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Construction of
Frequency Table
STATS&PROB
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
Quantitative Frequency Distribution Table
• a table where the data are tabulated based on
numerical classes or interval.
Qualitative Frequency Distribution Table
• a table where the data are tabulated based on
description.
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
CLASS INTERVAL F
98 – 99 9
96 – 97 9
94 – 95 13
92 – 93 13
90 – 91 15
88 – 89 6
86-87 2
TOTAL N = 67
Quantitative Frequency Distribution Table
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
Courses No. of Students
BSEd Mathematics 30
BSEd Biological Science 28
BSEd Physical Science 15
Engineering 50
Nursing 80
TOTAL N = 203
Qualitative Frequency Distribution Table
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
Class Limits
•This pertains to the lowest and the highest value that can
go in each class.
Lower Class Limit
• This refers to the lowest value that can be entered in a
class.
Upper Class Limit
•This pertains to the highest value that can be entered in a
class.
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
Class Boundary
•This is considered as the true limit or real limit. The class
boundary can be obtained by simply adding 0.5 to the
upper limit and subtracting 0.5 from the lower limit.
Class Width or Class Size
• Getting the difference between the boundaries
• Getting the difference between two successive lower
limits or two successive upper limits
Frequency it pertains to the number of values that fall in a
certain class.
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
Midpoint (Class Mark)
•This is a value that acts as representative of a certain class. It
can be obtained by adding the lower and upper limit divided
by two.
Less than Cumulative Frequency Distribution
• This refers to the distribution whose frequencies are less
than or below the upper class boundary they correspond to.
Greater than Cumulative Frequency Distribution
• This refers to the distribution whose frequencies are greater
than or above the upper class boundary they correspond to.
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
Example 1
•The following are the raw scores of 67 students in a
Mathematics test (out of 100 items). Construct a cumulative
frequency distribution table with corresponding frequencies,
midpoint, less than and greater than cumulative frequency.
The number of classes is 7.
91 98 92 94 90 97 90 97 99 88 92 97
98 95 98 98 92 89 92 99 97 95 89 92
97 92 93 95 99 90 94 94 97 94 90 97
90 90 93 91 93 93 90 95 95 90 89 86
98 94 95 94 98 93 90 89 87 97 88 92
90 94 90 93 90 97 91
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
Step 1 – Get the highest and the lowest score or value.
Step 2 – Get the Range
Step 3 – Determine the number of classes. The decided
number of classes (rows) is 7
Step 4 – Determine the size of the class intervals.
Step 5 – Construct the class. The lower limit of the lowest class
interval should be a multiple of two.
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
The frequency table will look like the table below.
SerJhob
CLASS
INTERVAL
CLASS
BOUNDARIES
TALLY F X <CF >CF
86 – 87
88 – 89
90 – 91
92 – 93
94 – 95
96 – 97
98 – 99
STATS&PROB
The frequency table will look like the table below.
SerJhob
CLASS
INTERVAL
CLASS
BOUNDARIES
TALLY F X <CF >CF
86 – 87 85.5 – 87.5 II 2 86.5 2 67
88 – 89 87.5 – 89.5 IIIII – I 6 88.5 8 65
90 – 91 89.5 – 91.5
IIIII – IIIII –
IIIII
15 90.5 23 59
92 – 93 91.5 – 93.5
IIIII – IIIII –
III
13 92.5 36 44
94 – 95 93.5 – 95.5
IIIII – IIIII –
III
13 94.5 49 31
96 – 97 95.5 – 97.5 IIIII – IIII 9 96.5 58 18
98 – 99 97.5 – 99.5 IIIII – IIII 9 98.5 67 9
STATS&PROB
Example 2
•The following are the areas of land (in hectare) owned by 60
families. Construct a quantitative frequency distribution table
with corresponding frequencies, midpoint, less than and
greater than cumulative frequency. The desired classes is 10.
24 34 32 46 56 49 25 35 33 47 57
50 26 36 35 48 58 53 27 37 37 49
59 61 28 38 39 50 60 62 29 39 40
51 46 63 30 40 41 52 47 61 31 41
42 53 49 62 32 27 43 54 50 63 33
28 44 55 53 45
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
Example 2
SerJhob
CLASS
INTERVAL
CLASS
BOUNDARIES
TALLY F X <CF >CF
60 – 63
56 – 59
52 – 55
48 – 51
44 – 47
40 – 43
36 – 39
32 – 35
28 – 31
24 – 27
TOTAL
STATS&PROB
Example 2
SerJhob
CLASS
INTERVAL
CLASS
BOUNDARIES
TALLY F X <CF >CF
60 – 63 59.5 – 63.5 IIIII – II 7 61.5 60 7
56 – 59 55.5 – 59.5 IIII 4 57.5 53 11
52 – 55 51.5 – 55.5 IIIII – I 6 53.5 49 17
48 – 51 47.5 – 51.5 IIIII – III 8 49.5 43 25
44 – 47 43.5 – 47.5 IIIII – I 6 45.5 35 31
40 – 43 39.5 – 43.5 IIIII – I 6 41.5 29 37
36 – 39 35.5 – 39.5 IIIII – I 6 37.5 23 43
32 – 35 31.5 – 35.5 IIIII – II 7 33.5 17 50
28 – 31 27.5 – 31.5 IIIII 5 29.5 10 55
24 – 27 23.5 – 27.5 IIIII 5 25.5 5 60
TOTAL N = 60
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 1
•Forty Super B batteries were tested to determine how long
they would last. The results, to the nearest minute, were
recorded as follows:
432 324 332 326 756 632 225 435 353 427
501 226 436 345 481 583 453 227 347 737
359 261 428 638 739 650 320 662 629 339
512 546 462 430 743 641 452 247 461 321
Construct a quantitative frequency distribution table. The
desired number of classes is 10.
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
OBLEM 2
he following are the daily allowance (in pesos) of the 35
udents
45.42 70.35 55.32 56.34 75.48 65.76 87.34
37.49 54.23 98.45 78.45 78.34 98.34 87.43
56.23 76.44 89.22 68.51 87.43 67.24 45.49
57.34 98.50 56.34 23.45 32.45 34.45 45.67
45.87 78.53 45.76 50.47 76.45 78.34 56.52
Construct a quantitative frequency distribution table. The
sired number of classes is 10.
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 1 (ANSWER)
SerJhob
CLASS
INTERVAL
CLASS
BOUNDARIES
TALLY F X <CF >CF
TOTAL
224 - 276
277 - 329
330 - 382
383 - 435
436 - 488
489 - 541
542 - 594
595 - 647
648 - 700
701 and above
223.5 – 276.5
276.5 – 329.5
329.5 – 382.5
382.5 – 435.5
435.5 – 488.5
488.5 – 541.5
541.5 – 594.5
594.5 – 647.5
647.5 – 700.5
700.5 and above
IIIII
IIII
IIIII-I
IIIII
IIIII-I
II
II
IIII
II
IIII
5
4
6
5
6
2
2
4
2
4
250
303
356
409
462
515
568
621
674
727
5
9
15
20
26
28
30
34
36
40
40
35
31
25
20
14
12
10
6
4
40 4885
XL
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 2 (ANSWER)
SerJhob
CLASS
INTERVAL
CLASS
BOUNDARIES
TALLY F X <CF >CF
TOTAL
22 - 29
30 - 37
38 - 45
46 - 53
54 - 61
62 - 69
70 - 77
78 - 85
86 - 93
94 - 101
21.5 – 29.5
29.5 – 37.5
37.5 – 45.5
45.5 – 53.5
53.5 – 61.5
61.5 – 69.5
69.5 – 77.5
77.5 – 85.5
85.5 – 93.5
93.5 – 101.5
I
III
II
IIII
IIIII-II
III
IIII
IIII
IIII
III
1
3
2
4
7
3
4
4
4
3
25.5
33.5
41.5
49.5
57.5
65.5
73.5
81.5
89.5
97.5
1
4
6
10
17
20
24
28
32
35
35
34
31
29
25
18
15
11
7
3
35 615
XXXV
Measures of
Central Tendency
STATS&PROB
SerJhob
Midterm – Lesson 1 & 2
STATS&PROB
Objectives
After studying this lesson, you are expected to:
•Define measures of central tendency;
•Define mean, median and mode;
•Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of each
measure;
•Calculate mean, median and mode for group and ungrouped
data; and
•Apply mean, median and mode in various fields of science
and specialization.
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
Measures of Central Tendency
•A statistical measure that gives information regarding the
central location of the score relative to the entire set of data.
Thus, this measure is designed to give numerical description
about the set of data gathered not on making numerical
inferences. Three commonly used Measures of Central
Tendency are the mean, median and mode.
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
The Mean
•The most popular measure of central tendency and
sometimes layman calls it average.
Population Mean
•The sum of all the values taken from the population (𝑁)
divided by the total number of units distributed. (𝜇) mu
Sample Mean
•The sum of all the values taken from the sample (n) divided
by the total number of units considered. (x)
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
ADVANTAGES
• Mean can be easily computed and is subject to less error
• Every observation contributes to the value of the mean
• This is the best measure for regular distribution.
• This is the most reliable because all observations contribute to the
value of the mean.
DISADVANTAGES
• Mean does not give information regarding the homogeneity and
heterogeneity of the distribution.
• It can be easily affected by extreme values/outliers.
• The more the distribution becomes heterogeneous the lower
satisfactory is the mean.
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
Formula for Ungrouped Data
𝑥 =
𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑋𝑖
𝑛
=
𝑋1 + 𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑛
𝑛
Where: 𝑥=Mean 𝑛=number of samples x=raw score
Formula for Grouped Data
𝑥 =
𝑓𝑋𝑚
𝑛
Where: 𝑥=Mean 𝑛=number of samples f=frequency
Xm = midpoint
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 1
•The following are the scores of 10 students in an arithmetic
test.
79 89 90 90 87 85 100 91 98 83
Find the mean.
Computation: To compute for the mean, substitute the raw
score and divide it by the total number of units considered.
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 1
•The following are the scores of 10 students in an arithmetic
test.
79 89 90 90 87 85 100 91 98 83
Mean: 𝑥 = 𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑋𝑖
𝑛
=
𝑋1+𝑋2+⋯+𝑋𝑛
𝑛
=
79+89+90+90+87+85+100+91+98+83
10
=
892
10
= 89.2
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 2
•The enrollment in a Barangay Elementary School in last 7
years was 365, 400, 452, 500, 525, 607, and 802. What was
the average enrollment per year?
•To compute for the mean, add the number of enrollees per
year and divide it by 7 years.
Mean: 𝑥 = 𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑋𝑖
𝑛
=
𝑋1+𝑋2+⋯+𝑋𝑛
𝑛
=
365+400+452+500+525+607+802
7
=
3651
7
= 521.57 or 522
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
EXERCISES
•The following are the grades of students in their subjects.
Find the average grades rounded to nearest tenths:
•Student A: 89, 90, 91, 89, 89, 98, 85, 89, 93, 94
•Student B: 74, 83, 83, 88, 84, 76, 75, 84, 75, 91
•Student C: 88, 83, 84, 85, 88, 83, 85, 82, 85, 82
•Student D: 89, 92, 91, 85, 87, 95, 96, 90
•Student E: 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77
•Student F: 98.5, 87.6, 91.2, 83.2, 95.4, 98.8, 85.9
•Student G: 86.76, 95.43, 92.32, 85.34, 78.54, 76.81
SerJhob
Mean: 90.7
Mean: 81.3
Mean: 84.5
Mean: 90.6
Mean: 77
Mean: 91.5
Mean: 85.9
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 3
• The following is a cumulative frequency distribution table of the scores of 67
students in a 100-item Mathematics test, showing the classes and its
corresponding frequency.
SerJhob
Score f Xm fXm
98 – 99 9
96 – 97 9
94 – 95 13
92 – 93 13
90 – 91 15
88 – 89 6
86 – 87 2
TOTAL N = 67
Formula:
𝑥 =
𝑓𝑋𝑚
𝑛
98.5
96.5
94.5
92.5
90.5
88.5
86.5
886.5
868.5
1228.5
1202.5
1357.5
531
173
6247.5
Mean =
𝟔𝟐𝟒𝟕.𝟓
𝟔𝟕
= 𝟗𝟑. 𝟐𝟓
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 4
• The following scores are gathered from 55 students in a 50-item quiz, showing
the classes and its corresponding frequency.
SerJhob
Score F Xm fXm
45 & above 9
39 – 44 8
33– 38 11
27 – 32 13
21 – 26 10
15 – 20 2
9 – 14 2
TOTAL N = 55
Formula:
𝑥 =
𝑓𝑋𝑚
𝑛
47.5
41.5
35.5
29.5
23.5
17.5
11.5
427.5
332
390.5
383.5
235
35
23
1826.5
Mean =
𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟔.𝟓
𝟓𝟓
= 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟏
STATS&PROB
EXERCISES
• You grew fifty baby carrots using special soil. You dig them up and measure
their lengths (to the nearest mm) and group the results:
SerJhob
Lengths F Xm fXm
150 – 154 12
155 – 159 10
160 – 164 8
165 – 169 7
170 – 174 8
175 – 179 3
180 – 184 2
TOTAL N = 50
Formula:
𝑥 =
𝑓𝑋𝑚
𝑛
152
157
162
167
172
177
182
1824
1570
1296
1169
1376
531
364
8130
Mean =
𝟖𝟏𝟑𝟎
𝟓𝟎
= 𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟔
STATS&PROB
The Median
•The weakness of the mean leads us to examine another
measure of central tendency which is not affected by few
extreme values – the median.
•It is a positional measure that divides the distribution into
two equal parts when the data is arranged in order. 𝑀𝑑
•The median is considered the most stable measure of central
tendency of the distribution is irregular.
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
ADVANTAGES
•This is not easily influenced by extreme values.
•This is the best measure for irregular distribution.
DISADVANTAGES
•It requires arrangement of the data according to
their sizes.
•It is erroneous if the data do not cluster in the
middle of the distribution.
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
Procedure for Ungrouped Data
1. Arrange the numerical data in ascending or descending order.
2. When the observation is odd, get the middle most value to be the
median of the class.
3. When the observation is even, add the two middle most values and
divide it by two.
Formula for Grouped Data
𝑀𝑑 = 𝐿𝑙 +
𝑛
2
− 𝐹
𝑓𝑤
𝑖
Where: 𝑀𝑑=Median, 𝐿𝑙=Lower True Limit, 𝐹=Less than cumulative
frequency, 𝑓𝑤= frequency of the class, 𝑖= interval, and 𝑛=sample size.
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 5
•The following are the scores of 9 students in an arithmetic
test.
79 89 90 90 87 85 100 91 98
Find the mean & median score.
To get the median, arrange the score in an ascending (or
descending) order.
79 85 87 89 90 90 91 98 100
Since the total number of scores is odd (9 scores), get the
middle score.
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 5
•The median score is 90.
•The result implies that 50% of the scores in the test are below
90 while the other 50% of the scores are above 90.
•The mean score is 89.89
•The result implies that the average score of all the test takers
is 89.89
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 6
•The points scored by a volleyball team in series of matches
are as follows:
24 15 17 10 21 14 8 25 11 13
To get the median, arrange the score in an ascending (or
descending) order.
8 10 11 13 14 15 17 21 24 25
Since the total number of scores is even (10 scores), get the
sum of the middle most value and divide it by two.
SerJhob
14.5
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 6
•The median score is 14.5.
•The result implies that 50% of their scores in series of
matches are below 15 while the other 50% of the scores are
above 15.
•The mean score is 15.8.
•The result implies that the average points scored by a
volleyball team is 16.
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
EXERCISES (Review for Median)
•The following are the grades of students in their subjects.
Find the median score.
•Student A: 89, 90, 91, 89, 89, 98, 85, 89, 93, 94
•Student B: 74, 83, 83, 88, 84, 76, 75, 84, 75, 91
•Student C: 88, 83, 84, 85, 88, 83, 85, 82, 85, 82
•Student D: 89, 92, 91, 85, 87, 95, 96, 90
•Student E: 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77
•Student F: 98.5, 83.2, 91.2, 83.2, 95.4, 98.8, 85.9
•Student G: 86.76, 95.43, 92.32, 85.34, 78.54, 86.76
SerJhob
𝑀𝑑: 89.5
𝑀𝑑: 83
𝑀𝑑: 84.5
𝑀𝑑: 90.5
𝑀𝑑: 77
𝑀𝑑: 91.2
𝑀𝑑: 86.76
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 7
• The following is a cumulative frequency distribution table of the scores of 67
students in a 100-item Mathematics test, showing the classes and its
corresponding frequency.
SerJhob
Score f F
98 – 99 9
96 – 97 9
94 – 95 13
92 – 93 13
90 – 91 15
88 – 89 6
86 – 87 2
TOTAL N = 67
Formula:
𝑴𝒅 = 𝑳𝒍 +
𝒏
𝟐
− 𝑭
𝒇𝒘
𝒊
67
58
49
36
23
8
2
Median = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟓 +
𝟑𝟑.𝟓−𝟐𝟑
𝟏𝟑
2
𝐧
𝟐
=
𝟔𝟕
𝟐
= 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓
= 𝟗𝟏. 𝟓 +
𝟐𝟏
𝟏𝟑
= 𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟐
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 8
• The following scores are gathered from 55 students in a 50-item quiz, showing
the classes and its corresponding frequency.
SerJhob
Score f F
45 & above 9
39 – 44 8
33– 38 11
27 – 32 13
21 – 26 10
15 – 20 2
9 – 14 2
TOTAL N = 55
Formula:
𝑴𝒅 = 𝑳𝒍 +
𝒏
𝟐
− 𝑭
𝒇𝒘
𝒊
55
46
38
27
14
4
2
Mode = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟓 +
𝟐𝟕.𝟓−𝟐𝟕
𝟏𝟏
6
𝐧
𝟐
=
𝟓𝟓
𝟐
= 𝟐𝟕. 𝟓
= 𝟑𝟐. 𝟓 +
𝟑
𝟏𝟏
= 𝟑𝟐. 𝟕𝟕
STATS&PROB
EXERCISES
• You grew fifty baby carrots using special soil. You dig them up and measure
their lengths (to the nearest mm) and group the results:
SerJhob
Score f F
150 – 154 12
155 – 159 10
160 – 164 8
165 – 169 7
170 – 174 8
175 – 179 3
180 – 184 2
TOTAL N = 50
Formula:
𝑴𝒅 = 𝑳𝒍 +
𝒏
𝟐
− 𝑭
𝒇𝒘
𝒊
12
22
30
37
45
48
50
Mode = 𝟏𝟓𝟗. 𝟓 +
𝟑𝟎−𝟐𝟐
𝟖
5
𝐧
𝟐
=
𝟓𝟎
𝟐
= 𝟐𝟓
= 𝟏𝟓𝟗. 𝟓 +
𝟒𝟎
𝟖
= 𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟓
STATS&PROB
The Mode
•It is the observation that occurs most frequently in the data
and the observation that occurs more than once.
•It is very effective in describing nominal data.
•The mode of the distribution may or may not exist.
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
ADVANTAGES
•It is always a real value since it does not fall on zero.
•It does not require calculation and is simple to approximate.
•It does not need Mathematical manipulation if the data is
ungrouped.
•It is not easily affected by extreme values.
DISADVANTAGES
•It gives limited information about the distribution.
•It is sometimes misleading and subject to error.
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
Formula for Grouped Data
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 3𝑀𝑑 − 2𝑋
Where: 𝑀𝑑=Median, 𝑋=Mean.
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
•KINDS OF MODE
•Unimodal – if the distribution has one mode.
•Bimodal – if the distribution has two scores that are most
frequently occurring.
•Multimodal – if the distribution has two or more scores that
are equally occurring in terms of frequency (also known as
polymodal).
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 9
•Find the mode of the data.
1 2 2 1 3 2 3 5
Just by looking at the data, we find the frequency of 2 is 3
and it is more than the frequency of all the other scores.
So, the mode of the data is 2, or modal score is 2.
The kind of mode is unimodal.
SerJhob
Score f
1 Two
2 Three
3 Two
5 One
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 10
•Below are the scores (out of 20 items) earned by the student
in 8 different examinations:
9 6 12 15 7 19 8 12
Find the modal score
Just by looking at the data, we find the frequency of 12 is 2
and it is more than the frequency of all the other scores.
So, the mode of the data is 12, or modal score is 12.
The kind of the mode is unimodal.
SerJhob
Score f
6 One
7 One
8 One
12 Two
15 One
19 One
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 11
•Find the mode of the data, given the following scores:
1 1 2 4 2 3 4 3 5 4 5 1
Find the modal score
Just by looking at the data, we find the frequencies of 4 and
1 are both 3 and it is more than the frequency of all the
other scores.
So, the mode of the data is 1 and 4.
The kind of mode is bimodal.
SerJhob
Score F
1 Three
2 Two
3 Two
4 Three
5 Two
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 12
•Find the mode of the data, given the following scores:
10 10 12 11 9 7 5 7 2 1 3 11
Find the modal score
Just by looking at the data, we find the frequencies of 10, 11
and 7 have 2 and it is more than the frequency of all the
other scores.
So, the mode of the data is 10, 11 and 2.
The kind of mode is multimodal / polymodal.
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
EXERCISES
•The following are the grades of students in their subjects.
Find the modal grades.
•Student A: 89, 90, 91, 89, 89, 98, 85, 89, 93, 94
•Student B: 74, 83, 83, 88, 84, 76, 75, 81, 75, 91
•Student C: 88, 83, 84, 85, 88, 83, 85, 82, 85, 82
•Student D: 89, 92, 91, 85, 87, 95, 96, 90
•Student E: 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77
•Student F: 98.5, 87.6, 91.2, 83.2, 95.4, 98.5, 85.9
•Student G: 86.76, 95.43, 86.762, 86.74, 86.75, 86.761
SerJhob
𝑀𝑜: 89
𝑀𝑜: 83 & 75
𝑀𝑜: 85
𝑀𝑜: 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑀𝑜: 77
𝑀𝑜: 98.5
𝑀𝑜: 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 13
• The following is a cumulative frequency distribution table of the scores of 67
students in a 100-item Mathematics test, showing the classes and its
corresponding frequency.
SerJhob
Score f Xm fXm
98 – 99 9
96 – 97 9
94 – 95 13
92 – 93 13
90 – 91 15
88 – 89 6
86 – 87 2
TOTAL N = 67
Formula:
𝑥 =
𝑓𝑋𝑚
𝑛
98.5
96.5
94.5
92.5
90.5
88.5
86.5
886.5
868.5
1228.5
1202.5
1357.5
531
173
6247.5
Mean =
𝟔𝟐𝟒𝟕.𝟓
𝟔𝟕
= 𝟗𝟑. 𝟐𝟓
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 13
• The following is a cumulative frequency distribution table of the scores of 67
students in a 100-item Mathematics test, showing the classes and its
corresponding frequency.
SerJhob
Score f F
98 – 99 9
96 – 97 9
94 – 95 13
92 – 93 13
90 – 91 15
88 – 89 6
86 – 87 2
TOTAL N = 67
Formula:
𝑴𝒅 = 𝑳𝒍 +
𝒏
𝟐
− 𝑭
𝒇𝒘
𝒊
67
58
49
36
23
8
2
Mode = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟓 +
𝟑𝟑.𝟓−𝟐𝟑
𝟏𝟑
2
𝐧
𝟐
=
𝟔𝟕
𝟐
= 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓
= 𝟗𝟏. 𝟓 +
𝟐𝟏
𝟏𝟑
= 𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟐
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 13
• The following is a cumulative frequency distribution table of the scores of 67
students in a 100-item Mathematics test, showing the classes and its
corresponding frequency.
SerJhob
Formula:
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 3𝑀𝑑 − 2𝑋
Median = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟐
Mean = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟐𝟓
= 3 93.12 − 2 93.25
= 279.36 − 186.5
= 𝟗𝟐. 𝟖𝟔 𝑜𝑟 𝟗𝟑
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 14
• The following scores are gathered from 55 students in a 50-item quiz, showing
the classes and its corresponding frequency.
SerJhob
Score f Xm fXm
45 & above 9
39 – 44 8
33– 38 11
27 – 32 13
21 – 26 10
15 – 20 2
9 – 14 2
TOTAL N = 55
Formula:
𝑥 =
𝑓𝑋𝑚
𝑛
47.5
41.5
35.5
29.5
23.5
17.5
11.5
427.5
332
390.5
383.5
235
35
23
1815
Mean =
𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟔.𝟓
𝟓𝟓
= 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟏
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 14
• The following scores are gathered from 55 students in a 50-item quiz, showing
the classes and its corresponding frequency.
SerJhob
Score f F
45 & above 9
39 – 44 8
33– 38 11
27 – 32 13
21 – 26 10
15 – 20 2
9 – 14 2
TOTAL N = 55
Formula:
𝑴𝒅 = 𝑳𝒍 +
𝒏
𝟐
− 𝑭
𝒇𝒘
𝒊
55
46
38
27
14
4
2
Mode = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟓 +
𝟐𝟕.𝟓−𝟐𝟕
𝟏𝟏
6
𝐧
𝟐
=
𝟓𝟓
𝟐
= 𝟐𝟕. 𝟓
= 𝟑𝟐. 𝟓 +
𝟑
𝟏𝟏
= 𝟑𝟐. 𝟕𝟕
STATS&PROB
PROBLEM 14
• The following scores are gathered from 55 students in a 50-item quiz, showing
the classes and its corresponding frequency.
SerJhob
Formula:
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 3𝑀𝑑 − 2𝑋
Median = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟕𝟕
Mean = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟏
= 3(32.77) − 2(33.21)
= 98.31 − 66.42
= 𝟑𝟏. 𝟖𝟗 𝑜𝑟 𝟑𝟐
STATS&PROB
SEATWORK 1
The following sales of movie tickets (in million pesos) were recorded during the
15-day showing period nationwide.
51 53 53 53 55
55 56 57 57 57
59 60 61 62 62
68 68 71 73 74
78 80 82 84 87
88 88 90 94 95
95 96 98 100 103
Compute and compare the measures of central tendency for ungrouped and
grouped data with desired number of classes of 7.
SerJhob
STATS&PROB
SEATWORK 1
The following sales of movie tickets (in million pesos) were recorded during the
15-day showing period nationwide.
51 53 53 53 55
55 56 57 57 57
59 60 61 62 62
68 68 71 73 74
78 80 82 84 87
88 88 90 94 95
95 96 98 100 103
• Mean = 2563 / 35 = 73.23
• Median = 71
• Mode = 53 and 57 (bimodal)
STATS&PROB
SEATWORK 1
The following sales of movie tickets (in million pesos) were recorded during the
15-day showing period nationwide.
SerJhob
Score f Xm fXm
92 and above 7 665
85 – 91 4 352
78 – 84 4 324
71 – 77 3 222
64 – 70 2 134
57 – 63 8 480
50 – 56 7
TOTAL 35
Formula:
𝑥 =
𝑓𝑋𝑚
𝑛
95
88
81
74
67
60
53 371
2548
Mean =
𝟐𝟓𝟒𝟖
𝟑𝟓
= 𝟕𝟐. 𝟖
7
STATS&PROB
SEATWORK 1
The following sales of movie tickets (in million pesos) were recorded during the
15-day showing period nationwide.
SerJhob
35
28
Score f Xm
92 and above 7
85 – 91 4
78 – 84 4
71 – 77 3
64 – 70 2
57 – 63 8
50 – 56 7
TOTAL 35
24
20
17
15
Formula:
𝑴𝒅 = 𝑳𝒍 +
𝒏
𝟐
− 𝑭
𝒇𝒘
𝒊
Mode = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟓 +
𝟏𝟕.𝟓−𝟏𝟓
𝟐
𝟕
𝐧
𝟐
=
𝟑𝟓
𝟐
= 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓
= 𝟔𝟑. 𝟓 +
𝟏𝟕.𝟓
𝟐
= 𝟕𝟐. 𝟐𝟓
STATS&PROB
SEATWORK 1
The following sales of movie tickets (in million pesos) were recorded during the
15-day showing period nationwide.
SerJhob
Formula:
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 3𝑀𝑑 − 2𝑋
Median = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟐𝟓
Mean = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟖𝟎
= 3(72.25) − 2(72.80)
= 216.75 − 145.60
= 𝟕𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 𝑜𝑟 𝟕𝟏
STATS&PROB
Assignment
•Write the names of random selected 50 students in your
college and measure their height, prepare a frequency table
and compute the mean, median, and mode (grouped and
ungrouped). The decided number of classes is 10.
SerJhob
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Frequency Table - Elementary Statistics

  • 2. STATS&PROB Quantitative Frequency Distribution Table • a table where the data are tabulated based on numerical classes or interval. Qualitative Frequency Distribution Table • a table where the data are tabulated based on description. SerJhob
  • 3. STATS&PROB CLASS INTERVAL F 98 – 99 9 96 – 97 9 94 – 95 13 92 – 93 13 90 – 91 15 88 – 89 6 86-87 2 TOTAL N = 67 Quantitative Frequency Distribution Table SerJhob
  • 4. STATS&PROB Courses No. of Students BSEd Mathematics 30 BSEd Biological Science 28 BSEd Physical Science 15 Engineering 50 Nursing 80 TOTAL N = 203 Qualitative Frequency Distribution Table SerJhob
  • 5. STATS&PROB Class Limits •This pertains to the lowest and the highest value that can go in each class. Lower Class Limit • This refers to the lowest value that can be entered in a class. Upper Class Limit •This pertains to the highest value that can be entered in a class. SerJhob
  • 6. STATS&PROB Class Boundary •This is considered as the true limit or real limit. The class boundary can be obtained by simply adding 0.5 to the upper limit and subtracting 0.5 from the lower limit. Class Width or Class Size • Getting the difference between the boundaries • Getting the difference between two successive lower limits or two successive upper limits Frequency it pertains to the number of values that fall in a certain class. SerJhob
  • 7. STATS&PROB Midpoint (Class Mark) •This is a value that acts as representative of a certain class. It can be obtained by adding the lower and upper limit divided by two. Less than Cumulative Frequency Distribution • This refers to the distribution whose frequencies are less than or below the upper class boundary they correspond to. Greater than Cumulative Frequency Distribution • This refers to the distribution whose frequencies are greater than or above the upper class boundary they correspond to. SerJhob
  • 8. STATS&PROB Example 1 •The following are the raw scores of 67 students in a Mathematics test (out of 100 items). Construct a cumulative frequency distribution table with corresponding frequencies, midpoint, less than and greater than cumulative frequency. The number of classes is 7. 91 98 92 94 90 97 90 97 99 88 92 97 98 95 98 98 92 89 92 99 97 95 89 92 97 92 93 95 99 90 94 94 97 94 90 97 90 90 93 91 93 93 90 95 95 90 89 86 98 94 95 94 98 93 90 89 87 97 88 92 90 94 90 93 90 97 91 SerJhob
  • 9. STATS&PROB Step 1 – Get the highest and the lowest score or value. Step 2 – Get the Range Step 3 – Determine the number of classes. The decided number of classes (rows) is 7 Step 4 – Determine the size of the class intervals. Step 5 – Construct the class. The lower limit of the lowest class interval should be a multiple of two. SerJhob
  • 10. STATS&PROB The frequency table will look like the table below. SerJhob CLASS INTERVAL CLASS BOUNDARIES TALLY F X <CF >CF 86 – 87 88 – 89 90 – 91 92 – 93 94 – 95 96 – 97 98 – 99
  • 11. STATS&PROB The frequency table will look like the table below. SerJhob CLASS INTERVAL CLASS BOUNDARIES TALLY F X <CF >CF 86 – 87 85.5 – 87.5 II 2 86.5 2 67 88 – 89 87.5 – 89.5 IIIII – I 6 88.5 8 65 90 – 91 89.5 – 91.5 IIIII – IIIII – IIIII 15 90.5 23 59 92 – 93 91.5 – 93.5 IIIII – IIIII – III 13 92.5 36 44 94 – 95 93.5 – 95.5 IIIII – IIIII – III 13 94.5 49 31 96 – 97 95.5 – 97.5 IIIII – IIII 9 96.5 58 18 98 – 99 97.5 – 99.5 IIIII – IIII 9 98.5 67 9
  • 12. STATS&PROB Example 2 •The following are the areas of land (in hectare) owned by 60 families. Construct a quantitative frequency distribution table with corresponding frequencies, midpoint, less than and greater than cumulative frequency. The desired classes is 10. 24 34 32 46 56 49 25 35 33 47 57 50 26 36 35 48 58 53 27 37 37 49 59 61 28 38 39 50 60 62 29 39 40 51 46 63 30 40 41 52 47 61 31 41 42 53 49 62 32 27 43 54 50 63 33 28 44 55 53 45 SerJhob
  • 13. STATS&PROB Example 2 SerJhob CLASS INTERVAL CLASS BOUNDARIES TALLY F X <CF >CF 60 – 63 56 – 59 52 – 55 48 – 51 44 – 47 40 – 43 36 – 39 32 – 35 28 – 31 24 – 27 TOTAL
  • 14. STATS&PROB Example 2 SerJhob CLASS INTERVAL CLASS BOUNDARIES TALLY F X <CF >CF 60 – 63 59.5 – 63.5 IIIII – II 7 61.5 60 7 56 – 59 55.5 – 59.5 IIII 4 57.5 53 11 52 – 55 51.5 – 55.5 IIIII – I 6 53.5 49 17 48 – 51 47.5 – 51.5 IIIII – III 8 49.5 43 25 44 – 47 43.5 – 47.5 IIIII – I 6 45.5 35 31 40 – 43 39.5 – 43.5 IIIII – I 6 41.5 29 37 36 – 39 35.5 – 39.5 IIIII – I 6 37.5 23 43 32 – 35 31.5 – 35.5 IIIII – II 7 33.5 17 50 28 – 31 27.5 – 31.5 IIIII 5 29.5 10 55 24 – 27 23.5 – 27.5 IIIII 5 25.5 5 60 TOTAL N = 60
  • 15. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 1 •Forty Super B batteries were tested to determine how long they would last. The results, to the nearest minute, were recorded as follows: 432 324 332 326 756 632 225 435 353 427 501 226 436 345 481 583 453 227 347 737 359 261 428 638 739 650 320 662 629 339 512 546 462 430 743 641 452 247 461 321 Construct a quantitative frequency distribution table. The desired number of classes is 10. SerJhob
  • 16. STATS&PROB OBLEM 2 he following are the daily allowance (in pesos) of the 35 udents 45.42 70.35 55.32 56.34 75.48 65.76 87.34 37.49 54.23 98.45 78.45 78.34 98.34 87.43 56.23 76.44 89.22 68.51 87.43 67.24 45.49 57.34 98.50 56.34 23.45 32.45 34.45 45.67 45.87 78.53 45.76 50.47 76.45 78.34 56.52 Construct a quantitative frequency distribution table. The sired number of classes is 10. SerJhob
  • 17. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 1 (ANSWER) SerJhob CLASS INTERVAL CLASS BOUNDARIES TALLY F X <CF >CF TOTAL 224 - 276 277 - 329 330 - 382 383 - 435 436 - 488 489 - 541 542 - 594 595 - 647 648 - 700 701 and above 223.5 – 276.5 276.5 – 329.5 329.5 – 382.5 382.5 – 435.5 435.5 – 488.5 488.5 – 541.5 541.5 – 594.5 594.5 – 647.5 647.5 – 700.5 700.5 and above IIIII IIII IIIII-I IIIII IIIII-I II II IIII II IIII 5 4 6 5 6 2 2 4 2 4 250 303 356 409 462 515 568 621 674 727 5 9 15 20 26 28 30 34 36 40 40 35 31 25 20 14 12 10 6 4 40 4885 XL
  • 18. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 2 (ANSWER) SerJhob CLASS INTERVAL CLASS BOUNDARIES TALLY F X <CF >CF TOTAL 22 - 29 30 - 37 38 - 45 46 - 53 54 - 61 62 - 69 70 - 77 78 - 85 86 - 93 94 - 101 21.5 – 29.5 29.5 – 37.5 37.5 – 45.5 45.5 – 53.5 53.5 – 61.5 61.5 – 69.5 69.5 – 77.5 77.5 – 85.5 85.5 – 93.5 93.5 – 101.5 I III II IIII IIIII-II III IIII IIII IIII III 1 3 2 4 7 3 4 4 4 3 25.5 33.5 41.5 49.5 57.5 65.5 73.5 81.5 89.5 97.5 1 4 6 10 17 20 24 28 32 35 35 34 31 29 25 18 15 11 7 3 35 615 XXXV
  • 20. STATS&PROB Objectives After studying this lesson, you are expected to: •Define measures of central tendency; •Define mean, median and mode; •Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of each measure; •Calculate mean, median and mode for group and ungrouped data; and •Apply mean, median and mode in various fields of science and specialization. SerJhob
  • 21. STATS&PROB Measures of Central Tendency •A statistical measure that gives information regarding the central location of the score relative to the entire set of data. Thus, this measure is designed to give numerical description about the set of data gathered not on making numerical inferences. Three commonly used Measures of Central Tendency are the mean, median and mode. SerJhob
  • 22. STATS&PROB The Mean •The most popular measure of central tendency and sometimes layman calls it average. Population Mean •The sum of all the values taken from the population (𝑁) divided by the total number of units distributed. (𝜇) mu Sample Mean •The sum of all the values taken from the sample (n) divided by the total number of units considered. (x) SerJhob
  • 23. STATS&PROB ADVANTAGES • Mean can be easily computed and is subject to less error • Every observation contributes to the value of the mean • This is the best measure for regular distribution. • This is the most reliable because all observations contribute to the value of the mean. DISADVANTAGES • Mean does not give information regarding the homogeneity and heterogeneity of the distribution. • It can be easily affected by extreme values/outliers. • The more the distribution becomes heterogeneous the lower satisfactory is the mean. SerJhob
  • 24. STATS&PROB Formula for Ungrouped Data 𝑥 = 𝑖=1 𝑛 𝑋𝑖 𝑛 = 𝑋1 + 𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑛 𝑛 Where: 𝑥=Mean 𝑛=number of samples x=raw score Formula for Grouped Data 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑋𝑚 𝑛 Where: 𝑥=Mean 𝑛=number of samples f=frequency Xm = midpoint SerJhob
  • 25. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 1 •The following are the scores of 10 students in an arithmetic test. 79 89 90 90 87 85 100 91 98 83 Find the mean. Computation: To compute for the mean, substitute the raw score and divide it by the total number of units considered. SerJhob
  • 26. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 1 •The following are the scores of 10 students in an arithmetic test. 79 89 90 90 87 85 100 91 98 83 Mean: 𝑥 = 𝑖=1 𝑛 𝑋𝑖 𝑛 = 𝑋1+𝑋2+⋯+𝑋𝑛 𝑛 = 79+89+90+90+87+85+100+91+98+83 10 = 892 10 = 89.2 SerJhob
  • 27. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 2 •The enrollment in a Barangay Elementary School in last 7 years was 365, 400, 452, 500, 525, 607, and 802. What was the average enrollment per year? •To compute for the mean, add the number of enrollees per year and divide it by 7 years. Mean: 𝑥 = 𝑖=1 𝑛 𝑋𝑖 𝑛 = 𝑋1+𝑋2+⋯+𝑋𝑛 𝑛 = 365+400+452+500+525+607+802 7 = 3651 7 = 521.57 or 522 SerJhob
  • 28. STATS&PROB EXERCISES •The following are the grades of students in their subjects. Find the average grades rounded to nearest tenths: •Student A: 89, 90, 91, 89, 89, 98, 85, 89, 93, 94 •Student B: 74, 83, 83, 88, 84, 76, 75, 84, 75, 91 •Student C: 88, 83, 84, 85, 88, 83, 85, 82, 85, 82 •Student D: 89, 92, 91, 85, 87, 95, 96, 90 •Student E: 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77 •Student F: 98.5, 87.6, 91.2, 83.2, 95.4, 98.8, 85.9 •Student G: 86.76, 95.43, 92.32, 85.34, 78.54, 76.81 SerJhob Mean: 90.7 Mean: 81.3 Mean: 84.5 Mean: 90.6 Mean: 77 Mean: 91.5 Mean: 85.9
  • 29. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 3 • The following is a cumulative frequency distribution table of the scores of 67 students in a 100-item Mathematics test, showing the classes and its corresponding frequency. SerJhob Score f Xm fXm 98 – 99 9 96 – 97 9 94 – 95 13 92 – 93 13 90 – 91 15 88 – 89 6 86 – 87 2 TOTAL N = 67 Formula: 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑋𝑚 𝑛 98.5 96.5 94.5 92.5 90.5 88.5 86.5 886.5 868.5 1228.5 1202.5 1357.5 531 173 6247.5 Mean = 𝟔𝟐𝟒𝟕.𝟓 𝟔𝟕 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟐𝟓
  • 30. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 4 • The following scores are gathered from 55 students in a 50-item quiz, showing the classes and its corresponding frequency. SerJhob Score F Xm fXm 45 & above 9 39 – 44 8 33– 38 11 27 – 32 13 21 – 26 10 15 – 20 2 9 – 14 2 TOTAL N = 55 Formula: 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑋𝑚 𝑛 47.5 41.5 35.5 29.5 23.5 17.5 11.5 427.5 332 390.5 383.5 235 35 23 1826.5 Mean = 𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟔.𝟓 𝟓𝟓 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟏
  • 31. STATS&PROB EXERCISES • You grew fifty baby carrots using special soil. You dig them up and measure their lengths (to the nearest mm) and group the results: SerJhob Lengths F Xm fXm 150 – 154 12 155 – 159 10 160 – 164 8 165 – 169 7 170 – 174 8 175 – 179 3 180 – 184 2 TOTAL N = 50 Formula: 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑋𝑚 𝑛 152 157 162 167 172 177 182 1824 1570 1296 1169 1376 531 364 8130 Mean = 𝟖𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝟓𝟎 = 𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟔
  • 32. STATS&PROB The Median •The weakness of the mean leads us to examine another measure of central tendency which is not affected by few extreme values – the median. •It is a positional measure that divides the distribution into two equal parts when the data is arranged in order. 𝑀𝑑 •The median is considered the most stable measure of central tendency of the distribution is irregular. SerJhob
  • 33. STATS&PROB ADVANTAGES •This is not easily influenced by extreme values. •This is the best measure for irregular distribution. DISADVANTAGES •It requires arrangement of the data according to their sizes. •It is erroneous if the data do not cluster in the middle of the distribution. SerJhob
  • 34. STATS&PROB Procedure for Ungrouped Data 1. Arrange the numerical data in ascending or descending order. 2. When the observation is odd, get the middle most value to be the median of the class. 3. When the observation is even, add the two middle most values and divide it by two. Formula for Grouped Data 𝑀𝑑 = 𝐿𝑙 + 𝑛 2 − 𝐹 𝑓𝑤 𝑖 Where: 𝑀𝑑=Median, 𝐿𝑙=Lower True Limit, 𝐹=Less than cumulative frequency, 𝑓𝑤= frequency of the class, 𝑖= interval, and 𝑛=sample size. SerJhob
  • 35. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 5 •The following are the scores of 9 students in an arithmetic test. 79 89 90 90 87 85 100 91 98 Find the mean & median score. To get the median, arrange the score in an ascending (or descending) order. 79 85 87 89 90 90 91 98 100 Since the total number of scores is odd (9 scores), get the middle score. SerJhob
  • 36. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 5 •The median score is 90. •The result implies that 50% of the scores in the test are below 90 while the other 50% of the scores are above 90. •The mean score is 89.89 •The result implies that the average score of all the test takers is 89.89 SerJhob
  • 37. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 6 •The points scored by a volleyball team in series of matches are as follows: 24 15 17 10 21 14 8 25 11 13 To get the median, arrange the score in an ascending (or descending) order. 8 10 11 13 14 15 17 21 24 25 Since the total number of scores is even (10 scores), get the sum of the middle most value and divide it by two. SerJhob 14.5
  • 38. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 6 •The median score is 14.5. •The result implies that 50% of their scores in series of matches are below 15 while the other 50% of the scores are above 15. •The mean score is 15.8. •The result implies that the average points scored by a volleyball team is 16. SerJhob
  • 39. STATS&PROB EXERCISES (Review for Median) •The following are the grades of students in their subjects. Find the median score. •Student A: 89, 90, 91, 89, 89, 98, 85, 89, 93, 94 •Student B: 74, 83, 83, 88, 84, 76, 75, 84, 75, 91 •Student C: 88, 83, 84, 85, 88, 83, 85, 82, 85, 82 •Student D: 89, 92, 91, 85, 87, 95, 96, 90 •Student E: 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77 •Student F: 98.5, 83.2, 91.2, 83.2, 95.4, 98.8, 85.9 •Student G: 86.76, 95.43, 92.32, 85.34, 78.54, 86.76 SerJhob 𝑀𝑑: 89.5 𝑀𝑑: 83 𝑀𝑑: 84.5 𝑀𝑑: 90.5 𝑀𝑑: 77 𝑀𝑑: 91.2 𝑀𝑑: 86.76
  • 40. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 7 • The following is a cumulative frequency distribution table of the scores of 67 students in a 100-item Mathematics test, showing the classes and its corresponding frequency. SerJhob Score f F 98 – 99 9 96 – 97 9 94 – 95 13 92 – 93 13 90 – 91 15 88 – 89 6 86 – 87 2 TOTAL N = 67 Formula: 𝑴𝒅 = 𝑳𝒍 + 𝒏 𝟐 − 𝑭 𝒇𝒘 𝒊 67 58 49 36 23 8 2 Median = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝟑𝟑.𝟓−𝟐𝟑 𝟏𝟑 2 𝐧 𝟐 = 𝟔𝟕 𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓 = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝟐𝟏 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟐
  • 41. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 8 • The following scores are gathered from 55 students in a 50-item quiz, showing the classes and its corresponding frequency. SerJhob Score f F 45 & above 9 39 – 44 8 33– 38 11 27 – 32 13 21 – 26 10 15 – 20 2 9 – 14 2 TOTAL N = 55 Formula: 𝑴𝒅 = 𝑳𝒍 + 𝒏 𝟐 − 𝑭 𝒇𝒘 𝒊 55 46 38 27 14 4 2 Mode = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟓 + 𝟐𝟕.𝟓−𝟐𝟕 𝟏𝟏 6 𝐧 𝟐 = 𝟓𝟓 𝟐 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟓 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟓 + 𝟑 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟕𝟕
  • 42. STATS&PROB EXERCISES • You grew fifty baby carrots using special soil. You dig them up and measure their lengths (to the nearest mm) and group the results: SerJhob Score f F 150 – 154 12 155 – 159 10 160 – 164 8 165 – 169 7 170 – 174 8 175 – 179 3 180 – 184 2 TOTAL N = 50 Formula: 𝑴𝒅 = 𝑳𝒍 + 𝒏 𝟐 − 𝑭 𝒇𝒘 𝒊 12 22 30 37 45 48 50 Mode = 𝟏𝟓𝟗. 𝟓 + 𝟑𝟎−𝟐𝟐 𝟖 5 𝐧 𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎 𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟏𝟓𝟗. 𝟓 + 𝟒𝟎 𝟖 = 𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟓
  • 43. STATS&PROB The Mode •It is the observation that occurs most frequently in the data and the observation that occurs more than once. •It is very effective in describing nominal data. •The mode of the distribution may or may not exist. SerJhob
  • 44. STATS&PROB ADVANTAGES •It is always a real value since it does not fall on zero. •It does not require calculation and is simple to approximate. •It does not need Mathematical manipulation if the data is ungrouped. •It is not easily affected by extreme values. DISADVANTAGES •It gives limited information about the distribution. •It is sometimes misleading and subject to error. SerJhob
  • 45. STATS&PROB Formula for Grouped Data 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 3𝑀𝑑 − 2𝑋 Where: 𝑀𝑑=Median, 𝑋=Mean. SerJhob
  • 46. STATS&PROB •KINDS OF MODE •Unimodal – if the distribution has one mode. •Bimodal – if the distribution has two scores that are most frequently occurring. •Multimodal – if the distribution has two or more scores that are equally occurring in terms of frequency (also known as polymodal). SerJhob
  • 47. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 9 •Find the mode of the data. 1 2 2 1 3 2 3 5 Just by looking at the data, we find the frequency of 2 is 3 and it is more than the frequency of all the other scores. So, the mode of the data is 2, or modal score is 2. The kind of mode is unimodal. SerJhob Score f 1 Two 2 Three 3 Two 5 One
  • 48. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 10 •Below are the scores (out of 20 items) earned by the student in 8 different examinations: 9 6 12 15 7 19 8 12 Find the modal score Just by looking at the data, we find the frequency of 12 is 2 and it is more than the frequency of all the other scores. So, the mode of the data is 12, or modal score is 12. The kind of the mode is unimodal. SerJhob Score f 6 One 7 One 8 One 12 Two 15 One 19 One
  • 49. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 11 •Find the mode of the data, given the following scores: 1 1 2 4 2 3 4 3 5 4 5 1 Find the modal score Just by looking at the data, we find the frequencies of 4 and 1 are both 3 and it is more than the frequency of all the other scores. So, the mode of the data is 1 and 4. The kind of mode is bimodal. SerJhob Score F 1 Three 2 Two 3 Two 4 Three 5 Two
  • 50. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 12 •Find the mode of the data, given the following scores: 10 10 12 11 9 7 5 7 2 1 3 11 Find the modal score Just by looking at the data, we find the frequencies of 10, 11 and 7 have 2 and it is more than the frequency of all the other scores. So, the mode of the data is 10, 11 and 2. The kind of mode is multimodal / polymodal. SerJhob
  • 51. STATS&PROB EXERCISES •The following are the grades of students in their subjects. Find the modal grades. •Student A: 89, 90, 91, 89, 89, 98, 85, 89, 93, 94 •Student B: 74, 83, 83, 88, 84, 76, 75, 81, 75, 91 •Student C: 88, 83, 84, 85, 88, 83, 85, 82, 85, 82 •Student D: 89, 92, 91, 85, 87, 95, 96, 90 •Student E: 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77 •Student F: 98.5, 87.6, 91.2, 83.2, 95.4, 98.5, 85.9 •Student G: 86.76, 95.43, 86.762, 86.74, 86.75, 86.761 SerJhob 𝑀𝑜: 89 𝑀𝑜: 83 & 75 𝑀𝑜: 85 𝑀𝑜: 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑀𝑜: 77 𝑀𝑜: 98.5 𝑀𝑜: 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒
  • 52. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 13 • The following is a cumulative frequency distribution table of the scores of 67 students in a 100-item Mathematics test, showing the classes and its corresponding frequency. SerJhob Score f Xm fXm 98 – 99 9 96 – 97 9 94 – 95 13 92 – 93 13 90 – 91 15 88 – 89 6 86 – 87 2 TOTAL N = 67 Formula: 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑋𝑚 𝑛 98.5 96.5 94.5 92.5 90.5 88.5 86.5 886.5 868.5 1228.5 1202.5 1357.5 531 173 6247.5 Mean = 𝟔𝟐𝟒𝟕.𝟓 𝟔𝟕 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟐𝟓
  • 53. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 13 • The following is a cumulative frequency distribution table of the scores of 67 students in a 100-item Mathematics test, showing the classes and its corresponding frequency. SerJhob Score f F 98 – 99 9 96 – 97 9 94 – 95 13 92 – 93 13 90 – 91 15 88 – 89 6 86 – 87 2 TOTAL N = 67 Formula: 𝑴𝒅 = 𝑳𝒍 + 𝒏 𝟐 − 𝑭 𝒇𝒘 𝒊 67 58 49 36 23 8 2 Mode = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝟑𝟑.𝟓−𝟐𝟑 𝟏𝟑 2 𝐧 𝟐 = 𝟔𝟕 𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓 = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝟐𝟏 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟐
  • 54. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 13 • The following is a cumulative frequency distribution table of the scores of 67 students in a 100-item Mathematics test, showing the classes and its corresponding frequency. SerJhob Formula: 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 3𝑀𝑑 − 2𝑋 Median = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟐 Mean = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟐𝟓 = 3 93.12 − 2 93.25 = 279.36 − 186.5 = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟖𝟔 𝑜𝑟 𝟗𝟑
  • 55. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 14 • The following scores are gathered from 55 students in a 50-item quiz, showing the classes and its corresponding frequency. SerJhob Score f Xm fXm 45 & above 9 39 – 44 8 33– 38 11 27 – 32 13 21 – 26 10 15 – 20 2 9 – 14 2 TOTAL N = 55 Formula: 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑋𝑚 𝑛 47.5 41.5 35.5 29.5 23.5 17.5 11.5 427.5 332 390.5 383.5 235 35 23 1815 Mean = 𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟔.𝟓 𝟓𝟓 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟏
  • 56. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 14 • The following scores are gathered from 55 students in a 50-item quiz, showing the classes and its corresponding frequency. SerJhob Score f F 45 & above 9 39 – 44 8 33– 38 11 27 – 32 13 21 – 26 10 15 – 20 2 9 – 14 2 TOTAL N = 55 Formula: 𝑴𝒅 = 𝑳𝒍 + 𝒏 𝟐 − 𝑭 𝒇𝒘 𝒊 55 46 38 27 14 4 2 Mode = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟓 + 𝟐𝟕.𝟓−𝟐𝟕 𝟏𝟏 6 𝐧 𝟐 = 𝟓𝟓 𝟐 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟓 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟓 + 𝟑 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟕𝟕
  • 57. STATS&PROB PROBLEM 14 • The following scores are gathered from 55 students in a 50-item quiz, showing the classes and its corresponding frequency. SerJhob Formula: 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 3𝑀𝑑 − 2𝑋 Median = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟕𝟕 Mean = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟏 = 3(32.77) − 2(33.21) = 98.31 − 66.42 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟖𝟗 𝑜𝑟 𝟑𝟐
  • 58. STATS&PROB SEATWORK 1 The following sales of movie tickets (in million pesos) were recorded during the 15-day showing period nationwide. 51 53 53 53 55 55 56 57 57 57 59 60 61 62 62 68 68 71 73 74 78 80 82 84 87 88 88 90 94 95 95 96 98 100 103 Compute and compare the measures of central tendency for ungrouped and grouped data with desired number of classes of 7. SerJhob
  • 59. STATS&PROB SEATWORK 1 The following sales of movie tickets (in million pesos) were recorded during the 15-day showing period nationwide. 51 53 53 53 55 55 56 57 57 57 59 60 61 62 62 68 68 71 73 74 78 80 82 84 87 88 88 90 94 95 95 96 98 100 103 • Mean = 2563 / 35 = 73.23 • Median = 71 • Mode = 53 and 57 (bimodal)
  • 60. STATS&PROB SEATWORK 1 The following sales of movie tickets (in million pesos) were recorded during the 15-day showing period nationwide. SerJhob Score f Xm fXm 92 and above 7 665 85 – 91 4 352 78 – 84 4 324 71 – 77 3 222 64 – 70 2 134 57 – 63 8 480 50 – 56 7 TOTAL 35 Formula: 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑋𝑚 𝑛 95 88 81 74 67 60 53 371 2548 Mean = 𝟐𝟓𝟒𝟖 𝟑𝟓 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟖
  • 61. 7 STATS&PROB SEATWORK 1 The following sales of movie tickets (in million pesos) were recorded during the 15-day showing period nationwide. SerJhob 35 28 Score f Xm 92 and above 7 85 – 91 4 78 – 84 4 71 – 77 3 64 – 70 2 57 – 63 8 50 – 56 7 TOTAL 35 24 20 17 15 Formula: 𝑴𝒅 = 𝑳𝒍 + 𝒏 𝟐 − 𝑭 𝒇𝒘 𝒊 Mode = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟓 + 𝟏𝟕.𝟓−𝟏𝟓 𝟐 𝟕 𝐧 𝟐 = 𝟑𝟓 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟓 + 𝟏𝟕.𝟓 𝟐 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟐𝟓
  • 62. STATS&PROB SEATWORK 1 The following sales of movie tickets (in million pesos) were recorded during the 15-day showing period nationwide. SerJhob Formula: 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 3𝑀𝑑 − 2𝑋 Median = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 Mean = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟖𝟎 = 3(72.25) − 2(72.80) = 216.75 − 145.60 = 𝟕𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 𝑜𝑟 𝟕𝟏
  • 63. STATS&PROB Assignment •Write the names of random selected 50 students in your college and measure their height, prepare a frequency table and compute the mean, median, and mode (grouped and ungrouped). The decided number of classes is 10. SerJhob
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