrier is a warship designed with the primary purpose of sending and
receiving aircraft operating as a military base on the high seas. With the invention of
airplanes, the possibility of them taking off and landing safely on boats was thought. In
1910, the first experimental take-off of an airplane took place from the deck of a vessel,
the American cruiser USS Birmingham, and the first landing took place in 1911. The first
time an airplane took off from a ship at sea was in 1912 using the English ship HMS
Hibernia. The first attack carried out from an aircraft carrier took place on July 19, 1918,
when seven aircraft took off from the American ship HMS Furious. During the 1920s,
several nations began to order and build warships designed to act as aircraft carriers. This
allowed the hull of these vessels to be specialized in this new role, resulting in ships
superior to those that were the result of conversions [10].
By the end of the 1930s, aircraft carriers were already capable of employing three types
of aircraft: torpedo bombers, bombers and fighters, which were mainly used for air
defense of the fleet and the escort of bombers. Because of the very little space available
on these aircraft carriers, the planes were small, often with folding wings, useful for
optimizing the use of space on the vessel. During World War II, these ships would become
the backbone of US, British and Japanese naval forces, giving rise to aircraft carrier
squadrons. Generally, the aircraft carrier allows the naval force to send air support

5. 5
anywhere in the world, without relying on local bases to prepare air operations. Currently,
any country that plans to exert some kind of strategic influence in the world needs an
aircraft carrier. Because they do not have the firepower of other warships, aircraft carriers
are considered quite vulnerable to direct attack from other vessels, aircraft or submarines.
Therefore, aircraft carriers are escorted by other ships whose mission is to protect them
[10].
The ships of the future
In the future, ships will benefit from increasingly sophisticated technologies. Smart ships
will become an integral part of the reality that surrounds us. Ships will have sophisticated
sonar to prevent collisions with icebergs or means that provide better energy use. Ships
like these will make better use of ocean currents and may even prevent further damage to
the ecosystem [16]. The naval industry has been studying innovations that will inevitably
place navigation on a more sustainable level. It is expected that in the next 10, 20 or 30
years, vessels powered by solar energy will appear, as there is a great advance in the
studies of this technology and its applicability on a large scale. There will even be the
civilian use of nuclear energy as a source of propulsion and smart ports [15].
New technologies can be added to port infrastructures, based on the concept of industry
4.0 in the automation and digitization of ports through robotics, big data, internet of things
(IoT), blockchain and artificial intelligence. The cargo ships will use batteries that will be
powered by solar and wind energy through agreements with companies operating close
to the ports where the boats will be moored. There they can be recharged and have their
batteries replaced. The cargo ships will be supplied by batteries that will be powered by
solar and wind energy through agreements with companies that operate close to the ports
where the boats will be moored [11].
In addition to autonomous cars, the turn of autonomous ships may come. A new
unmanned electric container ship is being built in Norway by two companies. The electric
freighter, for short sea shipping, will initially have a crew still present, but in 2022, the
ship will switch to autonomous operation (if it obtains the necessary authorizations). This
ship called “Tesla of the seas” will be steered from an onboard control center during the
first few voyages. Then it will be controlled autonomously via GPS. Possible collisions
will be avoided using a combination of sensors [12].
The first autonomous, all-electric cargo ship was built in Norway in 2021. The Yara
Birkeland will travel from Herøya to Brevik with just three remote control centers
overseeing the voyage. The Yara first developed the concept in 2017 and was planning
to set sail in 2020, but the COVID-19 pandemic delayed the trip. It's not the first
unmanned ship of any kind to venture out, but it is the first all-electric model. She is a
vessel with a top speed of 13 knots from her two 900 kW propulsion systems and it is
important to say that her giant 7 MWh battery will take some time to charge. However,
Yara will be worth it for the environmental gains [13].
Large ships burn heavy oil, a high sulfur fuel that produces a large amount of sulfur oxide
and nitrogen oxide compounds. The CO2 emission of a large ship is equivalent to more
than 83 thousand automobiles. As there are 100,000 ships,they pollute the equivalent of
830 million cars. To avoid this problem, global shipping company Maersk plans to install
“rotor sails” for its oil tankers as a way to reduce fuel costs and carbon emissions. The
company behind the technology, Norsepower, from Finland, says that this is the first
retrofit system for wind energy on a tanker [14].

6. 6
It is worth noting the great advances in the applicability of wind energy in ship propulsion.
Wind energy, with the installation of rotor sails, generates clean and renewable energy as
an auxiliary source of propulsion, bringing more sustainability to the naval sector in the
near future. Great advances in reducing fuel consumption are also achieved, thanks to
more efficient heat recovery systems, types of paintwork, and even profound changes in
the design of ships' hulls, all of which generate less greenhouse gas emissions into the
atmosphere.
There will be great expansion with the propulsion of ships by LNG (Liquefied Natural
Gas). Vessels that use this fossil fuel, one of the cleanest, are already a reality and its
applicability is increasing year after year. The use of LNG not only provides a reduction
in costs to the shipowner, mainly related to maintenance, but mainly environmental gain.
Compared to traditional engines, it represents a 99% reduction in sulfur dioxide, 85%
nitrogen dioxide and 20% carbon dioxide emissions. Advances in replacing heavy oil
with LNG in ship propulsion will make it possible to achieve the International Maritime
Organization (IMO) goal of a 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 [15].
One of the most sustainable technologies under study is that of freighters without ballast
tanks, which aim to provide stability to ships, avoiding the discharge of salt water ballast
that, when emptying it, can cause serious environmental impacts due to the insertion of
non-native microorganisms, such as , for example, outbreaks of cholera and the spread of
the golden mussel, which causes serious problems of encrustation in vessels, pipelines
and even hydroelectric plants. Regulations for the disposal of such waters have become
increasingly restrictive and, in a horizon of changes, vessels that use ballast tanks will be
penalized. It should be noted that ships currently use water in ballast tanks to maintain
stability, safety and operational efficiency, especially when the ship is not loaded. The
change in freighters without ballast tanks consists of replacing the ballast tanks with
structural longitudinal “tubes”, with inlet at the bow and discharge at the stern, which
create a constant flow of local salt water and promote the pressure necessary to generate
stability of the ship, according to the loaded cargo. The eventual implementation of such
technology in shipbuilding could bring positive impacts to the environment and to the
operational cost of the vessel, since a series of measures and equipment that are currently
used to mitigate the risks of dumping of microorganisms in other areas [15].
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* Fernando Alcoforado, 82, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System,
member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional
Development by the University of Barcelona, university professor and consultant in the areas of
strategic planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is author of the
books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem
Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os
condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de
Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora
Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos
na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social
Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG,
Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica,
Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate
ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores
Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no
Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba,
2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV,
Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017), Esquerda x Direita e a sua
convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018), Como inventar o futuro para mudar o
mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019) and A humanidade ameaçada e as estratégias para sua sobrevivência
(Editora Dialética, São Paulo, 2021) .