Wb swm psp- main report final

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ETHIOPIA
1
ABBREVIATIONSABBREVIATIONSABBREVIATIONSABBREVIATIONS
AA Addis Ababa
C&D Construction and Demolition (waste)
CMA Central Municipal Account
CRA Central Regional Account
CSA Central Statistical Authority
CSE Conservation Strategy for Ethiopia
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EPA The Environmental Protection Authority
EPB Environmental Protection Bureau
ERM Environmental Resources Management Limited
GTZ German Development agency
HSE Health, Safety and Environment
MEDAC Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation
MFA Ministry of Federal Affairs
MFI Micro Finance Institutions
MSW Municipal Solid Waste
MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management
NGO Non-Government Organisation
PR Public Relations
PSP Private Sector Participation
PPP Public Private Partnership
PWC PricewaterhouseCoopers
SBPDA Sanitation Beautification and Parks Development Agency
SWM Solid Waste Management
TOR Terms of Reference
USD United States Dollars ($)
WB World Bank

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1111 INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
1.11.11.11.1 BBBBACKGROUND TO THE PROACKGROUND TO THE PROACKGROUND TO THE PROACKGROUND TO THE PROJECT ANDJECT ANDJECT ANDJECT AND AAAAIM OF THISIM OF THISIM OF THISIM OF THIS RRRREPORTEPORTEPORTEPORT
This report is for the project: Regulatory and Institutional Reform in the
Municipal1
Solid Waste Management Sector, Ethiopia, which is for the
Federal Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) of Ethiopia
sponsored for by the World Bank (Contract Number 8001837).
The aim of this project is to improve the enabling environment for
private sector participation (PSP) in municipal SWM in Ethiopia.
This report presents a summary of the current SWM practices in
Ethiopia, and also contains an indicative waste inventory of selected
cities / towns in the country. Some socio-economic indicators for
Ethiopia are also listed.
The objective of the report is to identify sufficient information on
current practices in order to be able to develop the PSP strategy. The
report is therefore more of an overview of current practices rather than
a detailed review.
There is a strong commitment to the improvement of solid waste
management and the strengthening of PSP from the EPA and other key
stakeholders.
1.21.21.21.2 LLLLAYOUT OF THE REPORTAYOUT OF THE REPORTAYOUT OF THE REPORTAYOUT OF THE REPORT
The report is divided into seven sections:
• Section 2 provides an overview of the socio-economic situation
in Ethiopia and the regional administrative structure;
• Section 3 presents an overview of waste generation and current
practices in solid waste management (SWM), including an
indicative waste inventory of selected towns;
• Section 4 summarises the institutional frameworks relating to
SWM;
• Section 5 contains an overview of SWM / environmental
legislation;
(1) 1 Municipal Solid waste in the context of this project is: generally, non-hazardous solid waste generated from
households, commercial and business establishments, institutions and industry (non-process waste only). In this context,
municipal solid waste excludes domestic waste from sanitary facilities, i.e. sewage and human excreta.

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• Section 6 provides an overview of the financial and cost
recovery aspects of SWM in the country;
• Section 7 summarises the public awareness and community
relations activities in SWM;
• Section 8 provides a general overview of the key issues and
other activities related to the development of a framework for
PSP in SWM;
• Section 9 contains a list of the reference materials /working
meetings that have been used in producing this report.
Annexes:
The report is supported by the following annexes:
• Annex 1 – Socio-Economic Data;
• Annex 2 – Summary of Waste Management in Selected Regional
Cities of Ethiopia;
• Annex 3 – Typical example of Waste Pre-Collection Service
Agreements with customers;
• Annex 4 – Summary of Federal and Regional legislation relating
to SWM;
• Annex 5 – Glossary of Solid Waste Management Terms.

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2222 BACKGROUNDBACKGROUNDBACKGROUNDBACKGROUND
This section presents an overview of the socio-economic situation in
Ethiopia, and the regional administrative structure. Figure 2.1 contains
a map of Ethiopia and its Regions.
2.12.12.12.1 SSSSOCIOOCIOOCIOOCIO----EEEECONOMICCONOMICCONOMICCONOMIC BBBBACKGROUND ONACKGROUND ONACKGROUND ONACKGROUND ON EEEETHIOPIATHIOPIATHIOPIATHIOPIA
2.1.12.1.12.1.12.1.1 Overview of the Economy of EthiopiaOverview of the Economy of EthiopiaOverview of the Economy of EthiopiaOverview of the Economy of Ethiopia
Ethiopia is a developing country with a gross domestic product (GDP) of
USD 6 billion in 2002 and per capita average income of USD 100/year.
The economy of the country is dominated by agriculture. About 90% of
the population earn their living from the land, mainly as subsistence
farmers.
Agriculture is the backbone of the national economy and it accounts for
about 45% of Ethiopia’ s GDP. The principal exports from this sector
are coffee, oil seeds, vegetables, sugarcane, animal hoof, hides and
skin, and beeswax. Up to 60% of the country’ s foreign earnings come
from coffee. Another major export earner is the chat plant (an
evergreen shrub that produces a natural and mildly intoxicating
stimulant).
Other socio-economic indicators relating to Ethiopia are listed in Annex
1.
2.1.22.1.22.1.22.1.2 PopulationPopulationPopulationPopulation
The estimated population of Ethiopia in 2003 was over 69 million
persons of which 58 million (84%) live in rural areas and 11 million
(16%) live in urban areas. Of the total urban population, over 2.7
million (25%) live in Addis Ababa, the capital city.
Currently the country is divided into 11 Regions. Table 2.1 provides
information on the population in each region, as well as the number of
towns and cities. Table 2.2 provides data on the population of the
major cities of Ethiopia.

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Table 2.1Table 2.1Table 2.1Table 2.1 Total Population of the Regions of Ethiopia (2003)Total Population of the Regions of Ethiopia (2003)Total Population of the Regions of Ethiopia (2003)Total Population of the Regions of Ethiopia (2003) ((((1111))))
PopulationPopulationPopulationPopulationRegionRegionRegionRegion NumberNumberNumberNumber
of townsof townsof townsof towns
/ cities/ cities/ cities/ cities
MaleMaleMaleMale FemaleFemaleFemaleFemale TotalTotalTotalTotal
PopulationPopulationPopulationPopulation
PPPPopulationopulationopulationopulation
densitydensitydensitydensity
(persons /(persons /(persons /(persons /
sqKm)sqKm)sqKm)sqKm)
Tigray 74 1,972,000 2,034,000 4,006,000 -
Affar 28 726,000 575,000 1,301,000 -
Oromiya 375 12,174,000 12,221,000 24,395,000 69
Somali 69 2,157,000 1,845,000 4,002,000 -
Benishngul -
Gumuz
13 292,000 288,000 580,000 -
Southern N/N
& People
149 6,802,000 6,884,000 13,686,000 122
Gambella 7 116,000 112,000 228,000 8.8
Harari 1 90,000 88,000 178,000 572
Amhara 208 8,835,000 8,834,000 17,669,000 -
Addis Ababa 1 1,310,000 1,415,000 2,725,000 5140
Dire Dawa 2 179,000 178,000 357,000 294
TotalTotalTotalTotal 927927927927 34,653,00034,653,00034,653,00034,653,000 34,474,00034,474,00034,474,00034,474,000 69,127,00069,127,00069,127,00069,127,000
(1) Central Statistics Authority (CSA), Statistical Abstract Ethiopia,2002 - published March 2003: Figures are based on the
October 1994 National Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia, which have been projected to the period 1997 – 2003.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT BASELINE REVIEW OF SWM IN ETHIOPIA
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Figure 2.1 Map of Ethiopia iFigure 2.1 Map of Ethiopia iFigure 2.1 Map of Ethiopia iFigure 2.1 Map of Ethiopia illustrating the Regions and Zones (September 2003)llustrating the Regions and Zones (September 2003)llustrating the Regions and Zones (September 2003)llustrating the Regions and Zones (September 2003) ((((1111))))
(1) http://www.reliefweb.int/w/map.nsf/Country?OpenForm&Query=Af_Ethiopia

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Table 2.2Table 2.2Table 2.2Table 2.2 Population of the Main Cities of Ethiopia (2003)Population of the Main Cities of Ethiopia (2003)Population of the Main Cities of Ethiopia (2003)Population of the Main Cities of Ethiopia (2003) ((((1111))))
CityCityCityCity Total PopulationTotal PopulationTotal PopulationTotal Population NotesNotesNotesNotes
Mekele 147,858 Capital of Tigray Region
Ayisaita 20,197 Capital of Affar Region
Gondar 170,372 Capital of North Gondar Zone
Dessie 147,927 Capital of South Wello Zone
Bahir Dar 146,322 Capital of Amar Region
Debre Markos 74,875 Capital of East Gojam Zone
Nekemte 73,376 Capital of East Wellega Zone
Jimma 138,070 Capital of Jimma Zone
Ambo 42,911 Capital of West Shoa Zone
Nazreth 198,513 Capital of Oromiya
Debre Zeit 113,883 Capital of Aada Woreda
Shashemene 80,887 Capital of Shashemene
Asela 73,494 Capital of Tiyo Woreda
Zewaye 31,201 Capital of East Shoa Zone
Jigjiga 85,654 Capital of Somali Region
Asosa 17,616 Capital of Benishangul Region
Awasa 108,828 Capital of South People
Dilla 53,073 Capital of Wenago Woreda
Arba Minch 62,968 Capital of Arba Minch
Gambela 27,290 Capital of Gambela Region
Harari 109,000 Capital of Harari Region
Addis Ababa 2,725,000 Capital of the Country
Dire Dawa 248,434 Capital of Dire Dawa
A map of the main regional cities is shown in Figure 2.2 below.
(1) Central Statistics Authority (CSA), Statistical Abstract Ethiopia, March 2003.

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FigureFigureFigureFigure 2222.2.2.2.2 Map showing main regional cities of EthiopiaMap showing main regional cities of EthiopiaMap showing main regional cities of EthiopiaMap showing main regional cities of Ethiopia
2.1.32.1.32.1.32.1.3 IIIIndustry and Agriculturendustry and Agriculturendustry and Agriculturendustry and Agriculture
The most important industry sectors to Ethiopia are listed in Box 2.1.
The proportion of public and private sector owned enterprises varies
for the different sectors. Manufacturing accounts for about 5% of the
GDP.
Box 2.1Box 2.1Box 2.1Box 2.1 Main IMain IMain IMain Industry Sectors in Ethiopiandustry Sectors in Ethiopiandustry Sectors in Ethiopiandustry Sectors in Ethiopia
• Food and beverage
• Tobacco
• Textiles
• Leather
• Footwear
• Wood
• Furniture
• Paper and printing
• Chemicals
• Non-metal and metal
processing
• Other manufacturing
• Cement

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The food and beverage and textile manufacturing sectors are important
in terms of production volume; and the food, beverage and metal
manufacturing sectors are the most important in terms of contribution
to the gross value of production. Agriculture, services, construction,
mining and tourism are important sectors for the future economic
development of the country. The main products of mining are gold and
tantalum, where gold contributes the highest value of mineral
production
1
.
The agriculture sector, which includes crop production, animal
husbandry, livestock, forestry, fisheries, and apiculture, remains by far
the most important sector of the country. Agriculture generates about
90% of the export earnings and supplies around 70% of the raw material
requirement of agro-based domestic industries
2
. It is also the major
source of food for the population of the nation and hence a priority.
2.1.42.1.42.1.42.1.4 Infrastructure (Transport and Communications)Infrastructure (Transport and Communications)Infrastructure (Transport and Communications)Infrastructure (Transport and Communications)3333
Roads
There are about 4,100 kilometres of asphalt roads in Ethiopia with a
further 19,000 kilometres of gravel and dry-weather roads.
In 2002, the road density was just under 27 Km per 1000 sqKm, and
the national network covers just 35% of the country.
There is an ongoing major ‘ Road Sector Development Program’ ,
in partnership with 13 international developers and donors, with an
overall target implementation date of June 2007.
Railways
A 778-kilometre railway line links Addis Ababa with Djibouti and
carries both freight and passengers.
2.1.52.1.52.1.52.1.5 WelfareWelfareWelfareWelfare
Ethiopia gets the most relief aid and the least development aid of
any poor country in the world
4
.
The population is estimated to be increasing by about 2.7% each
year.
(1) 1 Central Statistics Authority (CSA), Statistical Abstract Ethiopia, March 2003
(2) 2 National Meteorological Service Agency (NMSA), Initial National Communication of Ethiopia to the UNFCCC, June 2001
(3) 3 www.ethiopar.net/English/basinfo/Baicifo.htm
(4) 4 BBC News – Ethiopia Fact File
(http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/l/hi/programmes/th..)

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2.22.22.22.2 OOOOVERVIEW OF LOCALVERVIEW OF LOCALVERVIEW OF LOCALVERVIEW OF LOCAL //// REGIONALREGIONALREGIONALREGIONAL SSSSTRUCTURES INTRUCTURES INTRUCTURES INTRUCTURES IN EEEETHIOPIATHIOPIATHIOPIATHIOPIA
There are 11 regions in Ethiopia (including Addis Ababa and the Dire
Dawa Provisional Administration). These regions report to the Ministry
of Federal Affairs (MFA) of the Federal Government (Figure 2.3).
Figure 2.3Figure 2.3Figure 2.3Figure 2.3 Regional AdministrationsRegional AdministrationsRegional AdministrationsRegional Administrations
The institutional structures are regularly changing in Ethiopia and Addis
Ababa. In Addis Ababa there are now 10 zones (sub-cities) and 203
Kebeles. Administratively, Kebele is the lowest organ with about 500 –
1000 houses (each house typically containing 5 – 8 people).
Figure 2.4Figure 2.4Figure 2.4Figure 2.4 Administration Structure in Addis AbabaAdministration Structure in Addis AbabaAdministration Structure in Addis AbabaAdministration Structure in Addis Ababa
Federal Government
Tigray Affar
Oromiya Somali
HarariGambella
Southern N/N & PeopleBenishngul Gumuz
Addis AbabaAmara
Dire Dawa
Addis Ababa
Municipality
10 Sub City
Administrations
203 Kebele
Administrations

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Key issues relating to the development of the PSP strategy
• A significant proportion of the Ethiopian population (about 84%) live
in rural areas – Any PSP approach for these areas will need to be
tailored to suit the specific characteristics of this group.
• The type of farming practices prevalent in the rural areas could
influence the selection of SWM disposal / management operations.
• The average income in Ethiopia is very low so the development of
SWM improvements and the PSP strategy will need to include detailed
analysis on affordability of options.
• The size and distribution of the towns and cities will influence the
scale and type of SWM infrastructure and there will be the need for
inter-municipal cooperation to maximise economies of scale on
projects and share experiences, lessons learned and appropriate
practices.

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3333 WASTE GENERATION ANDWASTE GENERATION ANDWASTE GENERATION ANDWASTE GENERATION AND CURRENT PRACCURRENT PRACCURRENT PRACCURRENT PRACTICES IN SOLID WASTETICES IN SOLID WASTETICES IN SOLID WASTETICES IN SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
This section of the report provides an overview of current waste
management practices in Ethiopia, and also contains an indicative waste
inventory of selected towns and cities. The needs for specific solid
waste management policies and an overall SWM improvement /
implementation strategy are also considered - these issues are
addressed in more detail in Section 4 of the report.
3.13.13.13.1 WWWWASTEASTEASTEASTE GGGGENERATIONENERATIONENERATIONENERATION
3.1.13.1.13.1.13.1.1 Waste FactorsWaste FactorsWaste FactorsWaste Factors
There is limited information available on waste quantities generated in
Ethiopia. A brief review and analysis of existing studies on waste
quantities is provided in Box 3.1.
Box 3.1Box 3.1Box 3.1Box 3.1 Review and Analysis of Existing Studies on Waste Generation in EthiopiaReview and Analysis of Existing Studies on Waste Generation in EthiopiaReview and Analysis of Existing Studies on Waste Generation in EthiopiaReview and Analysis of Existing Studies on Waste Generation in Ethiopia
NorConsult carried out the first main study on waste generation in Ethiopia in 1982 (1).
The results suggested that the per capita generation of solid waste was 0.15 kg per day
per person with a 1% annual growth rate and approximate waste density of 370 kg/m3
.
The second study was carried out by Louis Berger International (under a French
Mission) in 1986 and the result was a rate of 0.20 kg per day per person. The third
available study (2) was also carried out by Louis Berger International on solid waste
generation rates in 1994 and 1995. According to the 1994 study, the average per capita
generation of solid waste was 0.22 kg per day per person and the density about 336
kg/m3
. In the 1994 study, based on the income level, the unit of domestic waste
generation of per capita per day was 0.35 kg, 0.28 kg and 0.17 kg for high medium and
low-income groups respectively. The results of the 1995 study were 0.48 kg, 0.26 kg
and 0.24 kg, respectively.
Based on the only available study carried out to date, for Addis Ababa (the Louise
Berger study), the percentage composition by weight for combustible materials (leaves,
grass, etc) is estimated to be about 22%, for non-combustible (stone, etc) 3%, for fines
greater than 10mm size (food waste, straws, etc) 34%, for fines (ashes) less than 10
mm size 28% and for recyclable materials (paper, wood, metals, plastics, rubber, etc)
13%. The organic component of the solid waste of Addis Ababa constitutes about 66%
by weight.
Although there are limited reliable data on waste generation in Ethiopia,there are limited reliable data on waste generation in Ethiopia,there are limited reliable data on waste generation in Ethiopia,there are limited reliable data on waste generation in Ethiopia,
it is possible to estimate waste generatiit is possible to estimate waste generatiit is possible to estimate waste generatiit is possible to estimate waste generation to a sufficient level ofon to a sufficient level ofon to a sufficient level ofon to a sufficient level of
(1) NorConsult, Addis Ababa Solid Waste Management Comprehensive Study, 1982.
(2) Louis Berger International, Addis Ababa Municipal Solid Waste Management, 1994.

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reliability in order to inform the development of a strategy for enhancingreliability in order to inform the development of a strategy for enhancingreliability in order to inform the development of a strategy for enhancingreliability in order to inform the development of a strategy for enhancing
PSP in waste managementPSP in waste managementPSP in waste managementPSP in waste management. For example, standard waste factors
(kg/person/day) for urban and rural areas in African countries can be
combined with population data to estimate the potential range in waste
generation. (Typical estimates for urban solid waste generated in less
developed countries range from 0.2 kg to 0.8 kg per person per day
1
).
Table 3.1 provides a summary of the data on waste generation from the
studies described above. The estimated waste inventory for 2003 in
this report has been based on a range of 0.17 to 0.48 kg/person/day for
urban areas and 0.11 to 0.35 kg/person/day for rural areas.
Table 3.1Table 3.1Table 3.1Table 3.1 Summary of Data sets on Waste GeneratSummary of Data sets on Waste GeneratSummary of Data sets on Waste GeneratSummary of Data sets on Waste Generationionionion
Waste factorWaste factorWaste factorWaste factor ––––
UrbanUrbanUrbanUrban
Kg/person/dayKg/person/dayKg/person/dayKg/person/day
Waste factorWaste factorWaste factorWaste factor ––––
RuralRuralRuralRural
Kg/person/dayKg/person/dayKg/person/dayKg/person/day
Source / reference and notesSource / reference and notesSource / reference and notesSource / reference and notes
0.15 – 0.28 NorConsult 1982
Addis Ababa only
0.2 French Mission Study, 1986 for Addis
Ababa
0.11 Addis Ababa University Study, 1993 for
Addis Ababa
0.17 – 0.48 Louis Berger International 1994
Addis Ababa only
0.24 – 0.48 Louis Berger International 1995
Addis Ababa only
0.170.170.170.17 –––– 0.480.480.480.48 0.110.110.110.11 –––– 0.350.350.350.35 Waste factors assumed for the 2003Waste factors assumed for the 2003Waste factors assumed for the 2003Waste factors assumed for the 2003
waste inventorywaste inventorywaste inventorywaste inventory
There are significant uncertainties in the estimated waste factors, and
these are outlined in Box 3.2. Estimating a range of waste factors
rather than a single data point has helped to take account of these
uncertainties. The factors have also been compared with more recent
data from similar countries in northern and eastern Africa.
Box 3.2Box 3.2Box 3.2Box 3.2 Uncertainties in Waste FactorsUncertainties in Waste FactorsUncertainties in Waste FactorsUncertainties in Waste Factors
There are many sources of uncertainty related to the estimated waste factors,
including:
• Waste generation changes with time, particularly as a country develops and the
population shifts location.
• The waste factors are taken from old studies on Ethiopia that are out of date.
• There is limited information on the types of waste included in the waste factors
from the different studies.
1 H. Jumelet, IHE, DELFT, Haskoning Royal Dutch Consulting Engineers & Architects, May 1994

14
• There are often inconsistencies in the point of measurement of waste generation.
For example, in many rural areas much of the household waste is burned in
households, and the point of measurement could be before or after this stage.
• Measurements of waste generation needs to be undertaken over long time periods
in order to get a representative sample.
• There is no data on waste generation in rural areas for Ethiopia (outside Addis
Ababa).
• The waste factors have been compared to data for other countries in north and east
Africa, although these other countries are generally at different stages of
development than Ethiopia.
3.1.23.1.23.1.23.1.2 Estimated Waste Generation (Indicative Waste Inventory)Estimated Waste Generation (Indicative Waste Inventory)Estimated Waste Generation (Indicative Waste Inventory)Estimated Waste Generation (Indicative Waste Inventory)
The estimated waste factors have been multiplied by the population to
produce the estimated waste generation in Table 3.2 for regions, and
Table 3.3 for selected cities.
The total generation of MSW in Ethiopia in 2003 is estimated to be
between 2.8 and 8.8 million tonnes. This can be split to approximately
0.6 – 1.8 million tonnes from urban areas and 2.2 – 7.0 million tonnes
from rural areas.
The estimated generation of MSW in 2003 for Addis Ababa is between
170,000 and 475,000 tonnes.
Table 3.2Table 3.2Table 3.2Table 3.2 Estimated Waste Generation for Regions in Ethiopia for 2003Estimated Waste Generation for Regions in Ethiopia for 2003Estimated Waste Generation for Regions in Ethiopia for 2003Estimated Waste Generation for Regions in Ethiopia for 2003
RegionRegionRegionRegion Waste generationWaste generationWaste generationWaste generation ---- urbanurbanurbanurban Waste generationWaste generationWaste generationWaste generation ---- ruralruralruralrural Waste generationWaste generationWaste generationWaste generation ---- totaltotaltotaltotal
tonnes/yeartonnes/yeartonnes/yeartonnes/year tonnes/yeartonnes/yeartonnes/yeartonnes/year tonnes/yeartonnes/yeartonnes/yeartonnes/year tonnes/yeartonnes/yeartonnes/yeartonnes/year tonnes/yeartonnes/yeartonnes/yeartonnes/year tonnes/yeartonnes/yeartonnes/yeartonnes/year
MinMinMinMin MaxMaxMaxMax minminminmin maxmaxmaxmax minminminmin maxmaxmaxmax
Tigray 44242 124918 132214 420681 176456 545598
Affar 6950 19622 47738 151895 54688 171517
Amara 119136 336384 632322 2011935 751458 2348319
Oromiya 189811 535937 856640 2725674 1046451 3261611
Somali 39836 112478 134904 429240 174740 541718
Benishangul 3351 9461 21119 67197 24470 76657
SNNPR 68813 194297 504967 1606712 573780 1801009
Gambella 2544 7183 7508 23889 10052 31072
Harari 6763 19097 2770 8815 9534 27912
Addis Ababa 169086 477420 0 0 169086 477420
Dire Dawa 16195 45727 3854 12264 20049 57991
TotalTotalTotalTotal 622486622486622486622486 1757606175760617576061757606 2211823221182322118232211823 7037620703762070376207037620 2834309283430928343092834309 8795226879522687952268795226
Note – the precision of the numbers in this table should not be taken as an indication of their accuracy. The numbers have not
been rounded in the table to a more appropriate figure to ensure that the columns add to the total.
Although there are major uncertainties, the estimates of MSW generation
from the regions and selected cities provide an inventory that has
sufficient accuracy to inform the development of a strategy for private
sector participation. However, further work is essential to improve thefurther work is essential to improve thefurther work is essential to improve thefurther work is essential to improve the
inventory if it is to be used for more detailed planning purposesinventory if it is to be used for more detailed planning purposesinventory if it is to be used for more detailed planning purposesinventory if it is to be used for more detailed planning purposes.

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The solid waste generation in Addis Ababa is expected to increase by at
least 30% by the year 2010. Wastes from households will make up a large
proportion of this due to the rapid increase of population in the city.
Solid waste generation in other capital cities of regions and zones is also
expected to increase with the rapid increase of their population and fast
expansion of their urban settlements. The agricultural extension package
that brings some improvements in the standards of living of rural Ethiopia
is also expected to contribute to the increase of waste generation.
The strategy for private sector participation should take into account the
projected increases in waste generation.
Table 3.3Table 3.3Table 3.3Table 3.3 Estimated Waste Generation for Selected Cities in Ethiopia for 2003Estimated Waste Generation for Selected Cities in Ethiopia for 2003Estimated Waste Generation for Selected Cities in Ethiopia for 2003Estimated Waste Generation for Selected Cities in Ethiopia for 2003
RegionRegionRegionRegion Selected Major CitiesSelected Major CitiesSelected Major CitiesSelected Major Cities Waste generationWaste generationWaste generationWaste generation ---- selected citiesselected citiesselected citiesselected cities
tonnes/yeartonnes/yeartonnes/yeartonnes/year tonnes/yeartonnes/yeartonnes/yeartonnes/year
minminminmin maxmaxmaxmax
Tigray
Axum 2544 7183
Adigrat 3537 9986
Mekele 9183 25930
Affar
Ayisaita 1241 3504
Dubti 807 2278
Amara
Kombolcha 3723 10512
Gondar 10549 29784
Dessie 9183 25930
Bhir Dar 9059 25579
Debre Brhan 3661 10337
Oromiya
Jimma 8563 24178
Nazreth 12348 34865
Shashemene 5026 14191
Asela 4530 12790
Nekemte 4530 12790
Goba 2730 7709
Zewaye 1936 5466
Ambo 2668 7534
Somali
Jijiga 5336 15067
Gode 2730 7709
Benishangul
Assosa 1117 3154
SNNPR
Hosaena 3103 8760
Dilla 3289 9286
Sodo 3537 9986

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Arba Minch 3909 11038
Awasa 6763 19097
Gambella
Gembella 1675 4730
Harari
Harar 6763 19097
Addis Ababa
Addis Ababa 169086 477420
Dire Dawa
Dire Dawa 15388 43450
Note – the precision of the numbers in this table should not be taken as an indication of their
accuracy.

17
3.23.23.23.2 WWWWASTEASTEASTEASTE CCCCOOOOLLECTION ANDLLECTION ANDLLECTION ANDLLECTION AND TTTTRANSPORTRANSPORTRANSPORTRANSPORT
3.2.13.2.13.2.13.2.1 Overview of Waste Collection PracticesOverview of Waste Collection PracticesOverview of Waste Collection PracticesOverview of Waste Collection Practices
Figure 3.1 illustrates the flow of household waste to the municipal
dumpsite. Residents have been traditionally required to deposit their
waste in large containers, which are collected by the municipal trucks
operated by the sub-city. These containers serve as mini transfer
stations and are located at communal points.
Figure 3.1Figure 3.1Figure 3.1Figure 3.1 Household Waste FlowsHousehold Waste FlowsHousehold Waste FlowsHousehold Waste Flows
Over the last 5 years, many micro-enterprises have been set up to
carry out waste prepreprepre----collection servicescollection servicescollection servicescollection services, receiving payments from
households to collect waste and transport it to the municipal waste
containers. These micro-enterprises have taken the initiative to start
these services, recognising the previous shortfall in this step of the
system. There are clear successes in this part of the system and itclear successes in this part of the system and itclear successes in this part of the system and itclear successes in this part of the system and it
represents a good starting point for building private sector participationrepresents a good starting point for building private sector participationrepresents a good starting point for building private sector participationrepresents a good starting point for building private sector participation
and realising the associated benefits.
The micro-enterprises collect waste from houses using a variety of
transport methods ranging from wheelbarrow to donkey and cart,
tractor and trailer to a waste collection truck. Some of the more basic
forms of transport are more appropriate for the many streets of Addis
Ababa that have difficulty in terms of accessibility (particularly in the
rainy season). Many of the micro-enterprises provide bags, buckets or
other containers to households for waste storage (e.g. 25-30 litres
capacity).
Most of these micro-enterprises are very small in scale and only
transport waste to the municipal containers. These smaller companies
obtain their licence from the Sub-City Administrations. A few of these
companies own larger transport vehicles and are allowed to transport
the waste to the dumpsite. These companies obtain their licence from
the Sanitation, Beautification and Parks Development Agency.
However, the activities of these micromicromicromicro----enterprises have not beenenterprises have not beenenterprises have not beenenterprises have not been
organised and monitored by the Suborganised and monitored by the Suborganised and monitored by the Suborganised and monitored by the Sub----city administrations in sufficientcity administrations in sufficientcity administrations in sufficientcity administrations in sufficient
detaildetaildetaildetail, and, as the number of start-up companies increases and the
competition for collection of waste from households intensifies, the
system is starting to show signs of inefficiencies and there is a strong
need for improved control.
Households Municipal Waste
Containers/ Skips
Municipal Dump
Site

18
There is a shortfall in collection points / containers in the sub-cites,
and therefore these containers often overflow with waste, which limits
the activities of pre-collection companies. The containers / skips are
generally metal and most are 8m
3
in size. There are also a few 1.1m
3
containers. In Addis Ababa, it is estimated that there are a total of 512
x 8m
3
size and about 500 x 1.1m
3
size containers.
Some of the municipal collection services are inefficientmunicipal collection services are inefficientmunicipal collection services are inefficientmunicipal collection services are inefficient due to the lack
of resources. The collection from containers and transport to the
dumpsite is operated by the Sub-city Administrations. This lack of
resources is resulting in a shortfall of vehicles available for collection,
mainly because of the lack of ability to buy spare parts and a shortage
in the number of vehicles. This is another reason why many of the
containers / skips are over-flowing. The skips are emptied at an
average of one to three times per day in highly populated and high
waste generation areas, but on average containers are expected to be
emptied once every 3-4 days. The door-to-door collection service is
carried out once or twice in a week. The coverage of waste collection
services is estimated at 50-60% of the total waste generated in
different cities. It is reported that an estimated 65% of waste is
collected in Addis Ababa.
Although the paragraphs above describe the typical practices for
collection, there are some other practices. For example in a few areas
compactor trucks operate, involving residents bringing out their waste
to the truck at specific times.
Overview of waste collection practices in regional areas
In many of the cities in Ethiopia the Municipality is responsible for
waste collection. The Municipality owns waste skips and containers
with a capacity of 4 m
3
, which are located at various points in the city.
The main container location points are roadsides, open spaces and
market places. The Municipality vehicles collect the waste at irregular
intervals.
There is a wide variation in performance in relation to waste collection
in cities of Ethiopia. In many cities there are not enough skips to cover
the population and vehicles are typically poorly maintained and out of
service for long periods of time. An integrated urban-rural
development study undertaken by NUPI et al in 1988 showed that
among 11 project towns (Addis Ababa, Akaki, Assela, Ambo, Arssi
negele, Goba, Mizan Teferi, Robe, Woliso, Ziway, Shashemene), only
Addis Ababa had a centralized waste disposal system. This study also

19
revealed that most of the towns do not have waste collection trucks.
Four of the municipalities assigned other vehicles to collect waste once
or twice a week. Among those who provide a service, the coverage is
very low, usually being limited to street sweeping and market cleaning.
For example, in the city of Jimma collection covers only about 16% of
the population. The main problems are poor micro-routing for
collection, lack of equipment and personnel, lack of budget, and poor
disposal site selection.
BoxBoxBoxBox 3333.3.3.3.3 Case Studies on waste collection practices in regional areasCase Studies on waste collection practices in regional areasCase Studies on waste collection practices in regional areasCase Studies on waste collection practices in regional areas
DireDireDireDire Dawa Administrative CouncilDawa Administrative CouncilDawa Administrative CouncilDawa Administrative Council
Dire Dawa is located in the east of Ethiopia and has an estimated population of over
350,000. The Health Office is responsible for solid waste management in Dire Dawa
(DD). There are 137 street cleaners and one sanitarian involved in the delivery of
services. There are also 4 sanitary guards who supervise operations.
There are two main types of collections systems:
(a) 8m3
skips (about 84 in total), are located in communal areas – these are picked up
by the Council and emptied at the dump site. A few smaller skips (6m3
) are also used in
more congested areas, where there is limited space. The Council has 3 skip lift trucks
for emptying the skips.
(b) Waste is also collected directly from households by a side loader truck. The Council
has one truck for this purpose (about 8 years old), which travels to all Kebeles
periodically.
Nazreth Waste Management and Greenery DepartmentNazreth Waste Management and Greenery DepartmentNazreth Waste Management and Greenery DepartmentNazreth Waste Management and Greenery Department
Nazreth is a regional town about 100 Km to the south-east of Addis Ababa, with a
population of about 200,000 people. The Environmental Health Department is
responsible for SWM in Nazreth. Waste collection is by means of skips / containers
located at communal points. The Department has a total of about 30 skips / containers,
of which only about 15 are in service. The remainder of the skips are not being used
due to a lack of collection vehicles.
The Department has 3 dump trucks which are almost always out of service due to their
age (over 20 years old) and lack of repair and maintenance. Only one container loading
vehicle / skip lift truck (about 3 years old) is currently available to service the waste
collection containers. The vehicle is only able to service about 7 skips a day.
Dukem Woreda TownDukem Woreda TownDukem Woreda TownDukem Woreda Town –––– Health and Social Services DepartmentHealth and Social Services DepartmentHealth and Social Services DepartmentHealth and Social Services Department
Dukem is a small rural town in Akaki Woreda of the Oromiya region. The town has a
population of about 10,000 people. The Health & Social Services Department performs
the SWM functions in the town. It employs 10 temporary staff who use push-carts
(wheel barrows) to collect waste from households along the main streets. The waste
collected is deposited in open dumps on the outskirts of the town.

20

21
FigureFigureFigureFigure 3333.2.2.2.2 Waste Collection SkipsWaste Collection SkipsWaste Collection SkipsWaste Collection Skips ---- Nazreth Town CentreNazreth Town CentreNazreth Town CentreNazreth Town Centre
FigureFigureFigureFigure 3333.3.3.3.3 Skip lift trucksSkip lift trucksSkip lift trucksSkip lift trucks ---- Dire DawaDire DawaDire DawaDire Dawa

22
Table 3.4 provides an indication of the number of waste trucks used in
Addis Ababa and their state of repair. Waste collection and transport
are carried out in Addis Ababa by three types of truck. The door-to-
door collection and transport service is provided by side loader dump
trucks, and the communal (container) service is provided by detachable
container lift and empty trucks. In most other regional/capital cities
waste collection and transport are carried out by container lifter and
simple dump trucks for communal (container) and door-to-door
services.
Although there is a centralised vehicle parking and garaging service for
the repair and maintenance of the vehicle fleet in Addis Ababa, the
services provided are not very efficient. Each Sub-city tends to use the
garages provided by supplier companies for regular repair and
maintenance. The central facility tends to be used mainly for refuelling.
Table 3.4Table 3.4Table 3.4Table 3.4 Addis Ababa SW Collection Truck InventoryAddis Ababa SW Collection Truck InventoryAddis Ababa SW Collection Truck InventoryAddis Ababa SW Collection Truck Inventory
Truck Service YTruck Service YTruck Service YTruck Service Year/Ageear/Ageear/Ageear/Age QuantityQuantityQuantityQuantity Year ofYear ofYear ofYear of
manufacturemanufacturemanufacturemanufacture
AvailabilityAvailabilityAvailabilityAvailability
Rate (%)Rate (%)Rate (%)Rate (%)
<6 years old:
• 1.1m3 container emptier
(Renault)
10 1999 70
• Route packer(Iveco) 5 1999 70
6-12 years old:
8m3 container lifter (Volvo) 28 1994 40
8m3 container lifter (Nissan) 10 1996 60
Side loader (Nissan) 16 1996 60
Compactor (Hino) 10 1996 60
FigureFigureFigureFigure 3333.4.4.4.4 Waste Collection VehicleWaste Collection VehicleWaste Collection VehicleWaste Collection Vehicle ---- Addis AbabaAddis AbabaAddis AbabaAddis Ababa (showing uncovered skip load being
transported to the dumpsite, resulting in spillages during the transfer journey).

23
IllegIllegIllegIllegal dumpingal dumpingal dumpingal dumping of waste is a significant problem in some areas of Addis
Ababa, particularly at riverbanks, although this problem is a lot worse in
cities in many other countries. The source of illegal dumping is likely
to include some of the uncontrolled pre-collection companies. In
addition several commercial and industrial enterprises are likely to be
illegally dumping, rather than taking their own waste to the dumpsite
and paying tipping fees or paying extra for the municipal collection
service.
LitteringLitteringLitteringLittering is a problem in some areas of the city, although the centre of
Addis Ababa is relatively clean with respect to litter.
There is a significant lack of available data on waste generationavailable data on waste generationavailable data on waste generationavailable data on waste generation,
numbers of pre-collection companies, waste flows, etc. However, the
new reporting guidelines developed by the Sanitation, Beautification and
Parks Development Agency of the Addis Ababa Municipality,
implemented through the Sub-city Administrations, is likely to generate
much improved data over the next year.
Health and safety procedures and practices are weak with respect to
protection of workers from health impacts. Basic personnel protective
equipment, such as protective gloves, is needed, especially for
dumpsite operators and street cleaners.
The main source of waste in streets is littering in the open spaces and
roads. The number of litter bins in the streets of Addis Ababa and other
cities are not sufficient. There are about 150 bins (of 20-40 litre size)
in a few streets of Addis Ababa. Most of the litter bins are old and in
need of repair.
There are no waste collection & transport operational procedures and
there is limited direct monitoring and enforcement of waste collection
and transport practice in the country by regulatory bodies like the
Federal & Regional Offices of the EPA. Quite often, inspection of waste
operators is only carried out after illegal dumping has been reported.

24
FigureFigureFigureFigure 3333.5.5.5.5 Street LitterStreet LitterStreet LitterStreet Litter ---- Addis AbabaAddis AbabaAddis AbabaAddis Ababa
Box 3.4Box 3.4Box 3.4Box 3.4 Examples of planned MSWM improvements in RegionalExamples of planned MSWM improvements in RegionalExamples of planned MSWM improvements in RegionalExamples of planned MSWM improvements in Regional areasareasareasareas
In the city of Adama (Nazreth), the Municipality is trying to increase the collection
coverage by implementing the following measures:
• Introduction of private sector participation into pre-collection;
• Improving the accessibility to and fencing of the disposal site;
• Organizing workshops to raise public awareness on SWM;
• Conducting exposure visits and experience sharing with Addis Ababa city, as part
of the sector reform program.
(The cities of Bahir Dar and Dire Dawa are also considering the introduction of PSP into
pre-collection activities).
Jimma and Gondar towns are also carrying out similar activities. For instance, the
mayor of Jimma Town has invited professionals at the school of Environmental Health
of Jimma University to carry out a study on sanitation facilities, solid waste being the
major component. A new disposal site has been selected and the municipality has just
bought an additional refuse collection truck.

25
3.2.23.2.23.2.23.2.2 Organisations involved in Waste CollectionOrganisations involved in Waste CollectionOrganisations involved in Waste CollectionOrganisations involved in Waste Collection
Pre-collection Companies
There are estimated to be about 75 small scale pre-collector companies
operating in Addis Ababa collecting solid waste from households and
from institutions including offices, restaurants, hotels, etc, within a
residential area.
Most pre-collector companies dump or store wastes that they collect
from households and institutions in 8m
3
municipal skips. In Addis
Ababa, only one micro-enterprise has its own truck(s) for direct
transport and disposal at the dumpsite – see Figure 3.6 below. Four
other enterprises transport waste to the dumpsite using rental trucks.
Disposal at the dump is free and the only reason micro-enterprises
engage in this transport activity is to avoid waiting for the municipal
skips to be emptied. (There are no similar waste transfer practices by
micro-enterprises in other regional cities of Ethiopia).
Most pre-collectors employ persons that might otherwise be
unemployed, and each enterprise averages about 20 employees for
waste collection. Pre-collectors have very small catchment areas and
provide waste collection services in a very limited capacity in Addis
Ababa City. Their contribution to the total waste collection is estimated
to be less than 5%. Few pre-collectors have a capacity to expand their
service. In many cases, their operations are inefficient as they collect
waste from a small proportion of houses in different streets.
There are currently two pre-collection companies operating in Nazreth,
each charging householders about 10 Birr/month (about 1.2 USD).
Table 3.5 gives a case study on two pre-collection companies (one of
which is relatively large).

26
Table 3.5Table 3.5Table 3.5Table 3.5 Case studies / profiles of existing PreCase studies / profiles of existing PreCase studies / profiles of existing PreCase studies / profiles of existing Pre----Collector companiesCollector companiesCollector companiesCollector companies
Dynamic Youth Enterprises (DYE)Dynamic Youth Enterprises (DYE)Dynamic Youth Enterprises (DYE)Dynamic Youth Enterprises (DYE) Dolphin ServicesDolphin ServicesDolphin ServicesDolphin Services
Summary
overview
Local micro-enterprise company, which started operations
in 1998. The company was founded by Ms. Eden Melke
Beka, initially with the primary objectives of providing
employment for street children and youth and also to fill the
gap in the provision of solid waste collection services. (The
main employees are aged between 15 and 25 and priority is
given to individuals who live in the project / operations
area).
Commenced operations with 6 staff, 14 clients and a rental
vehicle.
Local micro-enterprise company which started
operations in about 1999, providing door-to-door
collection of household waste.
Self-sufficient and profitable but not highly
lucrative.
Overview of
operations
Door-to-door collection of waste from households and
businesses; transfer to municipal skips/dump site.
The company also carries out open-windrow composting
and is in the process of developing a composting / digester
facility.
Door-to door collection of waste from households.
Also provide extra/ additional collections from
houses (e.g. after a party) for an additional fee.
Method of
operations
Collects waste in push-cart and skips (for businesses – 1.1,
4.0 and 8.0 m3
capacity). Households are issued with orange
straw sacks / bags for storing waste – the bag is emptied
directly into the pushcart, and reused several times before
being changed. The pushcarts take the collected waste to a
truck for onward transfer to the dumpsite – the use of the
municipality’ s containers / skips is being phased out.
The enterprise has a pilot project in 1 kebele – black sacks
for organic waste and red sacks for recyclables (plastics –
sold at 4.5 Birr /kg to factory for reuse, bottles)
Collects waste in push-cart and donkey carts.
Households are issued with 25 litre plastic
containers for storage of waste - the container is
emptied directly into the pushcart, and reused
several times before being changed. The pushcarts
take the collected waste to a skip provided by the
municipality, from where the waste is transferred
to the dumpsite.
Equipment 28 Pushcarts (3 operatives per cart), 3 trucks (2 x. 21m3
compactor trucks, one that can service 1.1 & 5m3 skips).
Vehicles were bought second-hand and have been in
operation for about 2 years.
8 small pushcarts (wheelbarrows – purchased from
the market) and 1 donkey.
Frequency
of collection
2 – 7 times a week 3 times a week.
Capacity
(Employees
/ offices)
Main office building with several rooms, computing facilities,
telephone, backyard composting and space for storage of
pushcarts. Depot for trucks.
84 field staff and 5 office based staff.
2 small satellite offices (makeshift huts), built on
land provided by the Municipality / sub-city.
Manager’ s Mobile Phone.
15 field staff and 3 office based staff.
Fees /
charges
5 – 20 Birr /house/ month for households, depending on
perceived affordability.
25– 30 Birr/m3 for businesses/organisations with skips.
10 Birr / house /month
Fee
collection
Door-to-door cash payments with > 90% of clients paying
regularly. Some business clients pay directly into the
company’ s bank account.
Door-to-door cash payments with > 90% of clients
paying regularly.
Other
income
sources /
support
Income from sale of compost (compost is sold to clients for
1 Birr/kg, in 25Kg sacks).
CRDA (an Ethiopian NGO) provided support for the purchase
of one truck. One of the other vehicles was also purchased
with support from the Finland Govt.
None, except land for offices provided by the
municipality.
Contracts /
Agreements
One year renewable agreements with businesses and
households. (See example in Annex 3)
Simple annual agreements with households.
Areas of
operation
Bole (6 kebeles), Vatican, Kirkos (3 kebeles) sub-cities. The
company has about 95% coverage in 3 kebeles in the
affluent area on Bole Sub-city.
Bole sub-city: 500 houses (2 skips x 8m3 emptied
twice a week by the municipality) – 4 pushcarts
and 1 donkey.
Lafto sub-city: 200 houses (4 push carts)
Data
collection
and
reporting
Computer database to monitor and record quantities of
waste and fees collected.
A book register is filled in daily by hand to record
quantities of waste and fees collected.
Problems
and
challenges
Lack of integration with services provided by SBPDA (i.e.
there are several overlaps) – in some areas the vehicles
are under-utilised.
Unable to meet demand for service in all areas.
Lack of land to expand composting activities.
Competition with other companies in the same area
offering their services – undercutting.
Skips not emptied quickly by the municipality thus
limiting ability to collect from households.
No running water source to wash /clean out carts
– water is purchased from vendors (very
expensive).

27
Sub-city does not have enough resources for
effective monitoring, illegal dumping is therefore
widespread.
Provides good service and contributes to
employment – would therefore like credit
assistance (micro-finance).
Would welcome assistance to purchase trucks.
Future plans Would like to expand and replicate the service
elsewhere
Other points Does not pay business tax as < 300/Birr month
threshold.
FigureFigureFigureFigure 3333.6.6.6.6 Dynamic YouthDynamic YouthDynamic YouthDynamic Youth EnterprisesEnterprisesEnterprisesEnterprises ---- Waste Collection TrucksWaste Collection TrucksWaste Collection TrucksWaste Collection Trucks
FigureFigureFigureFigure 3333.7.7.7.7 Dolphin Services: Solid Waste PreDolphin Services: Solid Waste PreDolphin Services: Solid Waste PreDolphin Services: Solid Waste Pre----collection pullcollection pullcollection pullcollection pull----cartcartcartcart

28
Future plans for extending pre-collection service provision by micro-
enterprise companies
In Dire Dawa, pilot trials have recently been carried out on using small
enterprises for pre-collection of solid waste. This was funded and
supported by the Ethiopian Social Rehabilitation and Development Fund,
and indicated a willingness to pay for the services at an estimated tariff
of 2 Birr /month or household and 10 Birr /month for businesses. The
Health Office of Dire Dawa Administrative Council has since prepared a
project proposal on the provision of pre-collection services by small
scale micro-enterprises. The intention is to pilot the system in two
kebeles initially, before replicating the service in the remaining 23
kebeles. The strategy is based on the creation of self-help community
based enterprises that would create employment and also relieve the
burden on the municipality for the delivery of adequate services. The
proposal document is now being circulated to potential sponsoring
organisations for support.
In Dukem Woreda town (located in the Akaki Wored of the Oromiya
Region), the Health and Social Services Department is trying to
organise about 56 unemployed “ street children / youth” into pre-
collection micro-enterprises. Six pushcarts have been purchased so far,
and it is expected that some basic training in business operations will
be provided by the Federal Government’ s Small Scale Business
Agency. The fees for the services that will be provided are expected to
be about 2-3 Birr/month for households and about 10 Birr/month for
businesses (i.e. hotels, etc).
Municipal Collection and Transport
Sub-city Administrations of Addis Ababa each have a unit in charge of
waste collection, transport, and street sweeping. These have an
average 150 employees for waste operation in the field including street
sweeping. (1)
The Addis Ababa Sanitation Beautification and Park Development
Agency is responsible for waste management in the city and is trying to
register and monitor enterprises participating in waste collection
services. Other cities /towns of regional states have a unit in charge of
solid waste management under the Municipality, but most have no pre-
collectors or private waste management companies.
(1) Sanitation, Beautification & Park Development Agency, Addis Ababa, Reports, 2003.

29
Several NGOs are also participating in practices that will help to raise
community awareness to facilitate proper waste handling at the point of
source.
Future Plans in Organising Waste Collection and Transport
The Sanitation, Beautification and Parks Development Agency state that
they are regularly approached by private companies that are hoping to
expand their operations into waste management. The Agency is
currently planning to engage the private sector in as much of its
operational remit as possible. This has indirectly been started through
the increase in participation of the private sector over the last five
years in pre-collection (although pre-collection is not strictly part of
the Agency’ s operational remit, as a waste management activity it
does come under the authority of the Agency). The Agency intends to
encourage the direct provision of services by the private sector, so that
it can focus more on management and monitoring activities. The lack of
resources at the Agency, (i.e. financial resources and manpower) is one
of the key problems at present and this is the main reason why it is
encouraging PSP. The Agency is, however, working hard to strengthen
the capacity of its resources through training and capacity building, as
well as raising awareness in the Municipality of the need for increased
budgets.
There is potential for pre-collection companies to combine and form
larger enterprises. It is reported that about 45 pre-collection
companies have formed a union recently, so that practices are improved
as well as communication.
The Agency recognises that the pre-collection system is currently
successful, although it should be better organised and controlled. It has
been decided that future plans should build on the pre-collection
system. The pre-collection companies have a significant role to play in
the reduction of unemployment in Addis Ababa – something that is a
high priority for the Municipality.
The Sanitation, Beautification and Parks Development Agency has re-
categorised the pre-collectors into 3 levels of business:
• Small - the small pre-collectors that take waste from households to
municipal containers (licensed by the Sub-city Administrations);
• Medium – the pre-collection companies that also have one vehicle
that they use to take waste to the dump site (licensed by the
Agency);

30
• Large – the pre-collection companies that also have several
vehicles that they use to take waste to the dump site (licensed by
the Agency).
The Agency hopes that this categorisation will encourage the pre-
collection companies to aim to move up a level and expand their
services, potentially collecting more revenues.
The plans that the Agency is currently finalising are positive in terms of
cost-effective actions, some of which are already being implemented.
However, it should be noted that encouraging PSP does not obviate the
need for the Agency to have access to resources – if it is responsible
for the private sector contractor, including payment of the contract,
then it will need the financial resources to do this. An important aspect
of involving the private sector is that it reveals the full costs of the
operations being undertaken. As these will often be higher than existing
perceived costs, the government or its agency will be forced into
generating additional revenue with which to finance the contract.

31
3.2.33.2.33.2.33.2.3 Contracts and Arrangements for Waste CollectionContracts and Arrangements for Waste CollectionContracts and Arrangements for Waste CollectionContracts and Arrangements for Waste Collection
The 10 Sub-city Administrations of Addis Ababa are responsible for
waste collection in their area. Although there are no formal contracts
with the pre-collection companies, they are required to obtain a licence
from the Sub-city Administration (larger companies are issued a licence
by the Sanitation, Beautification and Parks Development Agency). The
companies now have to renew their licence each year under a wide
range of new plans being introduced by the Sanitation, Beautification
and Parks Development Agency. These plans include an increase in the
reporting requirements of the pre-collection companies through the
Sub-city Administrations, and improved communication with the
companies.
All pre-collection micro enterprises are now reporting on a monthly
basis to the Sub-city Administration’ s Sanitation & Beautification
Units. More details on reporting are provided in Section 4 of this
report.
3.33.33.33.3 WWWWASTEASTEASTEASTE RRRREEEE----UUUUSESESESE,,,, RRRRECYCLING ANDECYCLING ANDECYCLING ANDECYCLING AND CCCCOMPOSTINGOMPOSTINGOMPOSTINGOMPOSTING
The extensive nature of agricultural farming across Ethiopia presents
significant market opportunities for composting of organic waste.
Based on the 1994/95 study
1
of the total waste generated in the Addis
Ababa City, about 60-70% is estimated to be organic. Several
composting initiatives have been initiated in Addis Ababa - for example,
the Municipality has provided land for the pre-collection micro-
enterprises, Dynamic Youth Enterprises, to carry out composting
activities.
The operators of the composting facility are now in the process of
developing sample products, which will undergo market testing in Addis
Ababa in April – May 2004. An outlet is also being planned in the Kara
Kore area (at the border of Addis Ababa), in addition to distribution to
Addis Ababa residents. Long-term plans include the large scale
production of compost and sale to farmers in Addis Ababa and
surrounding areas. The cost of the compost is expected to be about 1
Birr per kg.
In addition, there are significant informal recycling activities in Addis
Ababa, including in some cases, the collection and re-use of plastic
bottles, metal, glass bottles and containers. Over 200 waste pickers
(1) 1 Louis Berger International, Addis Ababa Municipal Solid Waste Management, 1994

32
are collecting valuable materials at the Rappi dump site on a daily basis.
They collect plastics, metals, glass, rubber, bottles, firewood and other
combustible materials for supply to some recyclers in the city / reuse
as a fuel source.
Some NGOs, including ENDA-Ethiopia, Bio-Village, are also working on
encouraging household level composting to promote urban agriculture.
The current policy of the Addis Ababa Municipality is to encourage
waste recycling and composting.
3.43.43.43.4 WWWWASTASTASTASTEEEE TTTTREATMENT ANDREATMENT ANDREATMENT ANDREATMENT AND DDDDISPOSALISPOSALISPOSALISPOSAL
There is one official dump site in Addis Ababa, operated by the
Sanitation, Beautification and Parks Development Agency of the Addis
Ababa Municipality. The dump site is at Rappi, in the South-west of
Addis Ababa, 13Km from the city centre. The site occupies an area of
about 25 hectares and has been in operation since 1968. The
operational performance at the dump site is poor in relation to
environmental impacts, for example:
• There is no covering of waste, which results in odours, wind-
blowing of waste, and leachate run-off during rains;
• There is no leachate management, and there is no lining to the
landfill, resulting in potential leaching of heavy metals and other
toxic pollutants into the ground water, as well as surface run-off of
these pollutants;
• There is no fencing and there is limited security at the dump site -
there are many unorganised waste pickers working on the site, etc.
• The dump site which was once in the periphery of the city is now
well within the boundaries of the city centre, due to the expansion of
Addis Ababa.
There are no operational procedures in place at the existing dump site.
Monitoring and inspection of waste operations by Federal and Regional
EPA offices is limited.
Addis Ababa is a very spread out city. The fact that there is only one
dump site means that the collection vehicles from some of the sub-city
zones are travelling very long journeys. Current long-term planning
includes construction of more than one landfill site, which would
improve the efficiency of waste transport and allow more opportunities
for more frequent collection from containers. The Addis Ababa City
Masterplan makes provision for the development of three new landfills,
each about 10-20 Hectares in the eastern, western and southern parts

33
of the city, namely: Bole Arabssa (15 Ha), Filidora (20 Ha), and Dertu
Mojo (10 Ha). In addition, there are plans to improve operations at the
existing Rappi site, including use of construction and demolition waste
as cover material.
Some enterprises, companies and factories in Addis Ababa choose to
take their waste to the dump site using their own transport. These pay
tipping fees at the dump site of 4 Birr per cubic metre. Some of the
wastes from these enterprises are hazardous (e.g. waste from
tanneries).
There are no other major waste treatment practices like controlled
incineration in Ethiopia.
There are numbers of illegal dump sites at river banks and open spaces
in urban centres of Ethiopia and some institutions and companies are
practicing illegal dumping.
FigureFigureFigureFigure 3333.8.8.8.8 Addis Ababa Waste Disposal FacilityAddis Ababa Waste Disposal FacilityAddis Ababa Waste Disposal FacilityAddis Ababa Waste Disposal Facility ---- Rappi DumpsiteRappi DumpsiteRappi DumpsiteRappi Dumpsite (showing
unorganised waste pickers, leachate, uncovered waste - poor site
management).
Box 3.5Box 3.5Box 3.5Box 3.5 Overview of waste management practiceOverview of waste management practiceOverview of waste management practiceOverview of waste management practices in rural areass in rural areass in rural areass in rural areas
In most rural areas of Ethiopia solid waste management is not carried out in an
organised manner. Many of the people are very poor, and appropriate waste
management is not a priority. However, the social situation does mean that these
people view waste as a resource, and composting practices are widespread, for
example. In addition, many bottles, containers and other items would typically be kept

34
by people for re-use. Open burning, open dumping and spreading on farmlands of
waste is widely practiced.
There are generally no formal solid waste management programs in the rural areas of
Ethiopia. In most areas there is no waste management service and people therefore do
not pay charges. Each household is responsible for their own SWM – in most cases
household waste is burned in the backyard of houses. Members of the household are
sometimes provided with advice by Health Centre staff during outreach programs. The
other source of information about solid waste disposal is the mass media. However, this
is also irregular and not well coordinated.

35
Waste disposal / management practices in regional cities and townsWaste disposal / management practices in regional cities and townsWaste disposal / management practices in regional cities and townsWaste disposal / management practices in regional cities and towns
In most regional cities waste is disposed in one of several open dump
sites. These are operated with different levels of performance related
to environmental management, but generally the impacts from these
dump sites on ground water, surface water and health of nearby
residents is potentially serious. Some dump sites are just open sites
with little or no management or security. Most sites only have a very
basic level of management and have no fencing, a lack of appropriate
site operating vehicles and compactors, limited registration of arriving
waste loads, extensive uncontrolled waste picking practices, and none
or limited application of cover material. Some towns also use dump pits,
in which waste is burned once they get filled up. Most institutions like
hospitals, schools and enterprises in Ethiopia widely use small scale
(onsite) purpose built brick chambers for burning waste (see Figure 3.9
below) – this is primarily to reduce the volume of the waste, and the
ashes of the burned waste are usually disposed of with other wastes.
FigureFigureFigureFigure 3333.9.9.9.9 Waste disposal unit (waste burning chamber)Waste disposal unit (waste burning chamber)Waste disposal unit (waste burning chamber)Waste disposal unit (waste burning chamber) ---- Nazreth Health CentreNazreth Health CentreNazreth Health CentreNazreth Health Centre

36
Waste Disposal in Nazreth
In Nazreth (population 200,000), the Health Centre encourages the use
of on-site dump pits by households, to reduce the amount of waste that
needs to be collected and disposed of by the municipality. There is only
one dumpsite for the municipality, which is located about 8Km form the
city centre. The facility, Argoe Adam dumpsite, has been in operation
for about 6 years. The site has some basic fencing (but not secure), and
is located adjacent to a waste stabilisation pond for sewage treatment.
The facility has a thriving population of dogs, baboons, wild birds
(Marabou – stork family), and a few human scavengers (see Figure
3.10).
FigureFigureFigureFigure 3333.10.10.10.10 Nazreth Waste Disposal facilityNazreth Waste Disposal facilityNazreth Waste Disposal facilityNazreth Waste Disposal facility –––– Argoe Adama DumpsiteArgoe Adama DumpsiteArgoe Adama DumpsiteArgoe Adama Dumpsite

37
Waste Disposal in Dire Dawa
There is only one solid waste disposal facility in Dire Dawa town
(population 250,000) – the Sheneley Cemetery Dumpsite. The facility
is located about 5 Km from the city centre, within the premises of a
cemetery. The site has been in operation for about 40 years. The site is
partially fenced and the only vehicular access to the premises is via the
entrance to the cemetery.
There are no scavengers at the site and it is generally well laid out,
sandwiched between different sections of the cemetery. There are
plans to cease the operations at the current site and relocate the
dumpsite to an area about 7Km further away from the current facility.
FigureFigureFigureFigure 3333.11.11.11.11 Nazreth Waste Disposal facilityNazreth Waste Disposal facilityNazreth Waste Disposal facilityNazreth Waste Disposal facility ---- Sheneley Cemetery DumpsiteSheneley Cemetery DumpsiteSheneley Cemetery DumpsiteSheneley Cemetery Dumpsite

38
Waste Disposal in Dukem Woreda Town (Oromiya Region)
At present, there are no dedicated waste disposal facilities for this
area. Collected wastes are deposited in open dumps scattered around
the outskirts of the town, where the waste is subsequently burned. A
potential dumpsite, about 5 Km from the town has been identified by the
Health Centre. However, there is no road access to the premises at
present and there is no means of waste transportation as the only
collection system currently available is by pushcarts (wheel barrows).
Other key SWM issues in regional cities
Other key issues related to the management of solid waste in regional
cities, include:
• Municipalities do not feel responsible for managing solid waste -
indeed some are unaware of their responsibilities and do not make
any provisions for SWM in their budgets;
• Most municipalities have a limited budget and low capacity for SWM
activities;
• There is generally a low level of public awareness of the issues
relating to SWM;
• There is often an overlap of roles and responsibilities between the
Health Centre in the city, the Municipality Zonal Health offices;
• Poor Town Planning – insufficient provision for SWM facilities and
sites.
3.53.53.53.5 EEEEXISTINGXISTINGXISTINGXISTING SWMSWMSWMSWM PPPPLANS ANDLANS ANDLANS ANDLANS AND OOOOTHERTHERTHERTHER RRRRELEVANTELEVANTELEVANTELEVANT FFFFINDINGSINDINGSINDINGSINDINGS
There are several important SWM plans being developed at present by
different stakeholders for Addis Ababa. However, these activities are
not currently being centrally co-ordinated and communicated. These
include:
• Plans to strengthen the organisation of operations and reporting at
sub-city level, being developed by the Sanitation, Beautification and
Parks Development Agency and implemented through the Sub-city
Administrations. These plans include improving the quality of
information on the numbers of pre-collection micro-enterprises and
their activities. Other initiatives also include:
o The Addis Ababa Municipality will give full responsibility to the
Sanitation, Beautification and Parks Agency to manage solid
waste;
o Re-organizing Kebele areas into small sub-sections to deal with
their own waste management problems;
o Food for work programs are to be organized;

39
o Study to be commissioned on waste composition and generation
rates;
o Review of resource allocation to improve the efficiency of waste
collection and transfer;
o Plans to rehabilitate Rappi dump site and also construct new
landfills;
o Public awareness programs on television and radio;
o Improving river banks;
o Improving the streets and greenery of open areas;
o Expansion of composting activities;
o Strengthening the capacity of informal recyclers.
• Plans to restructure responsibilities for waste management
operations in Addis Ababa and to launch a ‘ client’ company, being
developed by the Chamber of Commerce and the Municipality. The
plans, which will include strengthening the capacity of the private
sector and formulating public-private partnerships are being funded
by the German development agency (GTZ). The plans also include
actions to improve Rappi dump site. Further details of this project
are summarised below.

40
Box 3.6Box 3.6Box 3.6Box 3.6 Outline CasOutline CasOutline CasOutline Case Study of the Addis Ababa Solid Waste Collection, Removale Study of the Addis Ababa Solid Waste Collection, Removale Study of the Addis Ababa Solid Waste Collection, Removale Study of the Addis Ababa Solid Waste Collection, Removal
and Utilisation Projectand Utilisation Projectand Utilisation Projectand Utilisation Project –––– Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce: FebruaryAddis Ababa Chamber of Commerce: FebruaryAddis Ababa Chamber of Commerce: FebruaryAddis Ababa Chamber of Commerce: February
2002200220022002
It will be very important for the strategy for PSP developed in this
project to compliment the above existing plans and other existing plans,
such as:
o Plans to restructure other city administrations in a similar
manner to the Addis Ababa City restructuring (MFA).
o Assisting regional cities in urban planning (National Planning
Institute (under MFA)).
Project Overview
• The project plan was developed to address the SWM problems in Addis Ababa. The plan
essentially involves the development of an improved SWM system based on a conceptual
Public Private Partnership (PPP) between the business community and the Addis Ababa
municipality.
• The project plan appears to have been developed in consortium with the previous AA
municipality administration, i.e. prior to the creation of the SBPDA.
Proposed SWM System
• The proposed SWM system solution(s) are not very clearly defined and the means of cost
recovery are not apparent.
• The focus of the project appears to be the development of an improved waste collection service
from businesses and some households, and transfer of waste to a refurbished waste facility (to
include the installation of a gas turbine and electricity generation) at the existing Rappi
dumpsite.
• The project is based on the transfer of the Addis Ababa municipality’s SWM budget, personnel
and equipment to a new Management Organisation.
• An assessment of the potential to develop a debit-credit agreement based on the UN Kyoto
Protocol will also be carried out.
Approach
• The project would entail the establishment of a full-time professional managed office within
the AA Chamber of Commerce. This office would later become the Project Office, and the base
of a joint autonomous project executing and managing office. The initial tasks of the project
office would be to:
• Prepare Memoranda and Articles of Association
• Investigate the feasibility of a Management Contract
• Explore alternative governance arrangements, including the development of bylaws.
• The project development was initially expected to take about 2 years and is scheduled for
completion in December 2004.
Current Status
The project office staff (Project Manager, Engineer and Secretary) are being recruited.

41
o Planning guidelines, standards, system development, capacity
building, contract administration, landfill operation (Addis Ababa
Sanitation, Beautification and Parks Agency).
o Standards and guidelines development (EPA).
o Hygiene & Sanitation Package (MoH, NGOs).

42
3.5.13.5.13.5.13.5.1 Key Points on Current Waste Management PracticesKey Points on Current Waste Management PracticesKey Points on Current Waste Management PracticesKey Points on Current Waste Management Practices
• Solid Waste Management in Addis Ababa is in a poor state, but is
improving slowly. Momentum is building at present for planning and
implementing improvement (e.g. organisation of pre-collection
companies).
• However, if the momentum and initiatives for improvement continue
without strengthened organisation and control then there is a
potential risk that they could start to result in greater harm than
good in some aspects of waste management (e.g. increased
dumping), or at least it is likely that the improvements will not be as
effectively implemented as would be possible. This is particularly
important with respect to the need for organisation of the private
sector pre-collection companies.
• The launch of the Sanitation, Beautification and Parks Development
Agency (SBPDA) of the Addis Ababa Municipality, responsible for
overall co-ordination of waste collection services and for operation
of the Rappi dumpsite, is a positive step in improvement of SWM.
• There is significant potential for increasing the efficiencies of waste
collection through improving organisational aspects.
• The Federal government is also giving due attention and
prioritisation to the management of solid waste in Addis Ababa City.
There is support and commitment for the strengthening of PSP and
the improvement of institutional arrangements to increase solid
waste collection coverage.

43
Key Issues Relating to the Development of the PSP Strategy
• There is a need for the development of an overall waste
management strategy for Ethiopia, to serve as an umbrella for all
waste management initiatives. Such a strategy should include
overarching policies, objectives, targets and programmes which
would in turn inform the development of regional and local SWM
plans and projects.
• A Federal Strategy is necessary to ensure that all the ongoing and
planned SWM improvement projects operate within a common
framework, are complementary wherever possible, and are joined
up, to improve the overall situation in the country. A Federal
Strategy would further provide direction and context to all waste
management initiatives.
• One of the first steps in the development of a National Solid Waste
Management Strategy (NSWMS) should be a comprehensive
survey of waste management in Ethiopia (in both urban and rural
areas), to include: determination of the quantities of various waste
streams, waste generation rates, typical waste compositions, and
an inventory of facilities and equipment. This information is
necessary for the effective planning and development of waste
management facilities and projects.
• The PSP Strategy should ideally be implemented within the
framework of a Federal Waste Management Strategy.
• The PSP Strategy should build on and complement the success of
the existing pre-collection companies, and enhance current plans of
the SBPDA.

44
4444 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWINSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWINSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWINSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKSORKSORKSORKS
This section provides an overview of the current institutional
frameworks for environmental management generally, and solid waste
management where applicable, in Ethiopia.
4.14.14.14.1 EEEENVIRONMENTAL ANDNVIRONMENTAL ANDNVIRONMENTAL ANDNVIRONMENTAL AND WWWWASTEASTEASTEASTE MMMMANAGEMENT POLICY ANDANAGEMENT POLICY ANDANAGEMENT POLICY ANDANAGEMENT POLICY AND SSSSTRATEGYTRATEGYTRATEGYTRATEGY
4.1.14.1.14.1.14.1.1 The Environmental Policy for EthiopiaThe Environmental Policy for EthiopiaThe Environmental Policy for EthiopiaThe Environmental Policy for Ethiopia
The Environmental Policy for Ethiopia was published in April 1997 by
the EPA and Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation
(MEDAC). The report defines the guiding principles and policy
objectives for the cross-sectoral and sectoral issues defined in the
National Conservation Strategy. As such, municipal solid waste
managed is not treated as a separate policy, but is covered under
“ Human Settlement, Urban Environment and Urban Health” . The
Policy seems to give more weight to municipal solid waste management
than the Conservations Strategy. MSWM policy objectives include:
• To provide municipal waste collection services and facilities for
safe disposal;
• To promote the collection of sewerage and waste by private firms;
• To identify suitable sanitary landfill sites in the major cites and
towns of Ethiopia;
• To recycle liquid and solid wastes into fertilizers and to recover
energy from waste.
Policy objectives for the “ Control of Hazardous Materials and Pollution
from Industrial Waste” component include:
• To adopt the precautionary principle and the "polluter pays"
principles;
• To ensure that enterprises, municipalities and Woreda councils
provide their own appropriate pollution control facilities;
• To develop cost-effective guidelines for waste disposal, to
translate these guidelines into legislation, and to enforce this
legislation;
• To formulate and implement a country-wide strategy and
guidelines on the management of wastes from the medical,
agriculture and other sectors that may use potentially hazardous
biological organisms, their fragments or chemicals, to issue the
necessary regulations and to enforce these regulations;
• To promote waste minimization and recycling.

45
4.1.24.1.24.1.24.1.2 The National Conservation Strategy for Ethiopia (CSE)The National Conservation Strategy for Ethiopia (CSE)The National Conservation Strategy for Ethiopia (CSE)The National Conservation Strategy for Ethiopia (CSE)
The CSE Report was prepared
1
by the Environmental Protection
Authority (EPA) and MEDAC. The Strategy was published in April 1996
and contains 5 volumes:
• Volume I contains an evaluation of the state of the natural
resources, the environment and development in Ethiopia;
• Volume II presents a policy and strategy framework aimed at
ensuring the sustainable use and management of natural
resources;
• Volume III deals with institutional issues to implement the
strategies defined in Volume II. (However, given that in 2002 a
proclamation was issued on the establishment of environmental
protection organs, this particular objective of the CSE is no
longer relevant);
• Volume IV presents a plan of prioritised actions within the
framework of 11 cross-sectoral and 11 sectoral programmes;
• Volume V gives a listing of projects, some funded and being
implemented, and others only proposed, with estimated costs.
The projects have not been fully evaluated and prioritised in the
context of the strategies defined in Volume II.
The policy and strategy framework outlined in Volume II distinguishes
11 cross-sectoral, and 11 sectoral issues. For each issue, prioritised
strategies have been defined.
The cross-sectoral issues include Public Participation in Environmental
Management, Environmental Economics, Environmental Information
Systems, Environmental Research for Sustainable Development,
Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Education and
Awareness.
The 11 sectoral issues include Forest Management, Biodiversity
Conservation, Water Resources Management, Energy Resources
Management, Human Settlements Urban Environment and
Environmental Health and Control of Pollution from Industrial Waste and
of Hazardous Materials.
Municipal solid waste is not covered explicitly, though some issues are
covered under the “ Human Settlements Urban Environment and
Environmental Health” component, namely:
1 The Strategy was prepared with the technical assistance of the IUCN and the World
Conservation Union and with financial aassistance from SIDA, ODA, UNSO, NORAD..

46
• development of partnerships with local citizen groups and
neighbourhood centres to provide essential services, such as
sanitation, improve road access to residential areas to allow the
efficient provision of sanitation and other environmental and
social services;
• undertake studies to identify suitable sanitary landfill sites in the
major cites and towns of Ethiopia.
Industrial and Hazardous waste management is covered under the
“ Control of Pollution from Industrial Waste and of Hazardous
Materials” component.
The actions in Volume IV for the human settlements, urban environment
and environmental health, are divided in three components, for each of
which immediate priorities have been defined. The components with the
immediate priorities relevant for waste management are:
• Improving Urban and Rural Sanitation Facilities;
a) Undertake research and surveys into the needs for, and
socio-economic aspects of, urban and rural sanitation
facilities and services.
b) Develop a Federal Sanitation Strategy clearly setting out
appropriate types of, and technologies, for sanitation
facilities, sanitation delivery systems, priorities in terms of
urban and rural population densities and climatic
conditions, and the institutional framework for
implementation.
c) Undertake sanitary landfill surveys in Addis Ababa and all
major urban centres.
• Improving the Habitation Environment;
Capacity Building and Institutional Support: Clarify the
institutional structure and mandates for urban sanitation,
latrine emptying, sewerage, solid waste disposal, water
supplies, public health and hygiene, sites and services and
the urban environment.
The Strategy is a comprehensive document that provides a basis for the
sustainable use and management of the country’ s natural resources.
However, the strategy is mainly declaratory and is essentially a list of
“ good intentions” .
Overall, considerable weight is given to the establishment of the
appropriate legal and institutional framework.

47
Municipal solid waste management is not covered in any depth as such,
but some of the relevant issues are covered under the urban and rural
sanitation component. More attention is given to the prevention and
control of pollution from industrial and hazardous waste. The majority
of the Ethiopian industries are old and use outdated technology. While
they are small in number, they are important in terms of environmental
impact. According to the State of the Environment Report for Ethiopia
(2003), 90 % of the industries located in Addis Ababa, discharge their
waste without any treatment into rivers and open spaces.
4.1.34.1.34.1.34.1.3 State of the Environment ReportState of the Environment ReportState of the Environment ReportState of the Environment Report
The EPA published in August 2003 the “ State of the Environment
Report for Ethiopia” . The Report provides an overview of the
Environment, Development (the state of the economy, the state of
poverty, employment), and of Natural Resources Management and
Utilization (natural resources management and utilization, the human
environment and laws and policies).
4.1.44.1.44.1.44.1.4 Urban planningUrban planningUrban planningUrban planning
Most towns in Ethiopia do not have master plans and are established
and managed haphazardly. As a result, they are often characterized by
chronic social and environmental problems. However, urban planning
which takes into account, at least to some extent, environmental issues,
is currently increasing.
Solid waste management is addressed in the Addis Ababa city
development plan. Waste collection and disposal schemes form part of
the plan especially in the expanding areas of the city. The development
plans of some of other cities and regions also include urban waste
management plans and the improvement of household waste collection
and disposal.
4.1.54.1.54.1.54.1.5 Summary of Policies and Strategies relating to SWMSummary of Policies and Strategies relating to SWMSummary of Policies and Strategies relating to SWMSummary of Policies and Strategies relating to SWM
While some municipal solid waste management issues are covered in
the above cited policy documents, there is no defined central strategy
for the planning and development of the sector. It is important that an
overall waste management strategy is developed for Ethiopia, within
which all regions of Ethiopia would have the flexibility to plan and
operate.

48
4.24.24.24.2 FFFFEDERAL ANDEDERAL ANDEDERAL ANDEDERAL AND RRRREGIONALEGIONALEGIONALEGIONAL SSSSTRUCTURE AND THETRUCTURE AND THETRUCTURE AND THETRUCTURE AND THE DDDDECENTRALISATIONECENTRALISATIONECENTRALISATIONECENTRALISATION PPPPROCESSROCESSROCESSROCESS
Ethiopia has a Federal structure, with a Federal government and
regional governments, the latter being largely autonomous. Each of the
11 regional states is divided into Woredas (districts), which in turn are
divided into Kebeles (local communities), the lowest administrative unit.
Each Woreda has a “ capital” and several other towns. The Woreda
administration is responsible for the administration of the overall
Woreda and of the rural areas outside the towns. The towns within the
Woreda also have a municipal government.
With the devolution of power to the regional governments,
implementation of economic policies and development programs have,
to a large extent, been shifted from the centre to the regional states. A
second wave of decentralization is going on, which aims to render the
Woreda administrations responsible for socio-economic development
and to further empower the Kebeles, the lowest administrative unit.
With respect to fiscal policy, a single system of taxation is applied for
the country, which allows some revenue collection by the regions and
some revenue sharing with the Federal government while putting the
majority of the revenue under the central authority. It also provides
budgetary subvention to the regions, and grants the regions full
autonomy in budgetary expenditures.
The Government is also allocating directly, through the regional
government, financial resources and autonomy in budgetary
expenditures to the Woredas in 4 regions which are perceived to be
administratively stronger, i.e. Tigray, Oromiya, Amara and Southern
N/N & People. The resources should be used to provide for services
such as education and health care, and to support the development of
economic activities.
Measures are also being taken in the area of capacity building, as
technical capacity limitation is believed to be the major constraint in the
course of implementing the decentralization process.
Effective decentralization and empowerment should create room for
tackling poverty more effectively and directly at the grass root level.

49
4.34.34.34.3 RRRROLES ANDOLES ANDOLES ANDOLES AND RRRRESPONSIBILITIES IN RESPONSIBILITIES IN RESPONSIBILITIES IN RESPONSIBILITIES IN RELATION TOELATION TOELATION TOELATION TO WWWWASTEASTEASTEASTE MMMMANAGEMENTANAGEMENTANAGEMENTANAGEMENT
4.3.14.3.14.3.14.3.1 Overview of the SWM Institutional FrameworkOverview of the SWM Institutional FrameworkOverview of the SWM Institutional FrameworkOverview of the SWM Institutional Framework
General
The institutional framework in terms of roles and responsibilities has
significantly changed over the past years because of the
decentralisation process, and is still changing, especially in Addis
Ababa.
In general, roles and responsibilities for environmental management and
for SWM are not well defined. Where they are well defined, the
administrations lack knowledge of their roles and responsibilities,
especially in the smaller towns and in the rural areas.
Figure 4.1 illustrates the main institutional structures related to
environmental management and to SWM.
Table 4.1 summarises the roles and responsibilities of the main
institutions involved in SWM.
Proclamation N° 295/2002 provides for the establishment of the
environmental protection organs, namely:
• the Federal Environmental Protection Authority (EPA);
• the regional Environmental Agencies; and
• the Sectoral Environmental Units.

50
Figure 4.1Figure 4.1Figure 4.1Figure 4.1 Illustration of the Current Institutional Framework relevant to SWMIllustration of the Current Institutional Framework relevant to SWMIllustration of the Current Institutional Framework relevant to SWMIllustration of the Current Institutional Framework relevant to SWM
9 Regional
States
Zonal
Administration
Municipalities
of major
Cities
Woreda
Administration
for Rural areas
Sanitation
& Park Unit
9 Other Regions of Ethiopia
SBPD Agency Addis Ababa City
Municipality
Sanitation
&Park Unit
10 Sub city
Administrations
Kebele
Administration
Addis Ababa
Note that the structure of Dire Dawa City Municipality (which, along
with Addis Ababa, is one of the 11 regions of Ethiopia) is similar to that
for Addis Ababa above.
Regional
Environmental
Agencies (to be
established in each
State)
Council Members:
Prime Minister or rep. – Chairperson
Federal Government Members
Rep from each Regional State
Rep from Ethiopia Chamber of
Commerce
Rep from local environmental NGOs
Rep from Confederation of Ethiopian
Trade Unions
Director General of the EPA
Council to the EPA
Prime Minister
Ministry of Federal
Affairs Sectoral
Environmental Units
Federal
Environmental
Protection Authority
Keble
Administrations

51
Table 4.1Table 4.1Table 4.1Table 4.1 Overview of Roles and Responsibilities in SWMOverview of Roles and Responsibilities in SWMOverview of Roles and Responsibilities in SWMOverview of Roles and Responsibilities in SWM
Stakeholder OrganStakeholder OrganStakeholder OrganStakeholder Organisationisationisationisation Current RoleCurrent RoleCurrent RoleCurrent Role
(Regulatory)(Regulatory)(Regulatory)(Regulatory)
Current RoleCurrent RoleCurrent RoleCurrent Role
(Operational)(Operational)(Operational)(Operational)
CommentsCommentsCommentsComments
Federal Environmental ProtectionFederal Environmental ProtectionFederal Environmental ProtectionFederal Environmental Protection
Authority (EPA)Authority (EPA)Authority (EPA)Authority (EPA)
• Development of national environmental policies, and national laws, regulations and
standards for pollution control.
• Development of National Conservation Strategy.
• Technical and financial support to the Regions.
• Research and study.
(Operational)
• Enforce implementation of policies and strategies
• Development of environmental protection action plans
• Produces a periodic report on the state of the environment for the country
• Policy and regulations are not fully implemented /
enforced.
• No clear (specific) strategy for Solid Waste Management.
• There is a lack of operational guidelines.
Council to the EPACouncil to the EPACouncil to the EPACouncil to the EPA • Review proposed environmental policies, strategies and laws
• Review and approve directives, guidelines and standards prepared by the EPA
Sectoral Environmental Units (notSectoral Environmental Units (notSectoral Environmental Units (notSectoral Environmental Units (not
yet established)yet established)yet established)yet established)
• Co-ordination and follow up of activities relating to the environmental policies for their
sector
RegioRegioRegioRegional EPAs:nal EPAs:nal EPAs:nal EPAs:
• EPA of Addis AbabaEPA of Addis AbabaEPA of Addis AbabaEPA of Addis Ababa
• EPBs for other RegionsEPBs for other RegionsEPBs for other RegionsEPBs for other Regions
• Development of regional regulations
for pollution control.
• Development of Regional
Conservation Strategies.
• Provision of technical support.
• Raising awareness on SWM.
• Environmental monitoring, protection and
regulation; enforcement of standards
• Organise and train environmental clubs in
schools, etc.
• Regional regulations on SWM have mostly not yet been
ratified.
• Regional Conservation Strategies mainly focus on soil
erosion and deforestation, but not SWM.
• There is a lack of qualified professionals to provide
technical support.
• There are no major awareness raising awareness
activities
• Research mainly focuses on liquid waste rather than solid
waste.
Municipal Department responsibleMunicipal Department responsibleMunicipal Department responsibleMunicipal Department responsible
for SWMfor SWMfor SWMfor SWM::::
• Sanitation, Beautification andSanitation, Beautification andSanitation, Beautification andSanitation, Beautification and
Parks Development Agency forParks Development Agency forParks Development Agency forParks Development Agency for
Addis AbabaAddis AbabaAddis AbabaAddis Ababa
• Sanitation and Parks Division (forSanitation and Parks Division (forSanitation and Parks Division (forSanitation and Parks Division (for
other cities)other cities)other cities)other cities)
• Development of standards,
regulations and other requirements
on SWM.
• Technical support.
• Provision of licences to the larger
pre-collection companies in Addis
Ababa (the ones that have trucks
transfer waste to the dump site).
• Management of waste collection in Addis
Ababa is through the Sub-City
Administrations.
• Operation of the dump site(s).
• A SWM strategy (and regulations) for Addis Ababa has
been developed but is not yet ratified.
• Accountability for SWM is a constraint.
• Poor operational practices at dump sites.
• The Agency / Bureaus cover transport and disposal costs.
SubSubSubSub----City Administrations of AddisCity Administrations of AddisCity Administrations of AddisCity Administrations of Addis
AbabaAbabaAbabaAbaba
• SanitatiSanitatiSanitatiSanitation and Parks Uniton and Parks Uniton and Parks Uniton and Parks Unit
• Provision of licences to the smaller
pre-collection companies in Addis
Ababa (the ones that collect waste
from households and deposit in
containers / skips).
• Responsible for collection and transport of
solid waste from households, markets,
institutions and industries to the dump site.
• Provision of waste containers / skips.
• Ineffective and inefficient services in many cases.
• Pre-collection companies operate in many areas of Addis
Ababa, collecting waste from households and small
enterprises and transfer the waste to containers / skips
(some take waste to the dump site).

52
• Sanitation and Parks Unit ofSanitation and Parks Unit ofSanitation and Parks Unit ofSanitation and Parks Unit of
major citiesmajor citiesmajor citiesmajor cities
• Responsible for collection and transport of
solid waste from households, markets,
institutions and industries to the dump
site.
• Ineffective and inefficient services in many cases.

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