1. The Bronchial Tree

2. Bronchial tree The trachea branches into the bronchial tree. The first split produces two bronchial tubes called the primary bronchi (sing. bronchus ) The left primary bronchus leads to the left lung while the right primary bronchus leads to the right lung. Right primary bronchus Left primary bronchus Trachea

3. Bronchial tree The primary bronchi then branch into secondary bronchi , which lead to each of the lobes of the lungs. The right primary bronchus will branch three times (3 lobes), while the left primary bronchus will branch only twice (2 lobes).

4. Bronchial tree The secondary bronchi continue to divide into smaller and smaller tubes called tertiary and quaternary bronchi until they finally reach the smallest tubes called the bronchioles . T T T T T

5. Bronchial tree The primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary bronchi are much like the trachea in composition but as they get smaller they lose the cartilage and fibrous tissue until the bronchiole walls are composed of only a thin layer of muscular and elastic tissue.

6. The Alveoli

7. Alveoli The bronchioles end in a cluster of minute air sacs called the alveoli (sing. alveolus). The alveoli have a wall composition similar to that of capillaries with a thickness of about .00004 in.

8. Alveoli An extensive network of capillaries surrounds each alveolus. Pulmonary arteries bring deoxygenated (blue) blood from the heart to the capillary network surrounding each alveolus.

9. Alveolar Capillary Network O 2 and CO 2 diffuse back and forth between the alveoli and the blood (RBC) in the capillaries thus allowing the RBC to drop off CO 2 for exhalation and pick up O 2 for aerobic metabolism in the cells of the body.

10. Alveoli Pulmonary veins then carry the freshly oxygenated (red) blood away from the capillary network and back to the heart . The process just described – the movement of oxygen from outside the body to inside – is not the act of breathing, instead it is the process of respiration .

11. Respiration is not actually the physical act of breathing, but rather the movement of oxygen from the atmosphere to the cells of the body. Respiration includes: External respiration – is the passage of O 2 and CO 2 to and from the alveoli and RBC. Internal respiration – is the passage of O 2 and CO 2 to and from RBC and body cells . Cellular respiration – is the release of energy from the oxidation of food materials (which means using the oxygen to “burn” food).

12. The Lungs

13. Lungs A pair of lungs contains about 300 million alveoli . This subdivides the volume of the lungs and creates a total alveolar surface area of about 1000 ft. 2 (like a room 33 ft. x 30 ft.). The advantage to having this is that it allows for a very large surface area for gas exchange .

14. Lungs The lungs are “ pink ” in color, cone shaped and they extend from the diaphragm to the root of the neck. Each primary bronchus enters its respective lung at the hilus of the lung (a depression on the surface of a bodily organ around the point of entrance or exit of vessels, nerves, or ducts). hilus

15. Lungs At the hilus , the pulmonary arteries & veins, bronchial arteries & veins, nerves and lymphatic vessels enter and leave the lungs. Lymph nodes and aereolar tissue also come together at this point to form the root of the lung. Except for at the root, the lungs are freely movable within the chest cavity. Root

16. Lungs Because the heart appears “tilted”, meaning the heart is larger on the left side , there is more room on the right side of the thoracic cavity so this extra space is taken up by lung tissue. This means the left lung is less massive, and therefore smaller than the right. Note the color of healthy lungs

17. Lungs Thus, the right lung is larger and broader than the left, but it is also shorter than the left lung because the diaphragm rises higher on the right to allow room for the liver . Liver

18. Lungs The right lung is divided into three (3) lobes – the superior or upper, middle , and inferior or lower. The left lung is divided into two (2) lobes – the superior or upper and the inferior or lower.

19. Lungs The lungs are “light”, porous, and spongy (they would float in water). Each lobe is supplied by a secondary bronchus and a major branch of the pulmonary artery . Each lobe is broken down into subgroups called sub lobes . Each sub lobe receives a tertiary bronchus . Note the 3 lobes of the right lung and the 2 lobes of the left lung

20. Review & addendum Nose hairs Mucous membranes Sinus openings *** Olfactory bulbs Nasal septum *** Addendum to follow – additional notes on the sinuses Blue – respiratory tract structures “passed through” Green – accessory structures “passed by” Nostril Nasal cavity

21. The Paranasal Sinuses - Maxillary - Sphenoidal - Ethmoidal - Frontal The sinuses are “air spaces” in the bones of the skull which are open to the nasal cavity. Their primary function is to lighten the bones of the skull , but they also contribute mucus to the nasal cavity and act as a resonating chamber for sound production .

22. Acute sinusitis is very common with more than 24 million cases occurring in the United States annually. Roughly ninety percent of adults have had sinusitis at some point in their life. Sinusitis Sinusitis is simply the inflammation of the paranasal sinuses , usually due to infection or allergy. Most cases are due to a viral infection (the “common” cold) and last only about 10 days.

23. Sinusitis can be classified into three categories: Acute – lasting less than four weeks Subacute – lasting 4 to 8 weeks Chronic – lasting for 8 weeks or more All three “types” of sinusitis have similar symptoms, and are thus often difficult to distinguish on any basis other than duration.

24. During a cold or an allergy, the sinuses may become blocked by swelling of the mucous membranes. Drainage into the nasal cavity is stopped, but the formation of the mucus continues, and pressure builds up in the sinuses causing headaches – sometimes severe. The condition can become chronic making it necessary to open the wall of the sinus surgically. This is called “draining the sinuses.”

26. Review

27. Alveoli Nose hairs Mucous membranes Sinus openings Olfactory bulbs Nasal septum Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) Eustachian (auditory) tubes Palatine tonsils Tongue Oral cavity Uvula Lingual tonsils Epiglottis Vocal cords Cilia Blue – respiratory tract structures “passed through” Green – accessory structures “passed by” Secondary Bronchi Primary Bronchi Tertiary Bronchi Quaternary Bronchi Bronchioles Nostril Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Oropharynx Larynx Trachea Laryngopharynx