'La nueva revolución de la producción: la transformación digital'. Este fue el hilo conductor de la jornada que celebramos el 14 de marzo de 2017 en la Fundación Ramón Areces con la OCDE. Inaugurada por Ángel Gurría, Secretario general de la OCDE, y por Álvaro Nadal, Ministro de Energía, Turismo y Agenda Digital, intervinieron diferentes expertos y emprendedores que explicaron cómo la tecnología está revolucionando la industria y los negocios.

1. The Next Production Revolution: Making the
Digital Transformation Work for Spain
Dirk Pilat, Deputy Director
Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation
dirk.pilat@oecd.org
The Next Production Revolution: The Digital
Transformation
Fundación Ramón Areces
14 March, Madrid

2. Outline
1. The Next Production Revolution and the Digital
Transformation
2. Where Spain stands
3. The OECD Response – Going Digital

3. 1. THE NEXT PRODUCTION
REVOLUTION AND THE
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

4. A wide range of new production technologies
are emerging
4

5. Digital technologies are a potential game-changer,
…
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Millions
Smartphones Other mobile phones
Quarterly shipping trends of smartphones, 2010-13
Sources: NBC News, St Peter’s Square: http://instagram.com/p/W2FCksR9-e/ and OECD Broadband Portal

6. 6
…., and data-driven innovation is affecting all
parts of the economy, …
HealthPublic Admin. Retail
TransportationAgriculture
Science & Education
Manufacturing

7. I don’t need a car,
I need mobility.
… providing new opportunities and enabling new
business models, …
I can afford this house,
by renting it out.
I don’t need the post office,
drones can deliver my goods.
I don’t need a bank, I can use
blockchain.

8. …., and providing new opportunities for SMEs
and start-ups
Virtual marketplace Crowd financing
Global reach Pay as you go 8

9. 9
But this is just the beginning of the
digital transformation

10. Contribution to potential per capita output growth (% pts unless otherwise noted)
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 2016, Volume 1.
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Capital per worker MFP
Potential employment rate Active population rate
Potential per capita growth (%)
Pre-crisis: MFP story Post-crisis: K story
The possible productivity benefits of digital
technologies are urgently needed ...
-Output and productivity in US firms that adopt data-driven
decision making are 5% to 6% higher than expected given
those firms’ other investments in ICTs
- (Brynjolfsson, Hitt and Kim, 2011).
-The Internet of Things reduces costs among industrial
adopters by 18% on average.
- (Vodatafone, 2015).
-Autonomous mine haulage trucks could increase output by
15-20%, lower fuel consumption by 10-15% and reduce
maintenance costs by 8%.
- (Citigroup-Oxford Martin School, 2015).

11. … although there is a growing concern that only
some firms benefit from new technology
The productivity gap between the globally most productive firms and other firms has widened
Note: “Frontier firms” is the average labour productivity (value added per worker) of the 100 or 5% globally most productive firms in each
two-digit industry. “Non-frontier firms” is the average of all firms, except the 5% globally most productive firms.
Source: OECD preliminary results based on Andrews, D., C. Criscuolo and P. Gal (2016), “Mind the Gap: Productivity Divergence
between the Global Frontier and Laggard Firms”, OECD Productivity Working Papers, forthcoming; Orbis database of Bureau van Dijk.

12. 2. WHERE SPAIN STANDS

13. OECD Mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, by
technology, June 2016
Source: OECD, Broadband Portal, www.oecd.org/sti/broadband/oecdbroadbandportal.htm
Spain has made good progress on broadband
access, especially mobile …

14. Percentage of fibre connections in total broadband among
countries reporting fibre subscribers, June 2016
Source: OECD, Broadband Portal, www.oecd.org/sti/broadband/oecdbroadbandportal.htm
… and also on fibre connections
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%

15. Internet users, by age, 2014
As a percentage of the population in each age group
Source: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2015, www.oe.cd/sti-scoreboard, based on OECD, ICT Database;
Eurostat, Information Society Statistics Database; ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT indicators Database and national sources, July
2015. Data at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933274795 .
But there are still gaps in ICT use by age, gender,
education and income level
0
20
40
60
80
100
%
Total users 16-24 year-olds 65-74 year-olds

16. The diffusion of selected ICT tools and activities in enterprises, 2015
Percentage of enterprises with ten or more persons employed
16Source: OECD, ICT Database; Eurostat, Information Society Statistics Database and national sources, April 2016.
The intensity of ICT use in Spain also still lags
business in many OECD countries …

17. Enterprises using cloud computing services, by size, 2016
As a percentage of enterprises in each employment size class
Source: OECD, ICT Database; Eurostat, Information Society Statistics Database and national sources, January 2017.
… notably for small firms

18. 18
Business innovation and entrepreneurship also
remain relatively weak in Spain
Normalised index of performance relative to the median values in the OECD area (index median =
100)
Source: OECD (2016), “Spain", in OECD STI Outlook 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/sti_in_outlook-2016-61-en
Top/Bottom 5 OECD values Middle range of OECD values OECD median Spain
Universities and
public research
R&D and innovation in firms Innovative
entrepreneurship
Top half
OECD
Bottom half
OECD
100
0
200
150
50
a. Competences and capacity to innovate

19. Many jobs in Spain will be affected in some
way …
Jobs with high and medium potential for automation
Percentage of jobs with 70 % and between 50 % et 70 % of substitutable tasks
Source: Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC); Arntz et al (2016)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
SVK
CZE
ITA
DEU
AUT
POL
NLD
ENG/NIR
Average
USA
ESP
NOR
DNK
CAN
IRL
SWE
FRA
JPN
BEL(Fl)
FIN
EST
KOR
Significant change in tasks Automatable
Tasks that lower risk of automation:
• Presenting
• Influencing
• Reading books and/or professional
publications
• Writing articles
• Using programming language
• Training others
Tasks that increase risk of automation:
• Exchanging information
• Selling
• Using fingers or hands
Source: Arntz et al (2016), Table 3.
19

20. Individuals who judge their computer skills to be sufficient if they were to apply for a
new job within a year, 2013 (as a percentage of all individuals)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
%
All Individuals Individuals with high formal education Individuals with no or low formal education
Source: OECD Measuring the Digital Economy: A New Perspective, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933148354.
… and new skills will be needed

21. As the demand for jobs is polarising in many
OECD regions
Job polarisation in major OECD economies, 2002-14
Percentage points changes in employment shares by occupation
Source: OECD estimates based on EU-LFS, Japanese Labour Force Survey, BLS Current Population Survey.
21
United StatesEuropean Union Japan
7.2
-0.7
-9.5
3.0
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
3
6
9
12
High Medium -
non
routine
Medium -
routine
Low
p.p
5.4
3.4
-8.9
0.1
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
3
6
9
12
High Medium -
non
routine
Medium -
routine
Low
p.p
0.9
2.7
-4.5
1.0
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
3
6
9
12
High Medium -
non
routine
Medium -
routine
Low
p.p

22. • Access and use:
– There are still large gaps in access and use – investment in
(high-speed/fibre) broadband & the Internet of Things important
– Greater uptake and use by SMEs is particularly important
• Regulation and competition:
– Removing unnecessary regulatory barriers, in particular for
new business models
– Addressing market concentration & barriers to competition.
– Preserving the open Internet and the free flow of data
– Address barriers to resource (re-)allocation
• Enhance trust in the digital economy, by:
– Addressing privacy and security concerns
– Improving consumer protection
22
Key policy issues for the digital transformation –
for Spain and other countries (1)

23. • Inclusion and new job creation:
– Fostering access and inclusion, e.g. through support for the
spread of broadband networks to all households and regions
– New opportunities for innovation & entrepreneurship
• Jobs and skills:
– Strengthening skills for the digital economy – for the
population as whole, for those using digital technologies and for
those requiring specialist skills – not just ICT skills
– Facilitating adjustment – through appropriate labour market
and social policies
– Redesign of labour market and social policies to respond to
the growth of non-standard work
– And ….?
23
Key policy issues for the digital transformation –
for Spain and other countries (2)

24. 3. THE OECD RESPONSE

25. OECD Ministerial Conference on the Digital Economy:
Innovation, Growth and Social Prosperity, Cancun, Mexico,
22-23 June 2016

26. But we are in need of a more coherent and
strategic approach to digitalisation
• Critical thresholds have been crossed in recent years which have
led to “ubiquitous computing” and have raised the profile of
digitalisation issues on the policy agenda
• Shift from an economic focus to socio-economic as the impact
spreads to society and additional sectors;
• Huge potential: innovation, productivity, transparency, better
public services, greater inclusiveness;
• Realisation that digitally induced structural change can be
disruptive, especially if it occurs over a compressed time period.
• Technology 4.0, Policy 1.0: A coherent policy approach is
necessary to harness the benefits of digitalisation for inclusive
growth and wellbeing, and address global challenges

27. Going Digital – Making the Transformation work
for Growth and Wellbeing
• Development of whole-of-government perspective on the
digital transformation
• Provide strategic guidance on how to be pro-active, not
reactive, in responding to the digital transformation and
seizing its benefits
• Develop practical tools and policy guidance – learn from
experience across the world
• More detail: http://oe.cd/goingdigital

28. Thank you
28
Contact: dirk.pilat@oecd.org
Website Going Digital : http://oe.cd/goingdigital
Twitter: @OECDinnovation
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