Thermal remediation is a high-temperature treatment performed in a scientific manner to eradicate stored product pests, without any structural damage to the facility or storage structure.

1. Digital Re-print - March | April 2012
Controlling insects with heat
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2. FEATURE
Controlling Insects
WITH HEAT
by Dr Raj Hulasare, senior scientist and product
manager, Thermal Remediation Division of
Temp Air, Burnsville MN, USA
T
hermal remediation is a While methyl bromide is going
high-temperature treatment through a re-registration process, its
performed in a scientific manner use has been subjected to more restric-
to eradicate stored product pests, tions. The resistance of insects to phosphine
without any structural damage to the and, to a lesser extent, to methyl bromide is
facility or storage structure. also now an acute problem worldwide.
Temperature range
This is another reason for the need to & survival rates
Thermal remediation kills bugs safely and increase the arsenal of methods to control
effectively, if you know how to apply and insects effectively and economically. It’s also
use the heat properly. Heat treatment is an why the interest in using heat treatment to 60
140
effective Integrated Pest Management (IPM) control insects continues to grow. DEATH IN MINUTES
tool to get rid of insect infestations.
50
This is a non-toxic and safe treatment Research on efficacy of heat 120
method which is growing in popularity. Comprehensive scientific data on the
40 DEATH IN A DAY
effects of high temperatures on various
An old idea with a new purpose stored-product pests and their life stages 100
SLOWER GROWTH
Using heat to control pests is not new. (eggs to adult) was not available for many 30
High- temperature heat treatments to con- years. MAXIMUM GROWTH
trol moths first were used by the French in Consequently, Temp Air sponsored
80
the 1760s, more than 245 years ago. Heat research at the Department of Grain Science 20 SLOWER GROWTH
treatment has been performed successfully and Industry at Kansas State University (KSU) 60
by major food and grain-processing compa- in 1999. Temp Air offers integrated solutions 10
nies for the past 40 years. to heat treat food processing plants and DEATH IN WEEKS OR
metal and concrete silos of all sizes, with a MONTHS 40
-0
Why is heat treatment making a range of heater sizes, wireless temperature
comeback? monitoring systems, and on-site training DEATH IN DAYS
There are three key reasons: for do-it-yourself subsequent treatments. -10 OR MONTHS IF 20
• Consumer preference for pesticide-free Research findings show that most insects ACCLIMATED
products die in less than an hour at 50 deg C (122 0
-20 DEATH IN MINUTES
• Heightened interest in eco-friendly degrees F), and all life stages are killed when
technologies or using the ‘Go Green’ exposed for more than five hours.
approach
• Increased resistance of insects to A collaborative effort
-30
ºC ºF -20
chemicals Temp Air also is collaborating actively
with pest control companies, universities
A safe method (for example, Purdue University, KSU and
Heat is an effective, non-chemical, the University of Minnesota) and autono- in the organic and conventional processing
non-toxic, non-residual and non-corrosive mous institutes (for example, the Propane industries.
alternative to chemical fumigation. It is an Education Research Council [PERC] and With partial funding from PERC, Temp
eco-friendly approach for utilising pest man- the Gas Technology Institute) to develop Air also continues to collaborate with KSU's
agement practices, without the chemical- products and protocols for various heat Department of Grain Science and Industry
ly-associated environment or health risks applications. on US Department of Agriculture and
to people, animals or surroundings. With For example, Temp Air collaborated Environmental Protection Agency projects.
the 1987 Montreal Protocol and the 1998 with Purdue University in 2009 on a project
amended US Clean Air Act, mandates were funded by PERC to heat treat on-farm Patented heat treatment process
established to start phasing out the produc- bins and silos with a trailer-mounted, self- Temp Air’s patented heat treatment
tion of methyl bromide due to its connection contained, propane-fuelled unit (MHT-1500) process uses 100 percent outside air to
with depleting the ozone layer. that also has potential industrial applications create positive pressure within an enclosed
30 | march - april 2012 Grain&feed millinG technoloGy &feed millinG technoloGy
Grain march - april 2012 | 31

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4. FEATURE 29/02/2012
IAF.ai 14:07:09
structure to achieve temperatures lethal to Limitations of heat treatment
insects at all life stages. It so far has proven to There are a few limitations to using heat
be an extremely effective means of control- to control insects. For example, Temp Air
ling stored-product pests. discourages heating products in warehouses.
The process uses a combination of direct- Food and stored products are good insula-
fired (natural gas, propane or steam-fuelled) tors, and the heat may not penetrate the
make-up heaters, fans and ductwork, to con- products well, and it also may alter the
trol the flow of air and maintain uniform properties of the product(s). Heat also may
THE 7TH temperature profiles throughout the treat- damage packaging materials such as plastic.
INDONESIA’S ment area.
The positive pressure throughout the Advantages of heat treatment
NO.1 treated space pushes hot air into corners, Heat kills all the life stages of insects, from
LIVESTOCK, cracks, and crevices making it virtually impos-
sible for pests to hide anywhere. A dry heat
egg to adults, unlike chemicals, where higher
dosages may be required for egg-kill.
FEED, DAIRY of at least 49 deg C (120 degrees F) is pro-
duced, which then is held evenly throughout
• Heat is nontoxic, noncorrosive and non-
residual
AND the treated space, for up to 24 hours or for • An entire facility or sections of the facility
FISHERIES the time required for the application. (spot treatments) can be heat treated,
while other areas remain operational
INDUSTRY Heat treatment of processing • No mandatory evacuation in adjacent
facilities untreated areas, such as a warehouse,
SHOW Temp Air has been performing heat shipping area, or office, is necessary.
treatments successfully during the past dec- These areas can function normally
"Food Education ade in the food industry. This includes flour- • No extensive sealing required, except
Campaign" mills, food processing plants, bakeries, and for the doorways and exit points
warehouses. The process of heat-treating a • Similarly, treating a bin or silo full of
Seminar processing facility involves four steps: product is not advisable, as the quality
A walk-through visit at the facility with parameters of the stored product or
operational staff to assess the feasibility of a commodity may become altered.
heat treatment. This includes discussions on However, heat-treating empty bins and
C
equipment and a sprinkler system that can silos can be extremely effective.
M
handle high temperatures
Official Regional Publication
Y Developing an engineering design cover- Heat treatment of bins and silos
ing energy and equipment requirements, Temp Air has been very active in offer-
CM
duct sizing, and fuel usage to estimate the ing heat remediation solutions for treating
MY cost of a heat treatment empty bins and silos on farms and in food
Supporting Publications Mobilisation of equipment and personnel processing plants.
CY
to the site for setup Presently, empty on-farm bins and silos
CMY
The actual heat treatment begins, starting are fumigated chemically or treated prior to
K first with a joint inspection before the start up harvest and loading fresh grain. The floors of
Then, the temperature is ramped up bins and silos accumulate broken grain and
gradually, and the real-time temperature fine matter that harbours insects and mould
is monitored (using wireless temperature spores.
sensors) and then held steady for 24 hours. In milling and grain handling facilities,
During this 24-hour period, frequent residual insect populations in bin hoppers
inspections are made to monitor insect and floors can become a major source
activity and to identify any cold pockets of re-infestation, as grain gets warmer. In
that may need fixing. Afterwards, the some cases, chemical treatments may not
treatment area is cooled down, and the penetrate well into a mass of insects, or
treatment is documented, in order to the insecticide spray may drip through the
generate a final wrap-up report that can clogged perforated floor but still not reach
be discussed with the customer. The entire the insects in the spoiled grain underneath
heat treatment of a structure is completed the screen.
in less than 36 hours. Also, blowing diatomaceous earth through
Additionally, heat treatment allows for the fan doesn’t guarantee uniform applica-
the opportunity to identify pockets and areas tion, and phosphine fumigation requires a
of infestation, where insects still may survive licensed applicator. Using heat to treat bin
and thrive in the treated area(s). floors and other grain holding areas can
During the 24-hour treatment period, overcome these obstacles.
observing the insects’ activity and move-
www.indolivestock.com ment from hotter areas to cooler areas and
Organised by looking for any signs of re-emergence in the More inforMation:
cooler areas make it possible to identify the TEMP AIR Inc.
critical spots of infestation. 3700 W. Preserve Blvd.
During a heat treatment, inspections can Burnsville, MN 55337 USA
PT. NAPINDO MEDIA ASHATAMA be made to identify areas of insect emer- Tel: +1 800 836 7432
Jl. Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No.10, Billy & Moon, gence from cracks or crevices. A subsequent Email: info@temp-air.com
Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450, Indonesia
Tel: (62-21) 8644756/85 | Fax: (62-21) 8650963 treatment of cracks and crevices then can be Website: www.temp-air.com
E-mail: info@indolivestock.com
done after the main heat treatment.
32 | march - april 2012 Grain &feed millinG technoloGy

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