1. Fiber
a. GPON
b. Active
c. Transport
1. Backhaul
2. Front haul
1. Copper
a. DSL-VDSL-Pair Bonding
Limited by distance
1. HFC / Coaxial
a. DOCSIS System
Limited by channels used
Wired Network Infrastructures
www.FinleyUSA.com Wireline to Wireless
Steve Leek

1. GPON (ITU-T G.984.5X)
A. 1480nm – 1500nm Downstream Traffic
1. 1490 nm - OLT to ONT Voice & Data
B. 1260 – 1360 nm - Upstream Traffic
1. 1310 nm - OLT to ONT Voice & Data Return
C. 1410 -1610 nm Return Traffic VOD Authorization
D. 1550 nm RF Overlay
E. 1625 nm In Service OTDR Trace for Macro Bending
2. XG-PON 1 (ITU-T G.987)
10 G Dowstream Traffic @ 1577 nm
2.5 G Upstream Traffic @ 1270 nm
3. NG-PON 2 (ITU-T G.989)
4-8 Streams of 10 G Downstream Traffic @ 1596 – 1603 nm
4-8 Streams of 2.5 G Upstream Traffic @ 1532 – 1539 nm
P2P 10 G Down & UP 1610 – 1625 nm
4. XGS-PON 2 (ITU-T G.9807.1)
10 G Downstream Traffic @ 1577 nm
10 G Upstream Traffic @ 1270 nm
Wavelengths
Steve Leek

ISP
Voice
Video
Wireline to Wireless
Steve Leek
www.FinleyUSA.com

Steve Leek

Plan & Build for
30 - 40 Year Life Span
Bandwidth Demand
Will Increase
Steve Leek

Steve Leek

Tower Research
Steve Leek

1. Point to Point Microwave
a. Licensed
b. lightly Licensed
c. Unlicensed,
2. Point to Multi-point
a. Mesh
3. Wi-Fi
4. Cell Service
Wireless Network Infrastructures
Steve Leek

1. 6 – 38 GhZ
2. 1+0 one ODU & 1 Dish
3. 1+1 two ODU’s and 1 dish – Hot Standby Units
4. 2+0 two ODU’s and 1 Dish both transmitting- doubles bandwidth
5. Ambient temperature limits
6. Max operating temperature
7. Wind velocity
8. Peak survival wind velocity
9. IF cable lengths
10. Throughput
11. Unlicensed
PTP Licensed Radios
Steve Leek

PTP Alignment
Steve Leek

1. Determine Channel width
–5 MhZ = 21 Miles
–10 MhZ = 17 Miles
–20 Mhz = 13 Miles
–40 Mhz = 9 Miles
2. Link Capacity – somewhat less than Quality
3. Link Quality
4. 5.8 GhZ, 2.4 GhZ & 900 Mhz
5. 3.65 GhZ Lightly Licensed
Point to Multi-Point
Steve Leek

Point to Multi-Point Mesh Network
Steve Leek

Line of Sight
Steve Leek

Non-Line of Sight
Steve Leek

Steve Leek
475 Subscribers

475 Subscribers
Steve Leek

790 Subscribers
Steve Leek

Why the push to increase bandwidth?
Will subscribers use 300 to 500 megabits or 1 gigabit per second?
Consider:
– Over-the-top streaming, especially at 4K speeds or future data bandwidths
– Super HD requires around 6-12 Mbps
– Ultra HD will require between 15-20 Mbps
Todays needs require 50 Mbps.
Can you make higher speeds affordable to more than 80% of your homes passed?
Specifically, can you provide 75 Mbps or more for the same rate as 12 Mbps and make
more money in the process?
Deployment Questions
Steve Leek

802.11n development started in 2002 and was approved in 2009, using "dual-band"
(2.4/5 GHz).
802.11ac development started in 2011 and was approved in January 2014.
802.11ac utilizes dual band wireless technology, supporting simultaneous connections
on both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands.
The IEEE 802.11ad standard is aimed at providing data throughput speeds of up to
7 Gbps. To achieve these speeds the technology uses the 60 GHz ISM band to achieve
the levels of bandwidth needed and ensure reduced interference levels.
802.11ax unlike 802.ad uses a standard, 5GHz in house Wi-Fi based technology. A
single 802.11ax stream using MIMO should be capable of 3.5Gbps compared with
866Mbs for a single 802.11ac providing a total network of capacity for 14Gbps.
Wi-Fi Standards
Steve Leek

802.11ax is already coming down the pipe — and unlike 802.11ad, it uses a
standard, 5GHz- in house Wi-Fi based technology. A single 802.11ax stream
using MIMO should be capable of 3.5Gbps compared with 866Mbs for a
single 802.11ac providing a total network of capacity for 14Gbps.
The standard should be complete in July 2018. However, ratification of the
standard is not expected before March 2019.
A key change in 802.11ax will be the use of MIMO-OFDA, which combines
multiple antennas (the MIMO, multiple in-multiple out, part) with orthogonal
frequency division multiple access (which is abbreviated OFDMA ).
802.ax
Steve Leek

OFDA
Steve Leek
A key change in 802.11ax will be the use of MIMO-OFDA, which
combines multiple antennas (the MIMO, multiple in-multiple out, part)
with orthogonal frequency division multiple access (which is
abbreviated OFDMA ).
OFDA is based on existing OFDMA schemes, which encode data on
multiple subcarrier frequencies. OFDM is already used in LTE and
earlier Wi-Fi standards. But OFDA adds a new twist, the multiple-access
component, meaning subsets are assigned within those subcarrier
frequencies to essentially create a bigger pipe delivering data to
individual devices.

Steve Leek
IEEE 802.16d (fixed service) uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM).
IEEE 802.16e (mobile) uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
(OFDMA).
OFDMA is a multi-user OFDM that allows multiple access on the same
channel (a channel being a group of evenly spaced subcarriers.
WiMAX uses OFDMA, extended OFDM, to accommodate many users in the
same channel at the same time.

Translation
1.Trying to dance the polka to rock and roll music.
2.Forgetting your Mother-in-Law’s first name.
3.Noticing someone at the church dinner using his lefsa for a
napkin.
UFF DA
Steve Leek

Heat Mapper Information you need to verify:
1. Access Points
2. SSID Information
3. Signal quality / Signal Strength
4. Signal-to Noise-Ratio
5. Data Rates
6. Devices Connected
7. Channel Usage
8. Rogue Access Points
9. Connection Tests
a. associate with an AP
b. request an IP address from its DHCP Server
c. ping or perform a TCP handshake with the server or
other addresses.
Wi-Fi Inspection
Steve Leek

Security Encryption
Steve Leek
31
Interference from
1. Microwave
2. Cordless Phones/headsets
3. Bluetooth Devices
4. Analog Video Cameras
9. Security Encryption
a. WEP – 1990 still used
b. WPA
c. WPA2-Wi-Fi Certified – 2006
Government Grade

Mitigation: The action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something
TSB-155-A specifies recommended mitigation practices in the event that an installed category 6
channel does not satisfy the minimum crosstalk levels.
1. Proper routing of cables using BICISI wiring standards.
2. improved cross connect jumpers.
3. Using F/UTP equipment cords.
4. Unbundling cables.
5. Reconfiguring cross-connects as interconnects, and
6. Replacing category 6 components with higher bandwidth cables or fiber.
Building Cable Standards TSB-155
Steve Leek

IP Traffic
Steve Leek
1 EB = 10006
bytes = 1018
bytes = 1000000000000000000B = 1000 petabytes =
1million terabytes = 1billion gigabytes

The First generation wireless mobile communication systems were introduced in early eighties and
second generations systems in the late 1980s were intended primarily for transmission of voice.
The third and forth generation wireless systems which are just getting introduced in the world
markets offer considerably higher data rates, with significant improvements over the 2G systems.
The 3G Wireless systems were proposed to provide voice and paging services to provide interactive
multimedia including teleconferencing and internet access and variety of other services.
As opposed to earlier generations, a 4G system does not support traditional circuit-switched
telephony service, is more a IP based communication such as VOIP.
First Generation Wireless
Steve Leek

Wireless Speeds
Steve Leek

Mobile Network Operator
Steve Leek
Mobile Telephone
Switching Office

Similar concept, which links the mobile network back to the
wired network.
In essence, front haul is the connection between a new network
architecture of centralized baseband controllers and remote
standalone radio heads at cell sites.
Backhaul / Front Haul
Steve Leek

The term LTE stands for Long Term Evolution. Hence, 4G LTE means the fourth-
generation Long Term Evolution network..
Unlike 4G networks, the 4G LTE versions are relatively new and their coverage is limited
to specific areas..
Modern cellular devices that support 4G LTE networks include the iPhone 6 Plus, the
iPhone 6, the iPhone 5S and the iPhone 5c.
LTE
Steve Leek

We are hearing a lot of noise about 5G although not expected
to make its commercial debut until at least 2018 - 2020, 5G
trials and collaborations are being held this year.
4G tests have provided network speeds between 2 – 6 Meg
with a latency between 128 – 214 milliseconds. This will
require many more cell towers/access points, that cover entire
neighborhoods.
An example of the lower latency is a 5G connected car
could report an accident before the airbags were fully inflated.
Faster arrival at incidents is a key use for 5G.
Along with today’s vehicles the beginning use of future
autonomous vehicles.
5G Cell Service
Steve Leek
The vision for 5G
includes network
speeds of 20 Gbps
or higher with a
latency that is
mere milliseconds.
The vision for 5G
includes network
speeds of 20 Gbps
or higher with a
latency that is
mere milliseconds.

These systems will be built in a way to
enable logical 5G network slices,
enabling operators to provide networks
on an as-a-service basis and meet the
wide range of use cases the 2020
timeframe will demand.
This single physical network can be
partitioned into multiple virtual
networks to offer optimal support for
different types of services and for
different types of customer segments.
5G Cell Service
Steve Leek
Mobile Carriers will use the 5G network slicing
in order to provide a broadband experience
everywhere with more video, higher speeds,
and wide-scale availability; massive machine-
type communication with transportation
monitoring and control.

THz Wireless
Steve Leek

In order to achieve this, equipment would
transmit between 275 – 305 GhZ
using quadrature amplitude modulation QAM
QAM
Steve Leek

The Shannon–Hartley theorem tells the maximum rate at which information
can be transmitted over a communications channel of a specified bandwidth
in the presence of noise.
Bandwidth limitations alone do not impose a theoretical limit on throughput
– remember multiple channels increase interference.
LTE-U technology, which uses the same unlicensed frequency as Wi-Fi to
provide additional bandwidth to mobile carriers, is already in limited testing
by Verizon. Carriers are enthused about LTE-U’s potential to ease the load on
their networks, but critics – warn that the technology could drown out Wi-Fi
networks where they overlap. Ericsson Reported to FCC on September 6th
that their testing caused no issues with Wi-Fi.
Steve Leek

May da ruts always fit da wheels in your pickup,
May yur ear mufs always keep out da nort wind,
May da sun shine varm on yur lefse,
May da rain fall soft on yur lutefisk,
and until ve meet again
May da Good Lord protect ya from any and all unnecessary Uff Das.
Norwegian Blessing
Steve Leek

Wireline to Wireless: Band-Aid or Network Concept 2016

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