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Oxford University Scientific Society - May 14, 2014
- 1. Oxford University Scientific Society May 14, 2014
- 2. Crowdfunding Fusion— Focus Fusion as the Short Route to Fusion Power Eric J. Lerner Chief Scientist, LPPFusion, Inc.
- 3. Overview What would happen? Why Crowdfund it? How can it be so small and cheap? How does it work? Where are we in getting to fusion power? What do we need to do to get there?
- 4. What Would Happen If We had Cheap Clean Energy? What if we could develop in the next five years a 5 MW energy source 10 times cheaper than any now available that was safe and non-polluting?
- 5. LPPFUSION.com Economic Benefits 17% increase in real income for median industrialized country resident 44% increase in real income for median person in the world
- 6. LPPFUSION.com JOBS, Services and Infrastructure $5 TRILLION per year not spent on energy 100-150 million new jobs globally
- 7. LPPFUSION.com Environmental Benefits • End 7 million deaths per year from pollution by coal, diesel, gasoline • End oil spills, mining devastation • Total recycling with plasma torch • Money released to end deforestation, environmental clean-up • No greenhouse gases • No radioactive waste
- 8. LPPFUSION.com Benefits for Peace No more war to prop up the price of oil Fission energy is obsolete— lock up the uranium mines
- 9. LPPFUSION.com Distributed Power • 5 MW generators, safe enough to put in neighborhoods • far more reliability in disasters, • rapid deployment to towns and villages throughout the world
- 10. Would You Chip In? What if this new ideal energy source could be demonstrated to be scientifically feasible for only $1 million and a prototype generator developed for only about $50 million?
- 11. LPPFUSION.com CROWD-funding for Fusion Launched on Indiegogo May 6 By June 15: Goal $200,000 for vital parts Need $1 million, 12-18 months to scientific feasibility
- 12. LPPFUSION.com Why Crowd-funding For Fusion? International fusion effort concentrated on single device, ITER Over 50 scientists have signed an open letter urging broader approach Only brave investors for fusion research—not enough Benefits all, so crowdfunding asks all to contribute
- 14. LPPFUSION.com Dense Plasma Focus : small inexpensive device
- 15. LPPFUSION.com Dense Plasma Focus : small inexpensive device
- 16. LPPFUSION.com FOCUS FUSION – 1, Experimental DEVICE
- 17. LPPFUSION.com Focus-Fusion-1 Experimental Device 12-CAPACITOR BANK Stored energy 100kJ (vs 10 GJ for JET) Capacitor potential 45 kV Capacitance 75 mF Peak current 1.4-2.8 MA Electrodes: 5 cm cathode, 2.8 cm anode
- 18. LPPFUSION.com Spiral GalaxyQuasars Beam From Star Formation REPRODUCING NATURAL INSTABILITIES Solar Flares
- 19. LPPFUSION.com Key plasma parameters-- such as velocity--are scale-invariant In Lab: 10 cm , msec Solar flare: 10,000 km, 100 sec Galaxy: 30 kpc, 15 My Super-cluster: 100 Mpc, 100Gy The Cosmic Connection
- 21. LPPFUSION.com How A DPF Device Works
- 23. LPPFUSION.com WHAT IS ANEUTRONIC FUSION? It’s a fusion using aneutronic fuel, ideally made of hydrogen and boron, pB11, which produces no neutrons and thus no radioactive waste. Aneutronic → No neutrons → No Radioactive waste
- 24. LPPFUSION.com ENERGY CAPTURE DEVICE X-rays, Ion Beams
- 25. LPPFUSION.com SAFE • NO neutrons from main reaction • NO high energy neutrons • NO radioactive waste—electrodes contain less radioactivity than a roomful of people. • Generator safe to service without protection 9 hours after turn-off
- 26. How Do we Reduce X-ray Cooling? X-ray emission increases as z2 Boron 25 x as emissive as hydrogen How do we avoid this?
- 27. LPPFUSION.com Reducing X-ray Cooling Quantum Magnetic Field Effect
- 28. LPPFUSION.com Quantum Magnetic Field Effect QMEF reduces Te by >20x Cuts X-ray by >4x Allows ignition of pB11 BUT only with B>~3 GG
- 29. LPPFUSION.com WHERE ARE WE? Ion temperature— goal achieved —over 1.8 billion degrees, enough to ignite pB11 Confinement time— goal achieved 20 ns—more than 8 ns goal Energy transfer to plasmoid— over 50% of goal Density—must increase by 10,000
- 30. Ion energy of 160 keV LPPFUSION.com
- 32. How Does it Get so Hot? Main Mechanism is Viscous Heating—Haines, others Ordered Motion Into Random Motion Higher Densities, Electron Beam Wave Heating
- 33. Fusion Comparison Fusion Yield/Energy Input Energy output per 1,000 J input DT: DD: JET 2.2 J 0.01 J Sarov DPF 0.2 J 0.00045 J NIF 0.03 J FF-1 DPF 0.0025 J
- 34. Why Does DPF Fusion Yield Plateau? LPPHYSICS.COM y = 1E-08x6.7542 1.00E+06 1.00E+07 1.00E+08 1.00E+09 1.00E+10 1.00E+11 1.00E+12 1.00E+02 1.00E+03 NeutronYield Current I (kA) Buenos Aires(PFI) FF-1 Frascati(1MJ) Limeil NTSC Swierk U of Illinois LPP Stuttgart(HV) Darmstadt Stuttgart(Poseidon)
- 35. Impurities from Electrode Vaporization
- 36. LPPFUSION.com 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Impurity/Dmassratio Charging voltage (kV)
- 37. LPPFUSION.com Plasma 1/3 metal by mass, mostly Ag, 1% by number Uneven impurity distribution causes asymmetric sheath, poor compression Increase in collision rate with zeff 4 prevents magnetization of filaments, disrupts them How Do Impurities Affect Performance?
- 38. LPPFUSION.com What We Should See
- 39. LPPFUSION.com What We Actually See
- 40. LPPFUSION.com Why More Effect with Higher Current? 1) Arcing above 2 MA/cm2 2) Magnetization of filaments easier to disrupt Magnetization depends on B/n. For B2/n constant, B/n declines with increasing B
- 43. LPPFUSION.com Steps To Increase Density 50x-- Achieve theoretical density—tungsten electrodes to eliminate impurity 10x-- Increase current to 2.8 MA 20x-- Better compression with heavier pB11
- 44. Getting the B Field • FF-1Now– 0.06 GG With filaments—0.6 GG Full current—1.3 GG With pB11—10 GG
- 45. LPPFUSION.com Needed: Beryllium electrodes Tungsten is fine for impurity, but absorbs too many x-rays Beryllium far more transparent But costs-- (single unit)--$250,000
- 46. LPPFUSION.com Biggest Engineering Challenges Heat Removal—Electrode Erosion • Sputtering may limit electrode lifetime but with re-deposition a few weeks may be OK • Anode will be heated by x-rays - key upper limiting factor in repetition rate • Deposition of boron - key lower limit on repetition rate
- 47. LPPFUSION.com Why Has it Taken So Long? Massive Underfunding: Tungsten too expensive Too few large experiments Under staffing slows progress